Unit – 1

Vocabulary Building

1.1 The Concept of Word Formation:

English vocabulary has been enriched from time to time from other Languages. New words are either borrowed or coined. Roughly 70% of the words in English are borrowed or coined. T.C. Baruah says "A word says "A word is the smallest meaningful unit of sound”. Every language has its own distinct patterns of combining morphemes to get larger units.

A form to which a rule of word-formation applied is called a base. Once a base has undergone a rule of word-formation the derived word itself may become the base for another, deviation and by re-application. It is possible to derive words of considerable morphological and semantic complexity. There are three major processes by which the base is modified. They are:

There are some other minor devices also called reduplication, clipping blending and acronym.

1. Affixation:

Change is the forte of any living language. Affixes are those used to form new words. These affixes are added either before or after the base form. It is of two types. Prefixation and suffixation.

      Prefixes:

The fixes that are added before the base form are called prefixes. A prefix is a syllable or syllables placed at the beginning of a word to qualify its meaning and form a new word. It has its origin from Greek, Latin and Native English.

The prefixes are classified as follows:

1. Negative Prefixes:

a)     The negative prefix'- 'in' is used-with words of Latin origin –‘Un’ is found in English Unfortunate, injustice.

b)    The exact opposite meaning is brought by the prefix – dislike, disloyal.

c)     Latin and French non-meaning not is used Non-violence, non-committal.

d)    A-means lacking, a moral, asymmetry.

2. Reservative Prefixes:

a)     Un - means to 'reverse action. Added to verbs (Reverse of Action) untie, unseat, unload.

b)    de - means to reverse action added to abstract noun defrost, deforestation.

c)     dis - to deprive of' is added to verbs, participles and

nouns. Disconnect, discolored, discontent.

3. Pejorative Prefixes:

Depreciatory means diminish in value.

a) mis– wrongly

misinform, misconduct, misleading

b) mal - means 'badly

mal treat, mal function, mal formed, malodorous

c) Pseudo means false

Pseudopodia, pseudo-intellectual

4. Prefixes of Degree or size:

a) Arch - highest, chief

Archbishop

b) Super - means above, more than, better

superman, super market, supernatural

c) Out - means to do something, faster, longer

Out run, out live

d) Sur - means over and above

surtax

e) Sub - means lower than, less than

sub human, sub standard, subordinate

f) Over -too much

over real, over dressed, over confident

g) under - means too little

undertook

h) Ultra - means extremely

ultraviolet, ultra modern

i) Mini - means small or little

miniskirt

5. Prefixes of Attitude:

a) co - with or joint

co-operative, co pilot

b) Counter - means in opposition to

countuant, counter-revolution

c) Anti means against

Antisocial, anticlockwise, antimissile.

d) Pro- means of the side of

Pro-communist

6. Locative Prefixes:

Super –Over - super structure

Sub -means beneath - subway subconscious

Inter means between - international interaction

Trans - means across - transplant, translation

7. Prefixes of time and order:

Fore - -means before - fore tell

Post - means after - post-war Ex-means former

Pre - means before - pre-war, pre planned

 Ex – means former - ex-minister

Re - means again - rebuild, resettlement, rewrite

8. Number Prefixes:

Uni, mono means one - unilateral, monotheism

Bi, di means two - bi lingual, dipole

Tri means three - tripartite

Poly, multi means many - multi racial, poly syllabic

9. Other Prefixes:

Semi means half - Semi circle

Vice means deputy - Vice president

Auto means self - Auto biography

 Neo means new - neo-gothic

Pan means world wide - Pan-American

Proto means first - prototype.

10. Conversion Prefixes:

Be, en and a

Be spectated (Participle adjective)

bewitch (transitive verb)

enslave (verb) afloat (adjective)

      Suffixes:

The affixes that are added after the base-form are called suffixes. A suffix is a syllable or syllables placed at the end of a word which qualify its meaning and form a new word. Derivational suffixes are used to derive new words from the base form. Inflectional suffixes merely modify a word as in the book - books etc.

a) Occupational suffixes:

Ster - person engaged in - gangster

EER - an occupation - engineer

ER - in habitat - Londoner.

b) Diminutive or Feminine:

Let means small - booklet, piglet

ETTE means small - Kitchenette

Compact - Statuette

Imitation- Flannelette

Female - Usherette

Ess means female - Waitress, hostess, etc.

y, - iemeans daddy, auntie

c) Status, Domain:

HOOD means status - boyhood, childhood

SHIP means status- friendship

DOM means domain - kingdom, stardom

OCR means system of Government - democracy

EYR means behaviour Abode – slavery,

Abode - nunnery

Collectivity - machinery

d) Other suffixes:

i) Noun/Adjective:

ITE means faction - Israelite, socialite

(i) AN means pertaining to-Indonesian, republican

ESE means nationality - Chinese

IST means occupation-Violinist, Organist

ISM means attitude - idealism Political movement-communism

D) Noun Suffixes:

ER, OR means instrumental - driver, actor

ANT means agentive- inhabitant

EE means passive - employee

ATION means institution - organization

MENT means action - amazement

AL means action – refusal

ING means activity– driving

AGE means result of activity - drainage

NESS means quality - happiness

ITY means quality – sanity

iii) Verb Suffixes:

IFY means causative - simplify

IZE means causative- popularize

EN means become X - deaten

iv) Adjective suffixes:

FUL - ful means having - useful

LESS - means without - childless

LY means quality- cowardly

LIKE means quality – childlike

Y means covered with- hairy

ISH means belonging to - Turkish

IAN means in tradition - Darwinian

ABLE means 'worthy to - readable

Ed means having - balconied

V) Adverb suffixes:

LY means in a……. manner, aimlessly, lovingly

CE once, twice, thrice - ST amidst, amongst.

