Engineering

Electron affinity is the amount of energy required to detach one electron from a negatively charged ion of an atom or molecule

Colloids are mixtures of dispersed insoluble particles of one substance that are microscopic in nature, and are suspended in another substance.

The sample path length and concentration of the sample are directly proportional to the absorbance of the light.

Enthalpy is the measurement of energy in a thermodynamic system. The quantity of enthalpy equals the total content of heat of a system

Buffers are generally characterised by pH range by which they maintain a more or less constant pH by their buffer capacity.

According to Hund’s rule:
Before the double occupation of any orbital, every orbital in the sub level is singly occupied.

Pauli exclusion principle states that no two electrons present in a single atom will have an identical set or will have the same quantum numbers

Enantiomers are a pair of molecules that exist in two forms that are mirror images of one another but cannot be superimposed one upon the other

water that contains a required quantity of dissolved minerals (like calcium and magnesium) ,Water hardness is usually measured as calcium hardness in milligrams per litre (mg/l)