Unit - 3
Electronics and Communication Engineering
In telephony, signaling is the change of records among concerned factors within side the community that units up, controls, and terminates every cell phone call. In in-band signaling, the signaling is at the equal channel because the cell phone call.
Advances in generation are enhancing talents of studying numerous facts re assets along with audio (speech, acoustics, music), picture (video, multimedia, scientific scans), scientific alerts (coronary heart rate, blood pressure, mind activity) and far off sensing information (geophysical, radar, sonar). Examples of structures that control alerts are speech recognition, video streaming, cell networks and scientific scans along with MRI.
The disciplines of sign and picture processing are worried with the evaluation and synthesis of alerts and their interplay with structures. In communications, the goal is to switch facts (alerts) from one or many re assets to at least one or many destinations, which calls for the layout of transmission schemes (e.g., modulation and coding), receivers, and filters. The Signal Systems and Communications vicinity covers the basics of analog and virtual alerts and structures, the mathematical gear for the evaluation of deterministic and random alerts, and programs to virtual sign processing, virtual picture processing, and virtual/analog communications. Oregon State college in alerts and communications focus on regions along with stressed out and wifi communications, ecological and scientific research, cell communication, information and facts sharing.
Employment possibilities variety throughout a huge kind of regions along with the mobile phone industry, fiber optic communications, ADSL and broadband cable communications, sound and audio engineering, speech recognition, scientific imaging structures (X-Rays, CT, MRI, PET), DSP hardware and software program layout, printing industry, virtual displays (CRT, LCD, plasma), virtual cameras and camcorders, picture compression standards (JPEG, MPEG).
Direct manipulate switching systems, e.g., step-through-step, do now no longer permit for separation of the supervisory and deal with signaling capabilities. The dialed deal with positions the switches directly, the numbering scheme controlling the routing of name connections. The supervisory and deal with signaling capabilities are blended within side the community line signaling systems. The signaling restrict has a tendency to be confined through the permissible decade deal with pulse distortion. In not unusual place manipulate switching the not unusual place manipulate equipment (check in, translator, marker) offers with the decision connection set-up via the switch block, being launched from a name on connection status quo to cope with different name connections. The marker controls the switching.
The incoming line is the incoming mark on the switch block. Address records inputs the check in which refers back to the translator. The ensuing translation establishes the outgoing mark figuring out the outgoing line. The marker switches the 2 marks collectively via the switch block. The translation facility allows automated opportunity routing.
Systems thinking in teach operation protection talked about that the clinical expertise gadget installed from the attitude of the gadget to study the goal international is a gadget technology. System technology is a topic that regards the gadget phenomena and gadget issues as item of study. Huang Lin talked about in his Peking University gadget technology convention min that “gadget technology can most effective studies the phenomenon or issues with gadget significance.” In the dialogue of fact and theory, the interconnected issues that concentrate on processing the component and the entire, distinction and unity, shape and function, self and surroundings, orderly and disorderly, cooperation and competition, conduct and purpose, level and entire process, are gadget issues with gadget significance.
A railway signaling gadget in particular consists of a teach manage gadget, an interlocking gadget, CTC, and a centralized signaling tracking gadget. The present signaling gadget is the end result of a protracted duration of improvement and non-stop development of assembly the wishes of teach manage and dispatching command, enhancing the efficiency, and making sure the teach protection. In this process, the precept of gadget technology has been in part pondered within side the signaling gadget, and therefore the signaling gadget overall performance has improved. The utility of gadget technology belongs to this preliminary level within side the signaling gadget, and but there stays first rate room for improvement.
The inner additives of the signaling gadget do now no longer completely mirror the general emergence. It similarly wishes to use the gadget technology ideas in layout, integration, operation, and different components to enhance gadget overall performance.
The conventional idea of the signaling gadget is split into one-of-a-kind elements or gadgets in an effort to discover every component, respectively. Each factor and tool is processed independently, without accurately thinking about the communiqué and comments of the inner shape of the signaling gadget among them, without accurately thinking about information sharing and fusion, without accurately thinking about the interface and interplay issues. However, railway injuries commonly end result from the interplay the various diverse elements of the gadget and usually cannot be attributed to an unmarried variable or factor.
The duties and paintings of R&D and renovation of device in a signaling gadget do now no longer completely don't forget associated paintings methods and flow. The present signaling gadget isn't designed as a prepared entire, belonging to a shape of constructing blocks, so it is straightforward for issues to arise that attend to at least one aspect and lose another.
The idea of conventional signaling does now no longer doesn’t forget the relation among the signaling gadget and the complicated outside surroundings and human elements completely. They aren't handled as an entire, a good way to unavoidably cause carelessness that might purpose an accident.
The signaling gadget is designed with out in line with the structures engineering. The signaling gadget is built via way of means of the mixing of a signaling tool of various manufacturers, one of kind ages, and one-of-a-kind standards.
A signaling gadget controls and instructions the teach operation, improves delivery efficiency, and guarantees teach operation protection however with the overall performance and now no longer in regards to the gadget degree. Only the interface layout and interconnection necessities meet among the subsystem and the tool.
The layout of reliability and protection of a signaling gadget most effective remains at the extent of device, that's loss of thinking about and fixing the trouble from the gadget factor of view. At the identical time, the device degree and tool degree “fail-safe” cannot meet the requirement of “fail-safe.” The redundant shape is followed in maximum of the structures, however the middle manage objects are nonetheless an unmarried independent manage. A fault prognosis is finished via way of means of every device independently detecting itself, lacks a gadget-degree fault prognosis primarily based totally at the teach operation situation and teach manage information completeness.
The signaling gadget lacks a tracking and an early caution of teach operation fame and smart auxiliary dispatching primarily based totally on large information. On the contrary, a few elements or subsystems of the signaling gadget have implemented the contemplating gadget technology well, which include the gadget of the CTC and the centralized sign reveal completely embodies the integrity, relevance, hierarchy of the simple capabilities of the gadget technology, and the entire emergence of gadget technology come into being. Consequently, the impact of “the entire is more than the sum of elements” and “1+1>2” appeared.