LONG - headlong, sidelong

THER -hither, thither, whither

WARDS- backward, upward, (means direction)

WISE - in the manner of, lengthwise, weathersie

2. Conversion:

Conversion is the derivational process whereby an item changes its word class without the addition of either a prefix or suffix. In this process the same word is made to serve different grammatical functions. According to zandvoort, many English words belong to more than one part of speech Ex: hope, love, work may be nouns as well as verbs. In addition to this, there is a deliberate transfer of a word from one part of speech to another. He calls it a conversion.

i) Verb - Noun conversion:

a) State - State of mind/sensation/doubt, love etc.

ii) Adjective - Noun conversion:

He seemed average (adjective)

The average was eighty (noun)

iii) Noun - Verb conversion:

a)     To put in/on noun bottle (to put into a bottle) corner, floor.

b)    To give or to provide with something coat - to give a coat of paint- mask.

iv) Adjective Verb conversion:

They were very humble (adjective)

They humbled him (Verb)

v) Adjective - Adverb Conversion:

The poem reads well (adjective)

He reads the poem well (adverb)

 vi) Stress shift:

con ‘duct (n) – ‘conduct (n)

Pro’duce (v) – ‘produce (n)

3. Compounds:

English has a genius pattern for the formation of very expressing compound words. A compound word is a unit that consists of two or more words. There are no formal criteria that can be used for a general definition of compounds.

Orthographically they are written as one-word (bedroom) sometimes u is hyphenated (tax-free) and sometimes as two words without a hyphen (reading room) compounds may be classified on the basis of their syntax.

A. Noun compounds:

i)Subject and verb compounds:

The sun rises: Sunrise

The day breaks Day break

The girl dances: Dancing girl.

ii) Verb and object compounds:

x calls the girl: call girl

x chews gum: chewing gum

x pays taxes: Tax payer

x see sights: sight seeing

iii) Verb and Adverbial compounds:

x swims in the pool: swimming pool

x sits with the baby; baby sitter

x work at home: Home work

iv) Noun + Noun (Verb compound)

Wind mill, Toy factory, Blood stain, Oak tree, girl-friend, motor cycle, Ashtray

v) Other noun & noun

It names an entire thing by specifying some features.

Paper back - the book has a paper back

- blockhead - pot-belly, blue bell, bird brain, high brow, loudmouth

- pale face, fat head, etc.

B. Adjective compounds:

a) Verb+Object compounds

Man - Eating - x eats man

- heart breaking

- self defeating

- breath taking

b) Verb+Adverb compounds:

x goes across oceans: Ocean going

x feel it in the heart: Heart felt

x works hard: Hard working

Reduplicative:

Reduplicative are compounds which have two or more elements either identical or only slightly different.

e.g.: goody-goody (affectedly good)

The difference between the two elements may be in the initial consonants as in walkie-talkie or in the medial vowels egcriss-cross Most of the reduplicative are highly informal or familiar.

a) to imitate sounds:

tick-tack, bow-vow, ding-dong, ping-pong, flip-flap

b) to suggest alternative movements

see -saw

c) to identify

tip-top

d) to disparage by suggesting instability, nonsense, insincerity, vacillation, etc.
e.g.:

CLIPPING:
It is formed by the people who are fond of brevity The term clipping enotes the subtraction of one or more syllable from a word. This is used in informed style.

The shortening may occur at

a)   The beginning of the word:

Telephone – phone

Omnibus - bus

aeroplane– plane

b)  The end of the word:

Mike – Microphone

exam - examination

Movies - Moving pictures

add – advertisement

Photo – Photograph

c)   At both ends of the word:

flu –influenza

BLENDS:
In a blend at least one of the elements is fragmentary; words are coined by combining parts of words. Many blends have only a short life and are very informal.

e.g.,
Motel from Motor + Hotel

Smog from smoke + Fog

Transistor from Transfer + Registor

Brunch from breakfast + lunch

Electrocute from Electro + Execute

Telecast from Television + Broadcast

ACRONYMS:
Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of words. They are abbreviations of words. They are pronounced as a succession of Letters (alphabetisms) as in BBC, TV etc or as words in NATO, SEATO, etc.

a) Alphabetisms:

C.O.D - Cash on delivery

U.N - United Nations

G.H.Q - General head quarters

b) Words:

UNESCO - United Nations educational scientific and cultural organization
RADAR - Radio Detection and Ranging.

By the process of word formation, the original roots have acquired a variety of meaning.

1.2 Root Words from Foreign Language and their use in English

English is part of the German branch of the family of Indo-European language, so why is it so influenced in Latin and Greek? Although the origin of the English languages ​​was introduced in England at the beginning of the 5th century by people from Denmark and Germany, the language was not entirely different from what we speak today.

When the Normans, a number of French Catholics, invaded the British islands in 1066, they came with their two languages: Latin and French. Because they were a ruling party long after the invasion, English became the language of the weak, effectively forcing English speakers to accept Latin and French words in their own language to match. Since the Renaissance began, nearly 500 years later, many Latin words, as well as those of the Greeks, were included to make English a more '' learned 'language because of the Renaissance's emphasis on classics.

Abacus:
Abacus is derived from the Greek word - abax, meaning "sand tray."

Allegory:
Allegory is derived from Greek - allos meaning "other" and agora meaning gathering place (especially the market). Eventually words join and are linked to the verb to speak of one thing and another to mean another.
Apricot:
The term comes from the French - apricot - and it was a bit confusing until the fifteenth century - it does not have a single simple etymology, but rather a mixture of many theories under consideration. but all these roads lead to Rome, from where that name - and fruit - began to spread throughout Europe.

Addictive:
Slaves agreed to allow Roman soldiers to pay for a concert in battle they were considered addicted to. Finally, a person who was addicted to anything called addiction.
Alarm:
From Italian, "All'arme" - "To arms!"

Alcohol:
Alcohol is taken from an Arabic al-kuhl, which has meant that there is a very good antimony powder used for eye makeup. It voiced the idea of ​​something so elegant and smooth, so the Arabic alchemists give the name of al-khul which brings in any insubstantial powder obtained by slow release (a direct conversion of a solid base into a vapor, or process of return), and thus for all computers available through the sanitization process.

Algebra:
The name means "the science of equations" in English comes from an article by one of al-Khowarizmi's (see "algorithm"), "Ab his AL-JAHR w'almuqaBAlah", meaning, "The Science of Transportation and Sanitation/ Cancellation."

Algorithm:
The name means "rules of computing" in English, which is based on al-Khowarizmi (Try saying it soon), an Arabic mathematician who lives around A.D. 825 who completed the best known numerical work using Arabic numerals.

Appendix:
In Latin it means "the hanging part." The human supplement hangs at the end of a large stomach; appendices given at the end of the book.

