Electronics

The main components of Phase Locked Loop are a phase detector with a voltage controlled oscillator. It also has loop filter feedback.

Whenever a signal is sampled below Nyquist rate (fs < 2B), the signal is called under sampled and the Aliasing effect hampers the results.

The Circular Convolution can be performed using two basic methods which are concentric circle method and matrix multiplication method.

In order to make communication more safer and reliable digital signals are used. The basic digital modulation techniques are ASK, PSK,FSK and MSK

The sampling theorem states that information contained in a signal is fully preserved in sampled form as long as the fs=2fm.

Watchdog timer is a hardware microcontroller. It is basically used to take out a system from an infinite loop and resets the system.

The multiplexer is a special type of combinational circuit which has n-data inputs, one output and m inputs select lines with 2^m = n.

The IC 555 timer is an 8 pin chip. It is used in applications such as multivibratiors. It operates in astable, bistable and monostable mode.

The losses in transformer are listed below. Some of them occur due to alternating flux or due to ohmic resistance in the windings.