Communicating alarm reaction equipment (Red CARE) Red CARE affords hyperlinks among the alarm gadget and the principal station
It is a community that each video display units and assessments the gadget in any respect times, so if the alarm is activated or the road reduce the proper sign is dispatched to the tracking station. It additionally works within side the occasion of the road being engaged. Equally there may be no want for a brand new separate line except the road is likewise used for facts transmission inclusive of with the aid of using fax or modem.
Of all calls to the emergency offerings, ninety five consistent with cent are fake alarms, however Red CARE robotically assessments that the fault isn't always an electrical interference pulse. The device can be reset remotely through the imperative station operator. The transmitter or premises alarm communiqué equipment (PACE) gives up to channels; for example, fire, non-public attack, intruder and opening/closing. The provider transmits its emergency or fault indicators via routes. Even within side the occasion of a community fault there's no issue to save you the sign being received. Signals are encoded in a completely unique manner for the premises, and are most effective identified through the Red CARE equipment. Despite the signaling structures that we've encountered, we ought to now no longer overlook that the general public switched phone community continues to be properly hooked up for alarm signaling. Indeed, amongst its more recent programs is photo transmission the usage of present day high-velocity mistakes correcting modems (as an alternative, the included offerings virtual community may be hired as that is a real virtual circuit, and in practice, higher capable of relay images). Some perception is given in Section 6.nine into photo transmission and the way it's far followed as a verification technique so now we will recollect different strategies of far off signaling. Remote signaling ought to basically encompass fundamental elements: a way of communiqué with a reaction force; a community via which the message may be transmitted
Key takeaways:
In telephony, signaling is the change of records among concerned factors within side the community that units up, controls, and terminates every cell phone call. In in-band signaling, the signaling is at the equal channel because the cell phone call.
A computerized fare collection (AFC) device is the gathering of additives that automate the ticketing device of a public transportation network - an automatic model of guide fare collection. An AFC device is generally the idea for incorporated ticketing.
AFC structures frequently encompass the subsequent components (the "tier" terminology is common, however now no longer universal): Tier 0 - Fare media Tier 1 - Devices to read/write media Tier 2 - Depot/station computers Tier 3 - Back workplace structures Tier 4 - Central clearing house. In addition to processing digital fare media, many AFC structures have device on motors and stations that accepts coins price in a few forms. Fare media AFC structures originated with tokens or paper tickets disbursed with the aid of using team of workers or from self-carrier merchandising machines.
These have typically been changed with magnetic stripe playing cards. Since their creation in 1997 with the Octopus card in Hong Kong, contactless clever playing cards have end up the same old fare media in AFC structures, all even though many structures guide a couple of media types. More recently, contactless clever playing cards from financial institution networks were visible extra often in AFC.
Devices to read/write media These take severe forms, including: Ticket workplace terminals - in which a media holder can buy a proper to journey from team of workers in a workplace, or enquire as to the price and journey rights related to the media General ticketing machines on the Expo station in Singapore, in which commuters can upload price to their EZ-Link card or buy an unmarried experience ticket. Ticket merchandising machines - in which a media holder can buy a proper to journey from a self-carrier machine, or enquire as to the price and journey rights related to the media Fare gate - frequently utilized in a educate station so a media holder can advantage get admission to a paid region in which journey offerings are provided Stand-by myself validate - used to verify that the media holds the best journey proper, and to write down using the media onto the media for later verification (e.g. With the aid of using a conductor/inspector). Often utilized in evidence-of-price structures On-car validate - utilized by a media holder to verify journey rights and board a car (e.g., bus, tram, educate) Inspector/conductor device - utilized by team of workers which includes a conductor to confirm journey rights Unattended gadgets are frequently called "validates", a time period which originated with gadgets that might stamp a date/time onto paper tickets to offer evidence of legitimate price for a conductor.
Depot/station computers Used to pay attention records communications with gadgets in a station or bus depot. Common in older AFC structures in which verbal exchange traces to higher degrees had been sluggish or unreliable. Back workplace Servers and software program to offer control and oversight of the AFC machine. Usually includes: Fare control - converting of fares and fare products Media control - guide for blacklisting of lost/stolen media Reporting - periodic reviews on overall performance of the AFC machine, economic information and passenger movements Clearing house (Central Management System) In environments in which a couple of machine operators percentage common, interoperable media, a primary machine just like the ones utilized in inventory exchanges may be used to offer economic control and different offerings to the operators which includes: Clearing and settling of funds Common reporting Apportionment of sales between operator
Automated fare series in Canada Compass fare gates which are used at educate stations throughout the Metro Vancouver Regional District Canada's first public transit agency, the Toronto Street Railway Co., commenced in 1861 with a horse-drawn streetcar provider however it turned into now no longer till 1912 that the City of Toronto commenced deliberations on fare series. It turned into now no longer till 126 years later (in 1987) that Mississauga Transit have become one of the first Transit Agencies in Canada to put in force an Electronic Fare box.
Since then, nearly each main town in Canada has followed use of digital fare boxes. Notably, Canada additionally produces fare series gadgets for diverse transit corporations in North America. Trapeze Group., placed in Mississauga, Ontario, presently manufactures and develops excessive tech fare series solutions.
AFC System Companies like Thales, Samsung, Indri, Singapore Technologies, ACS, VIX, Talent, Siemens, ATOS, CUBIC, NIPPON SIGNALS etc. are properly skilled on this field. There are many providers in conventional AFC market. Some of those who participated in tenders of numerous Metro Rail businesses both within side the shape of era provider or neighborhood implementation
The quantity of participation indicates the extent of competitiveness in the market. The Indian businesses which had been consortium contributors did now no longer have any earlier revel in of AFC structures and consequently they joined with different foreign businesses having revel in on this field. Centre For Railway Information Systems, an agency of Ministry of Railways, is also running with those technology like AFC, Mobile Ticketing, Automatic Ticketing Machines etc.