Assassin:
Assassin from the old Arabic word "hashshshin," means "person who loves hash," that is, marijuana. Earlier it was referring to a group of heroes who would smoke before the war.

Asthma:
Latin for asthma, "asthma," meaning "asthma" and "hypertension." The Latin word is derived from the Greek that feels the same.

Avocado:
Avocado from "awaguatl," the original American testicle name. The Spaniards got the word and used to refer to what we now call avocado.

Ballot:
Ballot, an Italian word meaning "small ball or pebble or stone." Italian citizens voted by placing a small stone or ball in one of the many boxes.

Barbarian:

Barbarian from "barbaroi" in Greek, meaning "babblers”.

Bead:
Bead from the Old English "gebed," which means, "prayer."

Beserk:
Beserk mainly comes from the Old Icelandic "berserkr," meaning "bear shirt."

Biscuit:
Biscuit from mediaeval French 'Bis + cuit' which means 'double cooked'

Boulevard:
Boulevard from (French) Boulevard; and Bulwark

Bucolic:
From the Greek "boukolos," meaning "shepherd," from "bous," meaning "ox."
Bulimia:
Bulimia comes from the Greek "bous" meaning "ox" and "limos," which means "starvation," probably because a person with Bulimia is hungry for beef.

Cab:
Old Italian terminology for goat (cabra in Spanish).

Calculate:
The calculation comes from calculus, the Latin word pebble.

Cantar: (Spanish) Singing

From the Latin "Cantare," which means, "to sing often." Latin "Canere" simply means "to sing."

Carnival:
Literal meaning: "Flesh, farewell." The end of "val" does not appear in the Latin "Vale." The modern Italian carnevale comes from the Old Italian "carnelevare"; levare = raise, place, remove. ) where people used to fast.

Catharsis:
In Early Modern English, it is used in the sense of "cleaning." The concept of this name was still used as recently as 1803.

Candidate:
From the Latin Candidus a word that means, "bright, shining, white, white." The ancient Roman members who were elected to this position wore bright white hats. The same name also spelled out the "firm", who are often not elected.

Casarse : (Spanish, to marry)

From "casa," which means "house"; so is the English phrase, "to wrap."

Cell:
Originally meant a monastery. It was Robert Hooke, who invented the first telescope. His first guess was the cork stem, which was made up of small columns. To him, the tiny fractions were like the little monasteries in which they lived, known as cells. Therefore, he called these microscopic building blocks "cells".

Chapel:
From the Cape "Italian" Capella, since the original Chapel was where the cape ("capella") of the St. Martin of Tour was kept.

Vulture and Chasm:

From the Greek "chainein," which means, "to soften"; So chaos was "just the beginning of the abyss" without the known universe we know.

Check out Kampf

This Spanish word, meaning "rabbit," comes from the Latin word cuniculus, itself, which was taken in a letter from a previous Iberian name - according to Pliny the Elder - referring to both the animal and the scroll - and, by extension, any basement or trench. For its part, the name rabbit is a Flemish origin, and was originally used for small animals. The word used to refer to an old animal - in Flemish and Old English - was "cony" or "coney," which is derived from the cuniculus.

From the Latin "Companionem," which was, "breadwinner" - "Con" (also) and "Pan"

(bread) - your "partner" may have been someone to break bread with. "Look again to the Lord and take care of it.

The names "Krawatte" (German), "cravate" (French) and "corbata" (Spanish), which all mean "human" tie, first appeared in the Napoleonic Wars when French troops entered the Crotia region, which, at that time, were part of the Holy Roman Empire. Evidently the Croatians were so capable of removing the German Habsburg yoke that they showed the victorious French troops a bouquet of flowers and ran to them and bound the scarlet threads in their uniforms as a gesture of goodwill. From them the name "Croat" or its variants appear to be attached to certain parts of Continental Europe.

See Kopf

From the Greek "Daimon" this supernatural force is somewhere between humans and gods, without undesirable touch. An example would be the daimon of Socrates. The daimonans had a genius that did not conform to our modern ideas of good or evil: it was a natural force that could give clues about the circumstances and the critical actions.

"Deutsch" comes from the Old German word "diutisc" which means "human language" (as opposed to Latin). There are uncertain hints of the "Germanic" origins as the Celtic "Angry Men" or Old High German "Greedy Men"!

An ancient island from Egypt, the Paroah Island, had a lighthouse.

From the Latin "Foedus," "disgusting."

From the beginning it means, "emptiness"

From "wissen" (to know), where we get the word, "wissenschaft" – science.

The English word "gin" comes from the French word genievre, meaning "juniper," a berry name that gives gin its unique, spicy flavor. Unfortunately, the word "juniper" comes from the Celtic word jenupus, which means "spicy." One final note: the name of the western city of Geneva and comes from the same source. Evidently, the countryside around Geneva was initially littered with juniper forests.

Guapo, and Chulo ("cool"), both originally had the meaning of "scoundrel", claiming to be "good-looking" perhaps in the form of "heroes." The despicable "Wop" comes from "guapo", in the form of the Italian language "guappo".

From the Latin "Fabulare," which means, "to speak fairy tales."

From the Latin for "nurses, patients," which means, "one who receives stacks in his home." In English, "Host" also means "edible bread eaten at the Hospital"; so the link between friendship and bread is also noteworthy; see Partner with the King.

Everything from the Greek word "idein" to "seeing"; you see Sanskrit "vid" (knowing) and Latin "videre" (seeing) and English "intelligent." The W / V sound from the Indo-European root is lost in ancient Greek.

From the Latin "company" - of its fortress type, where Roman soldiers were driving soldiers - where we also call the English words, "camp," "compass" and "champion." So, when we talk about "college campus," there are subtle ways of fighting.

Initially it was developed by German Jews to use against Russian Jews. It comes from the "k" sound at the end of many Russian Jewish words, such as "Lewinsky" or "Lemcoff."

From the Latin "cup", meaning "cup"; The Romans used the cup as a metaphor for the upper part of the head. Similarly, another Latin word meaning "cup," "testa," has now become the French word "Tête," meaning "head,". Note that the Germans and Celts use "skullcap" "on top of one's head") as a drinking container; this has been part of the recognition of enemy culture. So it has to do with "chief" and "capital" (and "testicle").
 

From the Latin for the word "Libido," from the Latin "Libere" (for free, as in

"Liberals").

