UNIT - 4
Mechanical & TV +AC
The time period rolling inventory within side the rail shipping enterprise refers to railway automobiles, such as each powered and unpowered automobiles: for example, locomotives, freight and passenger cars (or coaches), and non-sales cars. Passenger automobiles may be un-powered, or self-propelled, unmarried or a couple of units. A related collection of railway automobiles is a train (this time period carried out to a locomotive is a not unusual place misnomer). In North America, Australia and different countries, the time period consist is used to consult the rolling inventory in a train.
In the United States, the time period rolling inventory has been extended from the older widely defined "trains" to consist of wheeled automobiles utilized by agencies on roadways. The phrase inventory within side the time period is utilized in a feel of inventory. Rolling inventory is taken into consideration to be a liquid asset, or near it, because the price of the car may be effectively anticipated after which shipped to the purchaser without a lot value or delay. The time period contrasts with constant inventory (infrastructure), that is a collective time period for the track, signals, stations, different buildings, electric powered wires, etc., vital to perform a railway.
Manufacturing of Rolling Stock
The overall performance of Production Units in the course of 2014-15 become as under:
Chittaranjan Locomotive Works (CLW), Chittaranjan synthetic 250 BG electric powered locomotives which includes one hundred forty five state of-the-artwork three-segment 6000 HP electric powered locos (Ready with IGBT era primarily based totally propulsion system & auxiliary converters).
Diesel Locomotive Works (DLW), Varanasi synthetic 266 BG diesel locomotives which includes 249 indigenous excessive Horse Power locomotives. Out of these, sixteen diesel locomotives were synthetic for Non-Railway Customers (NRCs). Value of income for NRC locomotive and additives from DLW in the course of 2014-15 become 171.05 core.
Integral Coach Factory (ICF), Chennai synthetic 1,678 coaches which includes 221 Diesel Electric Multiple Units (DEMUs), 24 self propelled excessive pace twist of fate remedy educate (SPART) coaches (eight educate sets) and sixty five LHB coaches.
Rail Coach Factory (RCF), Kapurthala synthetic 1480 coaches which includes seventy six Main line Electric Multiple Units (MEMUs) and 350 mild weight LHB coaches with better passenger consolation and amenities
Rail Wheel Factory (RWF), Bangalore produced 47,222-wheel sets. It additionally synthetic 1,75, a hundred seventy-five wheels and 72,479 axles.
Diesel Loco Modernization Works (DLMW), Patiala successfully upgraded 60 nos. Of diesel electric powered locomotives to 3100 HP, thus growing the hauling capability to the volume of three to four additional coaches. DMW additionally synthetic 89 mainline locomotives for IR and exported spares worth 158.28 lakhs to Malaysia and Tanzania. Innovations in EMU/MEMU rakes and Mumbai area Introduction of latest modern day era AC/DC EMU rakes in Mumbai area: So, some distance a complete of a hundred thirty AC/DC EMU Rakes (114 rakes of 12 automobile & sixteen rakes of nine automobile) with new state-of-the art IGBT era were synthetic with the aid of using ICF. Out of these rakes, 129 rakes have already been inducted into offerings which generated additional sporting capability. These rakes are strength green having regenerative capabilities and additionally supplied with forced air flow system. With regenerative braking feature, about 1 core/ rake is stored in line with annum in strength consumption. In addition to the above, prototype AC EMU rakes of 12 automobile with new modern day IGBT era synthetic with the aid of using ICF towards MUTP-Phase II Project were placed into passenger offerings after accomplishing vital checks and trials with the aid of using RDSO.
Kolkata Metro: Ministry of Railways have located an order on M/s Dalian Locomotive & Rolling Stock Co. Ltd., China for design, development, manufacturing, testing & deliver of 14 absolutely furnished power green Kolkata Metro rakes. These new rakes may be equipped with chrome steel vehicle body & IGBT primarily based totally three-section propulsion machine with completely suspended Traction cars and feature better acceleration and deceleration except progressed using traits with air suspension arrangement. In addition to above, for indigenous improvement of IGBT primarily based totally three-section gadget for production of Kolkata Metro rakes, ICF has positioned developmental order for three-section electrics for two rake units on M/s Media Servo System, Hyderabad. Provision of Automatics Door ultimate machine & Surveillance digital in suburban offerings in Mumbai Area: Western Railway has supplied Automatic Door Closing (ADC) machine in one of the Ladies train of EMU suburban educate on a tribulation foundation. Western Railway has already been requested to offer ADC machine in a single unit (three coaches) for big area trials.