The AFC structures encompass each hardware and software program parts, of which the essential hardware component is Automatic Gate. The gates want to offer throughput of passengers as excessive as 50 in keeping with minute. The downtime is least perfect to any transit operator because it immediately affects the glide of traffic. The integration of AFC machine with cell telephone cell smart phone businesses, not unusual place card or a media of a few different agency essentially calls for having an open interface among the 2 entities. The protection and private ness are different considerations which want to be regarded into whilst integrating those structures, as any agency becoming a member of into this framework could be cautious of those factors because of its personal coverage and contractual responsibilities at home.
Identifying constraints in method of indigenous improvement and evolving method for putting improvement orders for assemblies / structures / subsystems. Transit AFC structures cope with some of functions, consisting of issuing the fee device, making use of agency-precise guidelines for figuring out the fare to be charged whilst the fee device is used, and processing the fee. Transit AFC structures have some of essential requirements, consisting of:
Fast transaction speeds
Transit fare coverage aid and pricing flexibility
Data integrity and purchaser service
Reduction in coins handling
Data protection and person privacy
The software program element is generally related to the enterprise policies which might be applied in AFC structures. Building up a software primarily based totally on those policies is not something extra-everyday and lots of Indian software program organizations can do it. What is needed is publicity to such structures earlier than a full-scale deployment may be considered. Being a sale associated matter, no operator could chance going with a brand new entrant on this field. The paintings could be taken up via way of means of the organizations in get admission to manipulate and associated protection packages to scale as much as a low-stage AFC device. Over duration of time the knowledge may be constructed thru publicity and experience.
In 2007 CRIS began out growing an AFC device that can meet the requirement of Metros. The answer became advanced in Kolkata Metro in a phased manner. A considerable development has been made on this direction as Kolkata Metro AFC device is the usage of majority of the software program (Including KMS) advanced via way of means of CRIS.
The Automatic Tickets Vending Machines are dealing with the troubles of non-stop adjustments in length and weight of Indian coins. The coin validates deployed in such machines can't distinguish among vintage 50 paisa coin and new 1 coin. Similarly vintage 1 and new 2 are similar. It is hard for providers together with Indian providers to improve their structures to evolve to such common adjustments. Eight Security aspects: eight.1The protection of the AFC device wishes to be evaluated within side the mild of numerous ISO standards) ISO 15408:1, 2 & 3 - “Common Criteria for Information Technology Security Evaluation (CC)”. b) ISO 18045 - a partner file to ISO 15408 c) ISO 27001 – Information Security Management device d) ISO 17799 - Information Technology -- Security Techniques -- Code of Practice for Information Security Management eight.2ISO 15408 popular may be often used to outline the subsequent aspects of AFC device – a) Security Objective b) Security Target (ST) c) Protection Profile (PP) d) Threats and Countermeasures
Key takeaways:
A computerized fare collection (AFC) device is the gathering of additives that automate the ticketing device of a public transportation network - an automatic model of guide fare collection. An AFC device is generally the idea for incorporated ticketing.
Thales’ superior supervision answers make complicated networks simpler to be run. Providing extra scheduling and struggle decision manner excessive security, higher passenger data and care, greener networks and dependable communications, Thales enables you enhance the passengers’ pleasure and security. All our operation manipulate structures are modular, scalable and bendy structures that may be prolonged with extra non-compulsory modules. For Traffic Management Thales operation manipulate structures permit bendy operations whether or not you're running an easy fixed-block community or an advanced Communications-Based Train Control device.
By tracking your community in real-time, device overall performance is constantly supervised and analyzed. Build and percentage at any time diagnostic data from the teach to the upkeep staff (at the same time as the teach is in operation) and operational data in your control reports. For mainline site visitors control, our device robotically controls, supervises and data the real railway site visitors. It plays automated struggle detection, struggle answer and proposes optimized operational answers. It centralizes and auto friends the control responsibilities of railway operators. ARAMIS (Advanced Railway Automation, Management and Information System) is a modular product that offers optimized planning, supervising, dispatching, manipulate and analyses of teach services. For city rail site visitors control whether or not you're running an easy fixed-block community or are the use of moving-block era with a Communications-Based Train Control device, Thales affords you the nice answers, from rail turnkey included answers to stand-by myself structures.
With an excessive stage of centralized manipulate, the user-pleasant interfaces of our site visitors control structures permit the metro line operators to: Monitor and manipulate trains, drivers, and signaling equipment. Create, manipulate, and optimize timetables, both in on line or offline modes. Develop take a look at or education situations via way of means of simulating teach site visitors and signaling behaviors. To reply to today’s’ challenges, our structures now permit operators to noticeably lessen traction strength intake throughout the community via way of means of controlling teach speed, adjusting the timetable in real-time, and optimizing strength recuperation thru regenerative braking structures.
Quality of service, much less postpone minutes Lower operational expenses Increase of visitors capacity Fully included, effective client-server answer for personnel Support of OCC and neighborhood operators Support legacy and new infrastructures Modular device which may be expanded Fast lead time, verified device in field For passengers & staff’s safety Integrated within side the OCC (Operation Control Centre), supervise your belongings in station with Thales SCADA soft device to be able to make certain the safety, protection and luxury of passengers & staffs.
As a completely customizable answer primarily based totally on enterprise requirements and open architecture, operators and infrastructure managers can pick out the area in their manipulate points, from the passenger facts to the energy systems. Thales real-time video surveillance answers in shape the on-board & stations’ environments to decorate protection, safety and safety for items and passengers. Managed thru an intuitive person interface, our included Operation Control Centre (OCC) platform affords operators with whole visualization and manipulate of each subsystem to assure smooth, non-stop operations. Thales next-technology supervision answers cross even in addition with deep cross-practical integration to enhance capacity, ease incident control and offer seamless trips for passengers.