It is related to the Latin "Luna," which means, "the moon." "Moonlight" is therefore something like tautology.

Related to "limpid" and "legal."

From Latin materia, from PIE * mater-, meaning "mother"

The OED states, "The etymology of Fr. March is obscure; the passing idea is that the ancient engraving concept of 'tread' was based on the concept of hammer ', and that the name stands for Gaulish Latin * marcare, f. L. marcus hammer. "

Originally meant "Borderland," from medieval German border towns - that's why the English word "Mark," as it stands, "mark the border." So, the German place names, Finland, Dänemark, Ostmark, etc. From Mark German, we also find the "marshal" of French as well as Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and Catalan, "marca."

From pre-Christian, the German word "mund" or protection, such as that given by a family or tribal leader to group members. This was also the name of the small garbage hills or "protection" used to bury deceased members of the nation. It is interesting to note that the name was introduced by the Germanic tribes (ie, Goths, Visigoths, Vandals, Alemani, Suevi) who invaded the Roman province of the late fifth century AD and where they derived the word "this monde" (in French) and "el mundo. "(Spanish) meaning" earth "(literally" mound of clay ").

Both from the Greek Muse (the Latin museum for "The Place of the Muses"; the mosaic is from the Greek logoios, "related to the Muses")

As a courtesy, mustard has been enjoyed for thousands of years. It is made from the crushed seeds of a member of the Cruciferae family known as Sinapis. Originally, crushed seeds were mixed with vinegar - much as we enjoy it today - but vinegar was eventually replaced for some time in the Middle Ages with grapes "must" (which is the result of the win-win process). So, the word "must" ard. The botanical name Sinapis introduced the French name of the plant itself, seneve, and the German name of the mustard, Senf.

Originally it meant “Day,” as the ancient Germans, like the ancient Jews, measured daily from sunset to sunset. See also Tag.

Both from Proto-Indo-European * nau, meaning "boat"

This word, which in Spanish means "I wish that" or "May God grant" comes from the old Arabic saying "To Sh Allah," which means "May Allah grant." In one of the great paradoxes is that people, who have been on the staircase for centuries, the Catholic frontlines have fought a battle to bring the Iberian Peninsula to Islamic Moors, to this day urge Allah each time to express a strong desire.

"Alt" originally meant, "You've grown"; the "growth" role; related to "Alan," which means, "to grow" but is no longer available in modern German. In ancient English, the word "Alan" was also used in the same sense of growth or diet. Latin related "alt" which means "high."

Interestingly, none of those terms come from the Latin word for orange, citrus aurentium; instead, all of them come from the traditional Sanskrit nagaranga, which accurately means "fatal indigestion for elephants." In certain traditions the orange, not the apple, is that the fruit liable for sin . There was an ancient Malay fable--which made its way into the Sanskrit tongue round the Seventh or Eighth Centuries B.C.--that links the orange to the sin of gluttony and has an elephant because the culprit. Apparently, at some point an elephant was passing through the forest, when he found a tree unknown to him during a clearing, bowed downward by its weight of lovely, tempting oranges; as a result, the elephant ate numerous that he burst. a few years later a person stumbled upon the scene and noticed the fossilized remains of the elephant with many orange trees growing from what had been its stomach. the person then exclaimed, "Amazing! What a nagaranga (fatal indigestion for elephants)!"

From the French, "Parler," meaning, "to speak." Thus, we will not complain when our legislators do little aside from "speak."

From the Latin "Parabolare," meaning, "to tell parables."

When Columbus landed in Guadeloupe in 1493, he found pineapples, which probably had originally come from Brazil. As Father de Acosta observed as early as 1589, the Spanish thought this new fruit resembled a pine cone; hence, the Spanish name of pinya, and therefore the English name of "pineapple" (the fruit was often just called a "pine" when it had been first introduced into Britain). The word nanais some of the Brazilian Guarani word meaning "perfumed" and was retained in both French and German.

French porcelaine, from Old French pourcelaine, from Italian porcellana "of a sow," hence cowry shell, hence porcelain (from the resemblance of the cowry shell to the vulva of a sow), from porcella, diminutive of porca, sow, from Latin, feminine of porcus, swine.

The South American Spanish term comes directly from the Incan word papa or bappa, which suggests "sweet potato." Apparently, the soldiers of the various Spanish expeditionary forces to America confused the potato with the sweet potato, as they began to use first the term bappa, then bappata (with the Spanish augmentative suffix -ata), to ask the whole Solanaceae (more than 100 differing types if you ask any Peruvian). It didn't take very long for bappata to become patata, which subsequently made its way into English as "potato." for his or her part, the French, German and Russian words stem from a mistake made by the Pope's botanist in 1588. therein year, Pedro Cieca, an adjutant of Pizarro (the Spanish conqueror Peru), sent some potato tubers to the Spanish monarchs in 1588. They then gave them to the Pope, who had them examined by his botanist Clusius. Clusius planted the stems during a plot near the Vatican (the first potatoes planted in European soil). Not knowing what Latin name to offer his potatoes after they grew, he incorrectly categorized them as taratuflis, "little truffles." The Italian Pope, who had poor eyesight, then proceeded to read the word as tartufoli, which is that the source from which the word for potato in many European languages originated.

Related to, "rise."

This term first appeared within the Fifteenth Century because the Italian "zelada," a term meaning "salty," which was first applied to a dish that always appeared on festive tables in Milan. it had been actually a sort of ragout, very liquid and really salty (hence, its name), and it had been flavored with preserves, mustard and lemon and decorated with marzipan (Heinous! --editorial comment)(It was also served in cups, instead of directly on the most plate, a novelty at the time). The sauce for this soup-like dish, originally a hot one, came to incorporate various sorts of green stuff which had been pickled in vinegar or salt, then fresh cooked greens, or raw greens within the Roman manner. Finally, within the next century, the raw vegetables began to be sprinkled with oil and vinegar--also within the Roman manner--rather than being served with a spread of hot, broth-like sauces.

Originally meant, "the process of becoming tired"

From "Circus," which is from the Greek "Krikos" or "Kirkos," which was a hawk or falcon which flies in a circle, and later just a circle or ring.