Western Railway has additionally supplied Surveillance Cameras in a single of the Ladies train on a tribulation foundation for the protection of girl commuters. 18 Mobile charging factors in General Coaches: 2 cellular charging factors are supplied in 4,109 General Coaches. The directive for provision of 18 cellular charging factors in General Coaches has been issued to Zonal Railways. 18 cellular charging factors are supplied in 196 General Coaches. PUs has already reduced in for provision of 18 cellular charging factors in General coaches. Imports Import content material of uncooked material/components, in phrases of probabilities of general manufacturing cost (apart from preformed charges) for one-of-a-kind sorts of rolling inventory synthetic in Indian Railway Production Units for the 12 months 2014-15
Imbibing present day country of the artwork technology to be had worldwide within side the discipline of M&P. y Professional understanding is received thru schooling personnel within side the required region via way of means of interplay with corporations and analyzing the discipline requirements. y Supports now no longer best Mechanical units, however all of the departments of Indian Railways vis-à-vis their M&P requirements. Up gradation and compilation of specs of all machines utilized in diverse workshops, preservation sheds and Production Units
E-tendering is being completed for all M&P items. Reverse Auction has been brought on IREPS website. y Sole window for Industrial Engineering understanding in Indian Railway y Successive efforts for indigenization have brought about FOREX savings.
Setting up whole plant life on composite, turnkey foundation for timely execution hence minimizing coordination efforts and pin pointed responsibility in any respect levels.
Rolling shares have a secure operation area, in order that a profile described for rolling inventory, structures, and system near line aren't exceeded. The profile is referred to as a gauge. It may be stated that the gauge is the rational area. The gauge is the premise for making sure secure educates operation, proscribing the cross-sectional measurement of the rolling inventory and the mounting measurement of system alongside traces, and determining legitimate dimensions of architectural shape. Depending on one-of-a-kind practical requirements, the gauge may be divided into shape gauge and rolling inventory gauge. A shape gauge is a cross-phase vertical to the centerline of line and defines the minimal measurement of the cross-phase required to make certain secure passing of rolling inventory. Any a part of the homes and system near the railway might not intervene at the shape gauge, besides for system interacting with rolling inventory. A rolling inventory gauge is the most measurement of the cross-phase of rolling inventory. When cars prevent on instantly rails, with the longitudinal centerline of the automobile frame coinciding with the identical line, any a part of it could now no longer exceed the described profile. Taller and wider aren't higher for rolling inventory, despite the fact that tall and huge cars can incorporate extra items and passengers. Contact traces, as infrastructure, want to be hooked up out of a rolling inventory gauge and in shape gauge as it desires to engage with pantographs in operation. To keep away from a breakdown of electrical insulation clearances, the space among overhead touch traces and rolling inventory and different non-High Voltage (HV) desk bound facility might not be much less than the desired electric powered insulation clearance in any case. Pantographs sliding alongside the touch line are supplied with right operational area and such area is outdoor the rolling inventory gauge and within the creation gauge. Pantographs in losing role might not exceed rolling inventory gauge.
Key takeaways:
The time period rolling inventory within side the rail shipping enterprise refers to railway automobiles, such as each powered and unpowered automobiles: for example, locomotives, freight and passenger cars (or coaches), and non-sales cars.
The layout and dynamic evaluation of motors were extensively progressed thru numerical simulation strategies, in particular associated with the numerous evaluation opportunities implemented to complicated and consultant fashions. The car enterprise has already used the numerical optimization strategies in product development. In this paper an optimization method is implemented to a complete car version, the usage of numerous modeling and simulation tools, except experimental checks which have been used so one can get bodily residences and validation statistics. The method is composed in modeling an off-road reference car chassis the usage of software program primarily based totally at the finite detail method. The computational fashions are constructed considering unique approaches, shell and beam elements.
A collection of experimental checks which include modal evaluation, bending and torsion measurements are carried out to achieve records for modeling and validation. The established chassis fashions permit the form and dimensional optimization of the shape searching out better stiffness and preservation of the whole body mass. The definition of a higher car chassis form results in the suspension structures characterization. These steps entail the definition of an excessive constancy multi-frame version to the reference car, vertical dynamic conduct thru experimental measurements, stiffness residences for springs, tires and bushings. Inertia residences for the chassis, axles, engine and frame are acquired thru an experimental procedure. The evaluation is executed thinking about unique situations, which include avenue irregularities and modifications in speed, tire strain and loading.
Once described the established multi-frame version, statistical strategies called layout of experiments are implemented to correctly use the numerical evaluation statistics so one can enhance the suspension gadget configuration. The computational experiments offer the important statistics to construct predictive fashions for the suspension conduct the usage of the reaction floor method. Once those predictive meta models are available, an automated numerical optimization set of rules is used to enhance those responses for a given working condition.
For motorized vehicles, which include automobiles, aircraft, and watercraft, car dynamics is the look at of car motion, e.g., how a car's ahead motion adjustments in reaction to driving force inputs, propulsion device outputs, ambient conditions, air/surface/water conditions, etc
The factors of an automobile's layout which have an effect on the dynamics may be grouped into drive train and braking, suspension and steerage, distribution of mass, aerodynamics and tires. Drive train and braking Automobile layout (i.e., vicinity of engine and pushed wheels) Power train Braking system Suspension and steerage Some attributes relate to the geometry of the suspension, steerage and chassis.