The Operations Control Center (OCC) is the mind that manages the everyday sports of delivery operators. The Operations Control Center (OCC) is the mind that manages the everyday sports of delivery operators.
The Operations Control Center (OCC) is the mind that manages the daily sports of delivery operators. It’s right here that the magic takes place to make certain that the whole lot runs smoothly. However, every now and then passenger carrier can get disrupted whilst incidents arise such as, technical screw ups within side the delivery system, on trains, planes or every other mass transit system; climate conditions; site visitor’s incidents; exertions moves and accidents. These disruptions can motive unacceptable delays and useful resource shortages.
The OCC have to be capable of offer a coordinated response, in a well-timed manner, to lessen and get over operational interruptions and decrease the effect on passenger carrier. Some of the primary capabilities of the OCC include: • Monitoring operations • Anticipating problems • Managing the deliberate operations schedule • Minimizing carrier disruption. At the equal time, the OCC is tasked with preserving performance, and imparting great of carrier, in addition to reducing operational costs. In different words, the OCC is accountable for the execution of each day schedule, as deliberate, without busting the budget.
Efficient OCC operation relies upon on having the proper answer, in addition to coordinated and collaborative paintings among the stakeholders who constitute distinctive middle commercial enterprise units. Complicated surroundings of answers converge within side the OCC in which they're regularly challenged to supply new offerings that require new programs. This method the whole thing wishes to be incorporated to be able to have powerful manage of the operations. The modules that make up the answer need to be open and capable of combine with others. APIs offer the important thing factors for permitting interconnection among distinctive surroundings components. With open APIs, operators can create new offerings, combine programs, and meet new requirements. Additionally, the APIs create possibilities to innovate. Communication offerings are the cornerstone of a green OCC. These critical offerings permit the collaborative coordination of diverse stakeholders within side the OCC, they could enhance visibility approximately the facts coming in, and they could lessen recuperation time. ALE gives a wide communications portfolio that covers telephony offerings primarily based totally at the Alcatel-Lucent Omni PCX® Enterprise. The portfolio consists of an alarm notification server, emergency disaster management, voice recording, in addition to integration and interconnection with the distinctive practical blocks (inclusive of Radio, PA, PDI) via preferred protocols and APIs. Additionally, the Omni PCX Open Gateway, a committed API server, will increase integration skills that consist of a fixed of REST full APIs to host ALE and client programs inclusive of:
- Telephony offerings
- Management skills
- Analytics
Real-time collaboration is critical for OCC project coordination and facts focus among stakeholders. It improves responsiveness at the same time as minimizing the effect on quit customers at some stage in abnormal operations. The integration of an answer with commercial enterprise tactics and communications answers is prime to permitting green operations. The Alcatel-Lucent Rainbow™ Capes answer integrates with the client surroundings to offer verbal exchange offerings inclusive of chat, record sharing, voice and video, over any device. At the identical time, Rainbow leverages Artificial Intelligence (AI), chat bots, machine databases and analytics to automate and simplify operational tactics and create new offerings. Evolution to collaborative operational surroundings is the following step for plenty OCCs. Integrating the distinctive practical blocks is the principle driving force to permit interplay among the stakeholders, growth verbal exchange, enhance situational focus and decorate the decision-making process
Efficient OCC operation relies upon on having the proper answer, in addition to coordinated and collaborative paintings among the stakeholders who constitute unique middle enterprise units. A complicated atmosphere of answers converges within side the OCC in which they're frequently challenged to supply new offerings that require new packages. This method the whole lot wishes to be incorporated that allows you to have powerful manipulate of the operations. The modules that make up the answer ought to be open and capable of combine with others. APIs offer the important thing factors for allowing interconnection among unique atmosphere components. With open APIs, operators can create new offerings, combine packages, and meet new requirements. Additionally, the APIs create possibilities to innovate. Communication offerings are the cornerstone of a green OCC.
Key takeaways:
Thales’ superior supervision answers make complicated networks simpler to be run. Providing extra scheduling and struggle decision manner excessive security, higher passenger data and care, greener networks and dependable communications, Thales enables you enhance the passengers’ pleasure and security.
Supervisory manipulate and information acquisition (SCADA) is a manipulate device structure that makes use of computers, networked information communications and graphical consumer interfaces for high-stage technique supervisory management. They can manipulate massive-scale procedures that may encompass a couple of sites, and paintings over massive distances.
Supervisory manage and facts acquisition (SCADA) is a manage gadget structure comprising computers, networked facts communications and graphical person interfaces for high-stage supervision of machines and processes. It additionally covers sensors and different devices, together with programmable good judgment controllers, which interface with manner plant or machinery.
The operator interfaces which allow tracking and the issuing of manner commands, like controller set factor changes, are dealt with thru the SCADA laptop system. The subordinated operations, e.g., the real-time manipulate good judgment or controller calculations, are executed with the aid of using networked modules linked to the sector sensors and actuators. The SCADA idea turned into advanced to be a familiar approach of remote-get right of entry to loads of nearby manipulate modules, which can be from exceptional producers and permitting get right of entry to thru preferred automation protocols. In practice, massive SCADA structures have grown to turn out to be very much like allotted manipulate structures in function, whilst the usage of more than one approach of interfacing with the plant. They can manipulate massive-scale methods that may consist of more than one sites, and paintings over massive distances in addition to small distance. It is one of the maximum commonly-used kinds of commercial manipulate structures, no matter issues approximately SCADA structures being liable to cyber warfare/cyber terrorism attacks.
The key characteristic of a SCADA device is its cap potential to carry out a supervisory operation over plenty of different proprietary gadgets. The accompanying diagram is a fashionable version which suggests practical production stages the usage of computerized manipulates. Referring to the diagram, Level zero consists of the sector gadgets including float and temperature sensors, and very last manipulate factors, including manipulate valves.