The word "sherry" is known as after "Jerez" in Spain, but the way the name was pronounced in 1600. "X" was utilized in Spanish and remains utilized in Catalan, to represent an "sh" sound. When the "sh" sound changed to an aspirate "h" sound the Spanish Academy changed the spellings to "j"--but today the "j" is pronounced more gutterally (the "archaic 'j'" (x) vs. the 'modern 'j'" (j)). So we still spell it "Mexico" while the Spaniards (but not the Mexicans) spell it "Mejico." This shift had occurred by the time Cervantes wrote Don Quixote de La Mancha. it's interesting to notice that at just one occasion almost every Spanish word that you simply can consider which contains the letter "j" used "x" in situ of "j" (ie., "Xerez", "Xuan", "Ximena", "Mexico", "Quixote", "trouxemos" and "baixo" became "Jerez", "Juan", "Jimena", "Mejico", "trajimos" (we are bringing) and "bajo" (low; short; beneath), with "Quixote" remaining unchanged because it may be a proper name).

From the Latin "Soliculus", meaning, "a little sun"; "sol" meant just "sun."

From the Old Low Latin term suppa, meaning "soaked [in water or another liquid]." the first sense of this word survives in just Dutch (soppen, "to soak") and English (sop, as in "sopping wet"). The Old Low Latin for "soaked" originally came into use to explain a well-liked dish, which consisted of a bit of bread soaked in water or another liquid then flavored with whatever was handy.

The fruit's name differs within the various European languages, although those names deriving from Latin still suggest the exquisite fragrance that caused the tiny, scented berry to be termed wild strawberry , "fragrant berry," in Latin. English "strawberry" refers to the layer of straw placed round the plants to stay the fruit off the soil, a very good idea in damp climates, like that typically found in Great Britain and Ireland.

All come from the Greek saccharon and therefore the Roman saccharum, which are both distortions of the Sanskrit sarkara. round the year 1000, after conquering an honest portion of the southern Mediterranean, the Arabs installed the primary "industrial" refinery on the island of Crete, which they renamed Qandi, which in Arabic means "crystallized sugar." this is often how the word "candy" made its way into English. Shortly thereafter, the Arabs also invented "caramel," which comes from the Arabic phrase kurat al milh and means "ball of sweet salt."

Originally meant, "The time during which the sun burns." See also, Nacht.

From the French "targette," for, "a little shield."

See Kopf

See Zeit

From the Spanish for an equivalent, an alteration of an obsolete Catalan title, which was from the Latin "titulus," meaning superscription -- from which we also get "title."

The English and Spanish terms both stem from the Nahuatl (the language of the Aztecs) "tomatl," a vegetable (technically, a fruit) first introduced to Europe by the Spanish. For its part, the Italian term literally means pomo de oro, "golden apple." Incidentally, it had been first introduced into Italy by the Spaniards within the Sixteenth Century via Naples (not the island of Sicily, whose cuisine most heavily relies on tomato-based sauces). the rationale is that Naples was a Spanish possession during the reign of the Habsburg Emperor Charles V of Spain (I of Germany) (r. 1516-1556).

Travailler, trabajar and trabalhar all mean "to work" in French, Spanish and Portuguese, respectively. They originally came from the Latin word "tripullare" which was the three-sectioned whip that was employed by Roman soldiers to encourage conscripted laborers in those provinces of the Roman Empire (Gaul, Hispania and Lusitania) to figure harder, and thus was wont to mean "to torture." This ocurred during the last two or three centuries of the Empire, when oftentimes naked aggression was deemed to be necesary to stop an entire meltdown of control within the West. Before this point the Latin term "laborar" was utilized in these provinces, which survives today in Italian as "lavorar" and in English as "to labor."

From the Greek "tyrannos," for "usurper," without a necessary negative implication.
 

Viande is from the Late Latin "vivanda," meaning, "that which lives." Thus associated with Vivre (French) and Vivir (Spanish).

Welt may be a contraction of the Old German words, "Wer" and "alt," where "Wer" meant "Man" (From the Latin "Vir" for "Man"--think "virile") and "Alt," which in Old German, meant "time" but now means "old." So, Welt is Wer + alt, which is "the time of man."

Wer + Wolf; "Wer," in Old German, was "man" (related to the Latin "Vir" for "Man"). Thus, literally, "Wolfman."

This term originally came from uisgebeatha (Scottish Gaelic) and uiscebeatha (Irish Gaelic), which both mean "water of life." The word entered English as "whiskey" or "whisky" when Henry II invaded Ireland.

Related to the German (and English) "Tide." In Old German, Zeit also meant "to divide, separate."

1.3 Acquaintance with Prefixes and Suffixes from Foreign Language in English to form Derivatives

English speakers today--or even people trying to find out English--can enjoy understanding a number of the derivatives, or parts of a word taken from other languages, like Latin and Greek. Since there are over 1,000,000 words within the English, it's impossible to memorize all of them. However, understanding some basic components of words and customary ones that are derivatives of the classical languages can assist you determine their meaning.

In some ways, a word is simply sort of a cake, made from different ingredients. you'll find out what a word means by watching its three parts. The root, or the foremost basic sort of the word that also has meaning, is what makes up the bottom of the word. Frequently something is going to be attached the start of a word to feature meaning, which is named a prefix. Suffixes are almost like prefixes, but instead come at the top of the word. for instance, if you study the word ''microbiology,'' you'll see it's composed of those three parts, all of Greek origin: a prefix, ''micro-'' (meaning ''small''); a root, ''bio'' (meaning ''life''); and a suffix, ''logy'' (meaning ''study of''). Understanding these parts can assist you determine that microbiology is that the ''study of small life forms.''

Many English words and word parts are often traced back to Latin and Greek. the subsequent table lists some common Latin roots.

Latin root Basic meaning Example words:

From the instance words within the above table, it's easy to ascertain how roots combine with prefixes to make new words. for instance, the basis -tract-, meaning “to pull,” can combine with variety of prefixes, including de- and re-. Detract means literally “to pull away” (de-, “away, off”) and retract means literally “to pull back” (re-, “again, back”). the subsequent table gives an inventory of Latin prefixes and their basic meanings.

Words and word roots may also combine with suffixes. Here are examples/ instances of some important English suffixes that come from Latin:

Greek Latin Derivatives: Prefix and Suffix Starter List:

Most of these combining/ intweractive forms can be used as either prefixes or suffixes. Examples are presented to illustrate current usage.

