The losses in optical fiber are Absorption loss, scattering loss, dispersion loss, radiation loss and coupling loss.
A Servo motor is similar to an induction motor having two primary windings placed 90 degrees apart in magnetic position.
The IMPATT diode (Impact ionization Avalanche Transit-Time) is one which is used in high frequency applications and is a high power diode.
Wien bridge oscillator is an audio frequency sine wave oscillator of high stability and simplicity with no phase shift in feedback network.
The Feedback amplifiers increase the signal strength by providing feedback back to the system at the input end.
The Nyquist criteria is a semi graphical method that determines stability of CL system investigating the properties of the frequency plot.
The Routh Hurwitz’s Criterion states that the system is stable if and only if all the elements in the first column have same algebraic sign.
The state variables can be explained as a minimal set of states of a system which helps to determine behavior of the system.
A number system is a way of writing any number. It can be represented by using any symbols or digits. It provides distinctive representation.
The PLA consists of two programmable arrays, one of which is Programmable AND array and Programmable OR array
The concept of data communication in GPRS is similar to the GSM network. GPRS has data rates of 9.6 to 171 kbps.
In PAM, amplitude of pulses is varied in accordance with the instantaneous value of modulating signal. It is basic technique for all modulation
ZigBee forms the upper layer for control and sensor applications. It is built above IEEE 802.15.4.
These standards mainly represent the units of measurements which are close to the possible accuracy with help of present day technological.
CMOS is a new type of MOSFET logic is made combining both the PMOS and NMOS processes and is called complementary MOS.
Errors may rise from different sources and are classified as gross error, systematic error and random errors.
The Routh Hurwitz’s Criterion states that the system is stable if and only if all the elements in the first column have same algebraic sign.