Level 1 consists of the industrialized input/output (I/O) modules, and their related disbursed digital processors. Level 2 consists of the supervisory computers, which collate records from processor nodes at the device, and offer the operator manipulate screens. Level three is the manufacturing manipulates degree, which does now no longer immediately manipulate the system, however is involved with tracking manufacturing and targets. Level four is the manufacturing scheduling degree. Level 1 consists of the programmable common sense controllers (PLCs) or far off terminal units (RTUs). Level 2 consists of the SCADA to readings and system popularity reviews which are communicated to degree 2 SCADA as required. Data is then compiled and formatted in this type of manner that a manipulate room operator the usage of the HMI (Human Machine Interface) could make supervisory choices to regulate or override regular RTU (PLC) controls.
Data will also be fed to a historian, regularly constructed on a commodity database control device, to permit trending and different analytical auditing. SCADA structures generally use a tag database, which incorporates information factors known as tags or points, which relate to unique instrumentation or actuators inside the system device. Data is accrued towards those precise system manipulate system tag references.
Supervisory computers
This is the middle of the SCADA device, amassing statistics at the method and sending manipulate instructions to the sphere related devices. It refers back to the laptop and software program liable for speaking with the sphere connection controllers, which might be RTUs and PLCs, and consists of the HMI software program strolling on operator workstations. In smaller SCADA structures, the supervisory laptop can be composed of an unmarried PC, wherein case the HMI is part of this laptop. In large SCADA structures, the grasp station can also additionally encompass numerous HMIs hosted on patron computers, a couple of servers for statistics acquisition, disbursed software program applications, and catastrophe recuperation web sites. To boom the integrity of the device a couple of servers will regularly be configured in a twin-redundant or hot-standby formation offering non-stop manipulate and tracking within side the occasion of a server malfunction or breakdown. Remote terminal units Further information: Remote terminal unit Remote terminal units, additionally called (RTUs), connect with sensors and actuators within side the method, and are networked to the supervisory laptop device. RTUs have embedded manipulate abilities and regularly agree to the IEC 61131-three fashionable for programming and aid automation through ladder common sense, a characteristic block diagram or quite a few different languages. Remote places regularly have very little nearby infrastructure so it isn't unusual to locate RTUs strolling off a small sun electricity device, the use of radio, GSM or satellite tv for pc for communications, and being ruggedized to continue to exist from -20C to +70C or even -40C to +85C without outside heating or cooling equipment. Programmable common sense controller
Further information: Programmable common sense controller Also called PLCs, those are related to sensors and actuators within side the method, and are networked to the supervisory device. In manufacturing unit automation, PLCs usually have an excessive pace connection to the SCADA device. In far flung applications, together with a massive water remedy plant, PLCs can also additionally join at once to SCADA over a wi-fi link, or greater commonly, utilized an RTU for the communications management. PLCs are particularly designed for manipulate and had been the founding platform for the IEC 61131-three programming languages. For inexpensive reasons, PLCs are regularly used for far flung web sites wherein there may be a massive I/O count, as opposed to using an RTU alone.
Communication infrastructure
This connects the supervisory laptop device to the RTUs and PLCs, and might use enterprise fashionable or producer proprietary protocols. Both RTU's and PLC's function autonomously at the near-actual time manipulate of the method, the use of the ultimate command given from the supervisory device. Failure of the communications community does now no longer always forestall the plant method controls, and on resumption of communications, the operator can keep with tracking and manipulate. Some vital structures could have twin redundant statistics highways, regularly cabled through various routes.
The human-system interface (HMI) is the operator window of the supervisory device. It offers plant records to the running employees graphically within side the shape of mimic diagrams, which might be a schematic illustration of the plant being controlled, and alarm and occasion logging pages. The HMI is related to the SCADA supervisory pc to offer stay records to force the mimic diagrams, alarm shows and trending graphs. In many installations the HMI is the graphical consumer interface for the operator, collects all records from outside devices, creates reports, plays alarming, sends notifications, etc. Mimic diagrams include line snap shots and schematic symbols to symbolize method elements, or may also include virtual pix of the method gadget overlain with lively symbols.
Supervisory operation of the plant is by the HMI, with operators issuing instructions the use of mouse pointers, keyboards and contact screens. For example, an image of a pump can display the operator that the pump is running, and a glide meter image can display how a lot fluid its miles pumping via the pipe. The operator can transfer the pump off from the mimic by means of a mouse click on or display contact. The HMI will display the glide fee of the fluid within side the pipe lower in actual time. The HMI package deal for a SCADA device commonly consists of a drawing software that the operators or device renovation employees use to alternate the manner those factors are represented within side the interface. These representations may be as easy as on-display visitors mild, which represents the kingdom of a real visitors mild within side the field, or as complicated as a multi-projector show representing the placement of all the elevators in a skyscraper or all the trains on a railway. A "historian", is a software program provider in the HMI which accumulates time-stamped records, events, and alarms in a database which may be queried or used to populate photo developments within side the HMI. The historian is a customer that requests records from a records acquisition server.
Alarm handling further records: Alarm control An vital a part of maximum SCADA implementations is alarm handling. The device video display units whether or not positive alarm situations are satisfied, to decide whilst an alarm occasion has occurred. Once an alarm occasion has been detected, one or greater movements are taken (along with the activation of 1 or greater alarm signs, and possibly the era of electronic mail or textual content messages in order that control or far-flung SCADA operators are informed).
In many cases, a SCADA operator may also should renowned the alarm occasion; this could deactivate a few alarm signs, while different signs stay lively till the alarm situations are cleared. Alarm situations may be explicit for example, an alarm factor is a virtual reputation factor that has both the price NORMAL or ALARM this is calculated by means of a components primarily based totally at the values in different analogue and virtual factors or implicit: the SCADA device would possibly robotically display whether or not the price in an analogue factor lies out of doors excessive and low- restrict values related to that factor. Examples of alarm signs consist of a siren, a pop-up container on a display, or a colored or flashing place on a display (that would act in a comparable manner to the "gasoline tank empty" mild in a car); in every case, the position of the alarm indicator is to attract the operator's interest to a part of the device 'in alarm' in order that suitable movement can.