1.4 Synonyms, Antonyms and Standard Abbreviations

Synonyms:
A Synonym is a word or phrase that has the same or similar meaning.
Synonym examples:

Word origin: Greek, syn = same, onyma = a name

Short list of synonyms in English, listed by the part of speech:

Nouns:

Verbs:

Adjectives:

Adverbs:

Prepositions:

Conjunctions:

Interjections:

Synonyms are not necessarily the same!

The punctuation is no different!

You see, they can be very similar, but they don't mean the same.

Here is a common example:

the following words are single-word words. Their standard definition is "fun to watch."
There are significant nuances.

Look at the pictures, read the definitions and see for yourself.

Here is another example to illustrate this point:

"To ask" means to say or write what you wish to happen.
"Asking" means saying or writing what you wish to do, but it is legally used.
In other words, he uses "inquiry" and "request" in various contexts and contexts.
So it is not enough to just read the meanings of words and punctuation. You should also know the subtle differences, nuances, and issues of using each word.

Additional example:

One of the definitions of the word "hurt" is "to be hurt."

For example, "My back hurt like hell."

The only word for "injury" is "brightness."

"Bright" means "sad, in a sad way." Acute pain means that it is not severe, but it is persistent.
For example, "For a long time I stood with my feet in pain."

So, you see, "injury" and "ache" are synonyms. Their meanings are quite similar, but not the same.

Antonyms:
An antonym is a word that means the opposite of another word.

examples:

Word origin: Greek, anti = opposite, onym = name /word

Short list of antonyms in English, listed by the part of speech:

Nouns

Verbs

Adjectives

Adverbs

Prepositions

Conjunctions

Interjections

Why are synonyms and antonyms important?

Knowing synonyms and antonyms can help you express yourself better – VERY MUCH/ CLEARLY.

If you know different words that mean the same thing (but in a different way, or at a different angle), you can choose the best word (same words) to use.
That way, you are able to deliver the exact message you intend to convey.
Knowing pronouns and conflicting words can help you express yourself better - VARIETY and much more. (Here "colored" means "interesting or entertaining.")
Repeating the same words often makes you monotonous. It is not well understood in natural speech, and especially in art writing (poetry, prose). Using synonyms to make your speech or writing more rich and "colorful"

Using diviners helps to emphasize your point, illustrate the difference, or explain exactly what you mean. Antonyms also add "colors" to speech or writing.

For example, compare these two categories:

"The girl is looking out the window. As she looks out the window, the girl sees a little cat. The kit she saw was not fat. It was very oily."

"The girl is looking out the window. While she is looking out, she has found a small cat. The jar she has seen is not oily.

For example, expenses, fees and charges, are all used to describe your payment:
Cost = the amount of money you need to buy, do or do something. (How much the consumer spends.)

• Total cost was $ 100.

• You can get a new roof for $ 850.

• They protest at the high cost of living.

Charging = the amount charged for the return of goods or services. (How much is requested by seller / supplier.)

• There is a $ 7 monthly fee for using the phone.

• There is a fee for admission to the base.

• Delivery will be free.

Fee = the amount of money to pay for professional advice or services (a statutory amount).
• The college has a fee for the services it provides.

• These Fees do not include accommodation or meals.

• My insurance covers doctor's money.

As you can see, costs, charges and fees have the same meanings, but there is a slight difference. They can be used separately.

These words are used interchangeably as verbs, too:

• How much does it cost? (Not: How much does it cost?)

• How much do you charge for repairs to the roof? (Not: How much does it cost to repair the roof?)

How to use synonyms and antonyms to improve vocabulary?

Synonyms and antonyms can help remember the words you are trying to learn and read.
To illustrate, suppose you were trying to learn the word bash. "Bash" is a random word meaning "big or exciting event, with food, drinks, dancing, etc." For example, "Get ready for the biggest birthday bash ever!"

Once you understand how the word "bash," you will find it helpful to know its word "group".
(Note that it doesn't work either way. Trying to define "bash" as "group" is not true.)

In most cases dictionaries show a list of words used after specific definitions or notes for internal use. There are also special dictionary dictionaries. They are called thesauruses. Thesaurus is a book in which words have the same or similar meaning are grouped together.

There are also online thesauruses that you can take advantage of:

Macmillan and Thesaurus Dictionary: A Free English Dictionary Online

Merriam-Webster - Free Internet Dictionary, Thesaurus and more

Thesaurus.com

Awareness name: thesauruses and lists a lot of unfamiliar words / not. So, use your judgment when dealing with them.

How to use synonyms and antonyms to improve writing skills?

Knowing many different phrases and concepts can help you change your writing.

The trick is to be able to choose the right word, and you can't choose the right word unless you actually know it. So, you need to know a lot of words, and know how and when to use them.

This is best achieved by reading, reading, reading, and then learning more.
There is, however, a list of exercises you can do to help.

An example for a writing exercise with synonyms

Let's say you'd like to expand your working vocabulary of connecting words that can add details, such as "moreover."

(Vocabulary works with words you know and actually use.)

So here is an exercise to help with that.

1. First, using a dictionary or thesaurus (or several of them), make a list of synonyms with the word "moreover."

Here is a list like that:

Moreover, moreover, moreover, something else is going on, the same, besides, yet, yet, what else, and, and, again, binding.

2. Look at each word in the dictionary.

Make sure you understand the definitions.

Go through the example sentences. It is important to see how each word / phrase is actually used.

Note also the following points:

• Possible places for each word / sentence in a sentence (beginning, middle, end).

• How punctuation is used next to it.

• At what time each word / phrase is used: legal, informal, bets, etc.

Write several sentences with the same word.

Here is an example to this:

Moreover (formal):
The solution offered was long and complex. Plus, it didn't seem to be working at the time.
She is a beautiful woman, moreover, she is a talented character.

Additionally
The factory had to shut down 20% of its workforce. In addition, management had to reduce production costs by 40%.

In addition

There is, in addition, one problem.

In addition to these files, I want you to look at the ones above.
They won the competition, and in addition made a new record.

Further
We did not have a pet. We have also seen, that we cannot pay.

• He lost his ticket. Moreover, he did not have his own ID.

• I will need more details on this.

