Physics

In 1895, German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays. X-rays are electromagnetic in nature and application of X-rays are innumerable.

W. L. Bragg gave a simple explanation for the study of crystal structure by using the phenomenon of diffraction and name it is as Bragg’s law.

Bravais lattice gives information of the periodic array in which the repeated units of the crystal are arranged.

Shock waves are strong pressure waves in any elastic medium like water, solid or air. Supersonic aircraft or lightning produce Shock waves.

Helium-Neon Laser laser is a gas laser. In this a mixture of helium and neon gas is used as a gain medium. It was the first continuous-wave laser.

CRO or Cathode Ray Oscilloscope displays and measures the electrical signals, time intervals and phase shift between two electrical signals.

Pumping is the process to achieve population inversion .

In 1960, Maiman constructed the Ruby laser. It is a three-level solid-state laser and is emitting red light of wavelength 694.3 nm.

Rate of Stimulated emission depends upon the number of atoms present in the excited state as well as the energy density of photons.