Key takeaways:
Supervisory manipulate and information acquisition (SCADA) is a manipulate device structure that makes use of computers, networked information communications and graphical consumer interfaces for high-stage technique supervisory management. They can manipulate massive-scale procedures that may encompass a couple of sites, and paintings over massive distances.
Present Condition of PSD in Metros There aren’t any PSD structures within side the present Metro Line 1 and 2, and no PSD development plan for Metro Line 3. (2) Proposed System As mentioned within side the preceding bankruptcy which handled the primary requirement of railway machine for Metro Line 4, the PSD machine brings numerous advantages for the railway operators. These advantages include: Prevention of collision with
- Men and women at the tracks, Fewer delays
- Due to protection incidents, Reduction
- Within side the power prices due to lack of cooled air at underground stations, and Minimal requirement
- Wide variety of station body of workers and teach crew. In order to experience those advantages, contemporary railway operators generally tend to introduce the PSD machine. The following desk suggests the instance of full-peak PSD machine in tropical countries.
There are varieties of PSDs i.e., 1) Full-top PSD and 2) Half-top systems. The full-top PSD machine is normally used at underground stations for the motive of passenger safety, discount of the quantity of station team of workers and group and lowering energy price for air-conditioning. In contrast, the half-top PSD machine is normally brought at accelerated and/or at gated stations.
Under such situations and situation, the JICA Study Team recommends the subsequent PSD structures to be added at Metro Line 4. The full-peak PSD machine might be added at underground stations, except the El Remayah station (M4W Sta. No. 12) The El Remayah station might be supplied with a half-peak PSD machine due to the architectural layout requirement. (3) System Function and General Specifications a) System Composition. The PSD machine includes following centers as minimal requirement:
Fixed- displays and sliding display screen doorways
Exit-front door for riding cabin with appropriate locking machine
Appropriate- character and incorporated manipulate and tracking machine for driver and station personnel
Safety-machine with sensors, alarms and indicators
Control cables
Structural frame,
Solving materials
The PSD machine have to be designed to deal with an 8-automobile train; The structural layout of the PSDs have to don't forget the consequences of train air strain and crowd loading strain; The PSD machine have to save you unauthorized man or woman get right of entry to from the station structures to the principle line (limited area); Each fully-ready door set have to encompass bi-parting, power-operated sliding display screen doorways. The sliding display screen doorways have to be synchronously managed at some point of the duration of the platform. The sliding display screen doorways must offer a clean establishing width of now no longer much less than 350 mm wider than the clean establishing width of the car doorways contemplating the educate stop accuracy and a clean establishing top of now no longer much less than 2.0 meters above the completed ground level. The time for unlatching and establishing must be not than three seconds. The time for last and latching must be not than 3.5 seconds and must be completed inside a most pace of 0.5 metres/second. The establishing and last time must be adjustable from 2.5 seconds to 4.0 seconds. Each door establishing or last pace must now no longer range with the aid of using greater than +/-10% whilst in comparison with the rate of adjoining doorways at the same platform. The sliding display doorways must consist of an obstruction detection system, which must be able to detecting any obstruction inflicting an opening of greater than 20 mm among a couple of sliding display doorways, and among sliding display and educate body.
In the occasion of an obstruction inflicting an opening of much less than 20 mm turning into trapped, the sliding display doorways last, the compression of the sliding display door seals must be together with to permit the obstruction to be removed
The hole among the PSD and vehicle constrained gage must now no longer be much less than 200 mm. The PSD must be prepared with small home windows to perform launch lever for educate door establishing in an emergency. The region of the home windows must correspond to the region of the discharge levers established at the educate.
The PSD must preserve the desired insulation among the PSD and passengers to save you feasible electric powered surprise because of the capability difference among passenger in educate and PSD. The required insulation fee must now no longer be much less than 0.5 M ohm whilst measured with a take a look at voltage of 500 V DC being implemented among the PSD floor and platform structure.
Opening and Closing Operation When a teach is effectively located at a platform, the PSD gadget must acquire door command alerts, which originate from the teach through the signaling gadget, to both open or near the sliding display screen doorways. The open and near command alerts will correspond with the operation of the teach passenger doorways, making sure that the teach passenger doorways are synchronized with the sliding display screen doorways. The establishing operation of the sliding display screen doorways must be synchronized with the teach passenger doorways following a brief postpone furnished via way of means of the teach, making sure that the PSD sliding displays open first. Similarly, the remaining operation must additionally be synchronized with the teach passenger doorways to make sure that the teach passenger doorways near first, once more following a brief postpone furnished via way of means of the teach.
The time distinction of each establishing and remaining of the sliding display screen doorways, in comparison with the operation of the teach passenger doorways, must be equal in each station. In the occasion of a trackside sign transmission failure, stopping the teach from transmitting door manage commands, neighborhood manner must be furnished at the platform or into the PSD, on hand simplest to legal workforce to manually prompt both an open or near command of the sliding display screen doorways. In the occasion that a neighborhood door command is activated, a corresponding message must be transmitted. In case of malfunctioning of the PSD gadget or in an emergency, the PSD sliding displays must be manually opened thru the passenger’s operation. d) Monitoring and Control. The PSD gadget must have suitable manage and tracking panels, such as, however not constrained to, the following: Central Interface Panel (CIP) This panel can be established within side the device room with following functions:
Control of all functions
Interface
Among signaling gadget and PSD gadget Output of alarm and
Tracking sign Maintenance
Reputation indication Interface with
Different systems (i.e., Facility-SCADA) Monitoring and Control PC (MCPC) This panel can be established within side the station workplace with following functions: Individual and organization manage of sliding display screen door Individual and organization tracking, such as alarm.