Furthermore
He lied about his job. In addition, he lied about his actual age.

• The child brought happiness into their lives. Caring for her, moreover, has made them stronger.

Likewise (formal):
The first week was difficult. The second week was similarly difficult.

People want to stop the war. Similarly, the government needed to end it.

Besides/ Otherwise:

We have had many problems with no money.

Apart from selling cakes, this bakery also offers many beverage options.

Then/ After that:

I have been very tired lately and there is a wedding to do.

• Judy and Tracy want to come, and then Lisa and her boys, so we need another car.

Yet/However:
He is late again. I think we need to talk.

• My employer fired another job. It's the fourth of this month!

What is more

He lost his case, and what more was he trying to hide!

• The show was just amazing and what else, she organized herself.

Too (usually in spoken English)

Do I see it too?

• Clean your room and you should open windows.

Also (more formal than "and" and "also", “as well”, “too”)

•         Jim is a great musician. He also plays the piano.

•         I hated that movie. Also, it was very crowded inside.

•         There were not many students today. It was too hot.

As well / And: (in American English sounds formalor legit)

Will she be here?

• We make boots and belts.

To boot/ Getting started (humorous / funny or old-fashioned)

Wear a red dress and high heels with high heels in the boot.

• Their son cannot get grain, and cannot drink milk to begin with.

• That dish looks bad, and it tastes bad, to begin with.

Standard Abbreviations:

   A:
A, the ampere
Å, angstrom units
aa amino acids (s)
Ab, anti
AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
AKT, v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene Homolog 1
ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
AMP, adenosine monophosphate (ADP, ATP)
AMPK, AMP kinase
ANCOVA, an analysis of financial discrimination
ANOVA, analysis of variance
ATPase, adenosine triphosphatase (AMPase, ADPase)
AU, combat units
AUC, the area at the bottom of the curve

   B:
BAC, bacterial chromosome transplant
Β-gal, gal-galactosidase
BM, context
BMI, body mass index
BMP, a bone morphogenetic protein
bp, base (couples)
BP, blood pressure
bpm, hit (s) per minute
BRAF, v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B
BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
BSA, bovine serum albumin
BTU, British (heat) unit
BW, body weight

   C:
° C, degree (s) Celsius
cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cGMP)
Cas9, a 9-CRISPR-compatible protein
CCL, CC chemokine ligand
CCR, CC chemokine receptor
CD, collection of variants (CD4, CD8)
CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
cDNA, complementary DNA
CDP, cytosine diphosphate
C / EBP, CCAAT / proteinancer binding
CFA, complete Freund's genius
CFSE, carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester
CFU, colony-forming units
ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation
CHO, Chinese hamster ovary
CI, confidence interval
Ci, curies (s)
C-KIT, CD117, cell / cell growth line, protooncogene c-KIT
cM, centimeters (s)
Cmax, higher value [higher]
Cmin, minimum [concentration] concentration
CMP, cytidine monophosphate (CDP, CTP)
CMV, cytomegalovirus
CNRS, Center National de la Recherche Scientifique
CNS, central nervous system
CoA, coenzyme A
COX, a cycloo oxygenase
cpm, counting (s) per minute
CRISPR, compounded regularly by a short palindromic repetition
CSA, an activity that stimulates colonization
CSF, a factor that promotes colonization
Ct, limit cycle
CT, compact tomography
CXCL, CXC chemokine ligand
CXCR, a CXC chemokine receptor

   D:
d, day (s)
d, of persons
3D, 3-dimensional
Da, dalton (s)
DAB, 3,3′-diaminobenzidine
DAPI, 4 ′, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
DC, a dendritic cell
DEAE, diethylaminoethyl
∆ (delta), change, change
DFG, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
DMEM, Dagbecco's modified Middle Eagle
DMSO, dimethylsulfoxide
DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
dpc, coitum date (s)
dpf, the date (s) for fertilization
dP / dt, the initial output pressure measured later
dP / dV, pressure per unit change
dpm, disintegration (s) minute
dsDNA, double-stranded DNA
dsRNA, double-stranded RNA
DTT, dithiothreitol
 

   E:
E1, embryonic day 1 (E2, E3)
EBV, Epstein-Barr virus
EC50, 50% active concentration
ECG, electrocardiogram, electrocardiography
ECL, enhanced chemiluminescence
E. coli, Escherichia coli
ED50, 50% effective dose
EDTA, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid
EEG, electroencephalogram
EGF, a characteristic of epidermal growth factor
EGFP, an enhanced GFP
EGFR, EGF receptor
EGTA, ethyleneglycol-bis- (β-aminoethylether) -N, N, N ′, N'-tetraacetic acid
ELISA, an enzyme-linked emunosorbent assay
EMSA, electrophoretic mobility shift assay
ER, endoplasmic retopulum
ERK, an extracellular signal-regulated kinase signal

   F:
F F, degree (s) Fahrenheit
FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting
F-actin, Actin filters
FBS, fetal bovine serum
Fc, immortalized fragments [of the immunoglobulin molecule]
FCS, baby calf serum
FDA, Food and Drug Administration
FDR, false discovery rate
FFPE, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded
FGF, fibroblast growth factor
FISH, fluorescence in hygridization
FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
fl, worried
Fox, Forkhead box
ft, foot, feet
FWER, smart family error rate

   G:
g, gram (s)
g, units (s) of gravity
GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid
GAP, a GTPase-activating protein
GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
GEF, a guanine nucleotide growth factor
GFP, a light green protein
GM-CSF, a granulocyte macrophage colony-growth factor
GMP, guanosine monophosphate (GDP, GTP)
GPCR, a G protein-coupled receptor
GWAS, a multidisciplinary relationship / case study
Gy, gray (s)

   H:
h, hour (s)
HA, hemagglutinin
HBSS, Hanks' salty solution
HBV, hepatitis B virus
HDL, high lipoprotein
H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
HEPES, N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid
HGF, a hepatocyte protein
HIF, an inaccessible hypoxia-factor
HIV, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1, HIV-2)
HLA, human leukocyte antigen
HMG, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl
HPLC, liquid chromatography is efficient
HPV, a person's papilloma virus
HR, risk ratio
HRP, peroxidase
HSA, album serum
hsp, a heat shock protein
HUVEC, the vena umbilicalis endothelial cell body
 

   I:
i, electrical current
IACUC, Committee on Animal Care and Institution
IB, immunoblot
IC50, 50% inhibitory concentration
ICAM, a molecule of intracellular adhesion
ICOS, an inaccessible cost moleculei.c.v., intracerebroventricular (ly)
ID50, 50% inappropriate dose
IDL, a medium-density lipoprotein
IFN, interferon
Ig, immunoglobulin (IgE, IgG)
GF, growth as insulin
IHC, immunohistochemistry
IQB, an inhibitor of NF-κB (IvanoBi, IvanoBβ)
IL, interleukin (IL-12)
e.g., intramuscular (ly)
MDM, Iscove'smodul within the center
in., inch (es)
i.n., intranasal (ly)
INSERM, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale
IP, immunoprecipitation
i.p., intraperitoneal (ly)
QR, filter range
IRB, institutional review board
ISH, in hybridization
IU, units overseas
i.v., intravenous (ly)

   J:
JAK, Janus kinase
JNK, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase
JUN, Jun protooncogene

   K:
K, degree (s) KelvinKA, regular association
kb, kilobase (s)
kcal, kilocalorie (s)
KD, constant isolation
kDa, kilodalton (s)
KI, regular blocking
Km, Michaelis-Menten Regular
KO, knockout

   L:
L, liter (s)
LD50, 50% deadly dose
LDL, low lipoprotein
accommodation, a measure of discomfort
LPS, a lipopolysaccharide
LUC, luciferase

   M:
m, meters
M, molar
mAb, monoclonal Ab
MALDI, a laser desseltion / ionization designed for a matrix
MAPK, a mitogen-activated protein kinase
Mb, database
2-ME, 2-mercaptoethanol
MEK, MAPK kinase
MEM, Small Eagle Medium Suitable
mEq, milliequivalent (s)
MFI, mean fluorescence intensity
MHC, a posh histocompatility complex
minutes, minutes (minutes)
miRNA, microRNA
mmHg, millimeter (of) of the zebra
MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
mo, month (s)
MOI, recurrence (ies) of infection
mol, im (s)
MOPS, 3- (N-morpholino) propanesulfonic acid
Mr., a relative of cells
MRI, resonance imaging
mRNA, messenger RNA
ms, millisecond (s)
mTOR, a mammalian target of rapamycin
MTT assay, 3- (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay
MW, relative molecular mass
Myc, V-mycmyelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (avian)

   N:
N, [common] solution
n, number in group
N, total sample sizeNA, it doesn't work
NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NADH, lower the NAD
NADPH, reduced NAD phosphate
NF-κB, a nuclear factor
NIH, World Health Centers
NK, natural killer [cell]
NKT, natural killer T [cell]
NLR, a Nod-like receptor
NMDA, N-methyl-ᴅ-aspartate
NMR, nuclear magnetic flux
no, a number
NOD, a nonobese diabetic
NOR, nonobese resistance
NOS, NO synthase
NP-40, Nonidet P-40
NS, not important
NSAID, an antiinfrance resistant drug
nt, nucleotide (s)
 

   O:
OCT, correct temperature
OD, optical for humans
OR, the size of the matter
ORF, open reading frame
osm, osmole (s)
OVA, ovalbumin

   P:
P, phosphate (PO4)
P, possible
P1, postnatal day 1 (P2, P3)
PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
PBMC, a blood mononuclear cell
PBS, phosphate-buffered salt
PCR, polymerase chain reaction
PDGF, a platelet-derived protein
PDGFR, PDGF receptor
PECAM, a molecule of platelet-endothelial cell adhesion
PEG, polyethylene glycol
PET, positron emission tomography
PFU, units that make plaques
pg, pics
pH, proton concentration
pI, isoelectric point
PI3K, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase
PIPES, piperazine-N, N'-bis (2-ethanesulfonic acid)
PKC, protein kinase C (PKA, PKB)
PLC, phospholipase C
PMA, phorbol myristate acetate
PMN, a polymorphonuclear cell

   U:
U, unit(s)
UCD, University of California, Davis
UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles
UCSD, University of California, San Diego
UCSF, University of California, San Francisco
UMP, urophine monophosphate (UDP, UTP)
UTR, unread region
UV, ultraviolet

   V:
V, volt (s)
VCAM, a cell adhesion molecule
VEGF, a vascular endothelial growth factor
VEGFR, a VEGF receptor
VLDL, a very low lipoprotein
Vmax, high speed
vol, volume
vWF, von Willebrand factor

   W:
W, watt (s)
WBC, white blood cell
WHO, World Health Organization
wk, week (s)
WNT, a family type of wireless MTT integration site
wt, weight
WT, wild type

   Y:
yr, year (s)

1.5 Affixes and Acronyms

Affixes:
In English, we like to make new words by adding all kinds of bits before and after existing words. These are called prefixes, and are added to the base or stem of a word.
When pasted at the end of a word, the attachment is called a suffix. And in the beginning? The beginning. Then there are combinations of methods, which can be added by an independent name or start.

English has a number of them. So, we thought we would put them together a lot and put them in alphabetical order in one big list of your immediate reference or curiosity.
 

Suffixes:

      Prefixes and Combining Forms

a-, an-: not, without, lack
acanth-, acantho-: spiny, thorn
acous-: sensation
s-, acro-: high; the end, the end
aden-, adeno-: gland
adren-, adreno-: adrenal gland
aer-, aero-: air, gas
all-, allo-: other, different
alti-, alto-: up
am-, amb-, ambi-, am-: both sides; all around; about
amyl-, amylo-: starch
has: also; absolutely, absolutely
an-, an-: up, up; back, back
andr-, andro-: man; the male
anem-, anem-: spirit
ant-, ante-: before, before, before; before the
anthrop-, anthropo-: man
anti-, ant-, anth-: against, opposite; to fight, to defend
api-: bee
where-, ap-: away; from; it is related
aqui-, aqua-: water
arbor-, arbori-: a tree
arch-, history-: chief, principal, superior; too much
arche-, archeo-, archaeo-: archaeo-: ancient, ancient
arteri-, arterio-: artery
arthr-, arthro-: combined
star-, astro-, aster-: star
atmo-: steam
audio-: hearing, sound
auto-: to move them
avi-: a bird
az-, azo-: nitrogenous