Key takeaways:
- Men and women at the tracks, Fewer delays
- Due to protection incidents, Reduction
- Within side the power prices due to lack of cooled air at underground stations, and Minimal requirement
1. Operation control center (OCC and BCC)
Thales’ superior supervision answers make complicated networks simpler to be run. Providing extra scheduling and struggle decision manner excessive security, higher passenger data and care, greener networks and dependable communications, Thales enables you enhance the passengers’ pleasure and security. All our operation manipulate structures are modular, scalable and bendy structures that may be prolonged with extra non-compulsory modules. For Traffic Management Thales operation manipulate structures permit bendy operations whether or not you're running an easy fixed-block community or an advanced Communications-Based Train Control device.
By tracking your community in real-time, device overall performance is constantly supervised and analyzed. Build and percentage at any time diagnostic data from the teach to the upkeep staff (at the same time as the teach is in operation) and operational data in your control reports. For mainline site visitors control, our device robotically controls, supervises and data the real railway site visitors. It plays automated struggle detection, struggle answer and proposes optimized operational answers. It centralizes and auto friends the control responsibilities of railway operators. ARAMIS (Advanced Railway Automation, Management and Information System) is a modular product that offers optimized planning, supervising, dispatching, manipulate and analyses of teach services. For city rail site visitors control whether or not you're running an easy fixed-block community or are the use of moving-block era with a Communications-Based Train Control device, Thales affords you the nice answers, from rail turnkey included answers to stand-by myself structures.
With an excessive stage of centralized manipulate, the user-pleasant interfaces of our site visitors control structures permit the metro line operators to: Monitor and manipulate trains, drivers, and signaling equipment. Create, manipulate, and optimize timetables, both in on line or offline modes. Develop take a look at or education situations via way of means of simulating teach site visitors and signaling behaviors. To reply to today’s’ challenges, our structures now permit operators to noticeably lessen traction strength intake throughout the community via way of means of controlling teach speed, adjusting the timetable in real-time, and optimizing strength recuperation thru regenerative braking structures.
Quality of service, much less postpone minutes Lower operational expenses Increase of visitors capacity Fully included, effective client-server answer for personnel Support of OCC and neighborhood operators Support legacy and new infrastructures Modular device which may be expanded Fast lead time, verified device in field For passengers & staff’s safety Integrated within side the OCC (Operation Control Centre), supervise your belongings in station with Thales SCADA soft device to be able to make certain the safety, protection and luxury of passengers & staffs.
As a completely customizable answer primarily based totally on enterprise requirements and open architecture, operators and infrastructure managers can pick out the area in their manipulate points, from the passenger facts to the energy systems. Thales real-time video surveillance answers in shape the on-board & stations’ environments to decorate protection, safety and safety for items and passengers. Managed thru an intuitive person interface, our included Operation Control Centre (OCC) platform affords operators with whole visualization and manipulate of each subsystem to assure smooth, non-stop operations. Thales next-technology supervision answers cross even in addition with deep cross-practical integration to enhance capacity, ease incident control and offer seamless trips for passengers.
The Operations Control Center (OCC) is the mind that manages the everyday sports of delivery operators. The Operations Control Center (OCC) is the mind that manages the everyday sports of delivery operators.
The Operations Control Center (OCC) is the mind that manages the daily sports of delivery operators. It’s right here that the magic takes place to make certain that the whole lot runs smoothly. However, every now and then passenger carrier can get disrupted whilst incidents arise such as, technical screw ups within side the delivery system, on trains, planes or every other mass transit system; climate conditions; site visitor’s incidents; exertions moves and accidents. These disruptions can motive unacceptable delays and useful resource shortages.
The OCC have to be capable of offer a coordinated response, in a well-timed manner, to lessen and get over operational interruptions and decrease the effect on passenger carrier. Some of the primary capabilities of the OCC include: • Monitoring operations • Anticipating problems • Managing the deliberate operations schedule • Minimizing carrier disruption. At the equal time, the OCC is tasked with preserving performance, and imparting great of carrier, in addition to reducing operational costs. In different words, the OCC is accountable for the execution of each day schedule, as deliberate, without busting the budget.
Efficient OCC operation relies upon on having the proper answer, in addition to coordinated and collaborative paintings among the stakeholders who constitute distinctive middle commercial enterprise units. Complicated surroundings of answers converge within side the OCC in which they're regularly challenged to supply new offerings that require new programs. This method the whole thing wishes to be incorporated to be able to have powerful manage of the operations. The modules that make up the answer need to be open and capable of combine with others. APIs offer the important thing factors for permitting interconnection among distinctive surroundings components. With open APIs, operators can create new offerings, combine programs, and meet new requirements. Additionally, the APIs create possibilities to innovate. Communication offerings are the cornerstone of a green OCC. These critical offerings permit the collaborative coordination of diverse stakeholders within side the OCC, they could enhance visibility approximately the facts coming in, and they could lessen recuperation time. ALE gives a wide communications portfolio that covers telephony offerings primarily based totally at the Alcatel-Lucent Omni PCX® Enterprise. The portfolio consists of an alarm notification server, emergency disaster management, voice recording, in addition to integration and interconnection with the distinctive practical blocks (inclusive of Radio, PA, PDI) via preferred protocols and APIs. Additionally, the Omni PCX Open Gateway, a committed API server, will increase integration skills that consist of a fixed of REST full APIs to host ALE and client programs inclusive of:
- Telephony offerings
- Management skills
- Analytics
Real-time collaboration is critical for OCC project coordination and facts focus among stakeholders. It improves responsiveness at the same time as minimizing the effect on quit customers at some stage in abnormal operations. The integration of an answer with commercial enterprise tactics and communications answers is prime to permitting green operations. The Alcatel-Lucent Rainbow™ Capes answer integrates with the client surroundings to offer verbal exchange offerings inclusive of chat, record sharing, voice and video, over any device. At the identical time, Rainbow leverages Artificial Intelligence (AI), chat bots, machine databases and analytics to automate and simplify operational tactics and create new offerings. Evolution to collaborative operational surroundings is the following step for plenty OCCs. Integrating the distinctive practical blocks is the principle driving force to permit interplay among the stakeholders, growth verbal exchange, enhance situational focus and decorate the decision-making process
Efficient OCC operation relies upon on having the proper answer, in addition to coordinated and collaborative paintings among the stakeholders who constitute unique middle enterprise units. A complicated atmosphere of answers converges within side the OCC in which they're frequently challenged to supply new offerings that require new packages. This method the whole lot wishes to be incorporated that allows you to have powerful manipulate of the operations. The modules that make up the answer ought to be open and capable of combine with others. APIs offer the important thing factors for allowing interconnection among unique atmosphere components. With open APIs, operators can create new offerings, combine packages, and meet new requirements. Additionally, the APIs create possibilities to innovate. Communication offerings are the cornerstone of a green OCC.
2. SCADA and other control system
Supervisory manipulate and information acquisition (SCADA) is a manipulate device structure that makes use of computers, networked information communications and graphical consumer interfaces for high-stage technique supervisory management. They can manipulate massive-scale procedures that may encompass a couple of sites, and paintings over massive distances.
Supervisory manage and facts acquisition (SCADA) is a manage gadget structure comprising computers, networked facts communications and graphical person interfaces for high-stage supervision of machines and processes. It additionally covers sensors and different devices, together with programmable good judgment controllers, which interface with manner plant or machinery.
The operator interfaces which allow tracking and the issuing of manner commands, like controller set factor changes, are dealt with thru the SCADA laptop system. The subordinated operations, e.g., the real-time manipulate good judgment or controller calculations, are executed with the aid of using networked modules linked to the sector sensors and actuators. The SCADA idea turned into advanced to be a familiar approach of remote-get right of entry to loads of nearby manipulate modules, which can be from exceptional producers and permitting get right of entry to thru preferred automation protocols. In practice, massive SCADA structures have grown to turn out to be very much like allotted manipulate structures in function, whilst the usage of more than one approach of interfacing with the plant. They can manipulate massive-scale methods that may consist of more than one sites, and paintings over massive distances in addition to small distance. It is one of the maximum commonly-used kinds of commercial manipulate structures, no matter issues approximately SCADA structures being liable to cyber warfare/cyber terrorism attacks.
The key characteristic of a SCADA device is its cap potential to carry out a supervisory operation over plenty of different proprietary gadgets. The accompanying diagram is a fashionable version which suggests practical production stages the usage of computerized manipulates. Referring to the diagram, Level zero consists of the sector gadgets including float and temperature sensors, and very last manipulate factors, including manipulate valves.
Level 1 consists of the industrialized input/output (I/O) modules, and their related disbursed digital processors. Level 2 consists of the supervisory computers, which collate records from processor nodes at the device, and offer the operator manipulate screens. Level three is the manufacturing manipulates degree, which does now no longer immediately manipulate the system, however is involved with tracking manufacturing and targets. Level four is the manufacturing scheduling degree. Level 1 consists of the programmable common sense controllers (PLCs) or far off terminal units (RTUs). Level 2 consists of the SCADA to readings and system popularity reviews which are communicated to degree 2 SCADA as required. Data is then compiled and formatted in this type of manner that a manipulate room operator the usage of the HMI (Human Machine Interface) could make supervisory choices to regulate or override regular RTU (PLC) controls.
Data will also be fed to a historian, regularly constructed on a commodity database control device, to permit trending and different analytical auditing. SCADA structures generally use a tag database, which incorporates information factors known as tags or points, which relate to unique instrumentation or actuators inside the system device. Data is accrued towards those precise system manipulate system tag references.
Supervisory computers
This is the middle of the SCADA device, amassing statistics at the method and sending manipulate instructions to the sphere related devices. It refers back to the laptop and software program liable for speaking with the sphere connection controllers, which might be RTUs and PLCs, and consists of the HMI software program strolling on operator workstations. In smaller SCADA structures, the supervisory laptop can be composed of an unmarried PC, wherein case the HMI is part of this laptop. In large SCADA structures, the grasp station can also additionally encompass numerous HMIs hosted on patron computers, a couple of servers for statistics acquisition, disbursed software program applications, and catastrophe recuperation web sites. To boom the integrity of the device a couple of servers will regularly be configured in a twin-redundant or hot-standby formation offering non-stop manipulate and tracking within side the occasion of a server malfunction or breakdown. Remote terminal units Further information: Remote terminal unit Remote terminal units, additionally called (RTUs), connect with sensors and actuators within side the method, and are networked to the supervisory laptop device. RTUs have embedded manipulate abilities and regularly agree to the IEC 61131-three fashionable for programming and aid automation through ladder common sense, a characteristic block diagram or quite a few different languages. Remote places regularly have very little nearby infrastructure so it isn't unusual to locate RTUs strolling off a small sun electricity device, the use of radio, GSM or satellite tv for pc for communications, and being ruggedized to continue to exist from -20C to +70C or even -40C to +85C without outside heating or cooling equipment. Programmable common sense controller.
References:
1. Vuchic, Vukan R. (2007). Urban Transit Systems and Technology. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-75823-5.
2. Ovenden, Mark (2005). Metro Maps Of The World. Capital Transport. ISBN 1-85414-288-7.
3. Hinkel, W.; Treiber, K.; Valenta, G.; Liebsch, H. (2004). Underground Railways Yesterday – Today – Tomorrow. Schmid Verlag. ISBN 3-900607-44-3.
4. Fischler, Stan (2000). Subways Of The World. MBI. ISBN 0-7603-0752-0.
5. Garbutt, Paul (1997). World Metro Systems. Capital Transport. ISBN 1-85414-1910.