These include: Ackermann steerage geometry Axle track Camber angle Caster angle Ride height Roll center Scrub radius Steering ratio Toe Wheel alignment Wheelbase Distribution of mass Some attributes or factors of automobile dynamics are merely because of mass and its distribution. These include: Center of mass Moment of inertia Roll moment Sprung mass Un sprung mass Weight distribution Aerodynamics Some attributes or factors of automobile dynamics are merely aerodynamic.
These include: Automobile drag coefficient Automotive aerodynamics Center of pressure Down force Ground impact in car Tires Some attributes or factors of automobile dynamics may be attributed without delay to the tires. These include: Camber thrust Circle of forces Contact patch Cornering force Ground pressure Pacejka's Magic Formula Pneumatic trail Radial Force Variation Relaxation length Rolling resistance Self aligning torque Skid Slip angle Slip (automobile dynamics) Spinout Steering ratio Tire load sensitivity Vehicle behaviors Main article: Car handling Some attributes or factors of automobile dynamics are merely dynamic. These include: Body flex Body roll Bump Steer Bandore analysis Directional stability Critical speed Noise, vibration, and harshness Pitch Ride quality Roll Speed wobble Under steer, over steer, lift-off over steer, and fishtailing Weight switch and cargo switch Yaw
The dynamic conduct of cars may be analyzed in numerous unique ways. This may be as truthful as an easy spring mass machine, via a three-diploma of freedom (DOF) bicycle version, to a massive diploma of complexity the use of a multi body machine simulation package deal which includes MSC ADAMS or Modelica. As computer systems are becoming quicker, and software program consumer interfaces have improved, business programs which includes Car Sim have end up extensively utilized in enterprise for unexpectedly comparing loads of check situations a whole lot quicker than actual time. Vehicle fashions are frequently simulated with superior controller designs furnished as software program within side the loop (SIL) with controller layout software program which includes Simu link, or with bodily hardware within side the loop (HIL).
Vehicle motions are in large part because of the shear forces generated among the tires and road, and consequently the tire version is an important a part of the mathematics version. The tire version has to produce sensible shear forces all through braking, acceleration, cornering, and combinations, on a number of floor situations. Many fashions are in use. Most are semi-empirical, which includes the Pacejka Magic Formula version. Racing vehicle video games or simulators also are a shape of car dynamics simulation. In early variations many simplifications have been vital on the way to get actual-time overall performance with affordable graphics. However, upgrades in pc pace have blended with hobby in sensible physics, main to riding simulators which might be used for car engineering the use of precise fashions which includes Car Sim. It is crucial that the fashions need to accept as true with actual international check consequences, consequently a number of the following assessments are correlated in opposition to consequences from instrumented check cars. Techniques include: Linear variety consistent radius under steer Fishhook Frequency response Lane change.
Key takeaways:
The layout and dynamic evaluation of motors were extensively progressed thru numerical simulation strategies, in particular associated with the numerous evaluation opportunities implemented to complicated and consultant fashions
Tunnel ventilation system type
1. Types of air flow structures
2. Ventilation at some point of ordinary operation
3. Fire Scenarios
4. Other hazards
The layout of tunnel air flow structures objectives to choose the great preference for you to face the subsequent challenges: dilution of air pollution (internal tunnels), environmental issues (outdoor tunnel), smoke manage in case of hearth place. Taking into consideration the extent of air required for the dilution of pollution in addition to different factors, together with tunnel length, location, sort of site visitors, environmental laws, and now no longer least, hearth place protection considerations, an evaluation may be finished and the air flow gadget may be selected for every precise tunnel.
- TYPES OF VENTILATION SYSTEMS
Many distinctive varieties of air flow structures may be recognized in street tunnels including, amongst others, the subsequent: herbal air flow; which may be caused with the aid of using the air temperature and meteorological situations and/or with the aid of using site visitors; mechanical air flow, which may be longitudinal, large factor or factor-waft extraction absolutely transverse, semi-transverse (and reversible semi-transverse), partial (pseudo) transverse; (mixtures of the above structures are viable and, in a few cases, unavoidable): air cleansing mixed with mechanical air flow.
Road Tunnels: Operational Strategies for emergency air flow. Criteria and methodologies for the layout and dimensioning of tunnel air flow may be located at the web page "Design and Dimensioning", which can be primarily based totally on the principle simple air flow principles, relevant to ordinary operation and hearth place scenarios, as defined within side the following sections.
2. VENTILATION DURING NORMAL OPERATION
The emissions of CO, particulate count number and NO x (the sum of NO and NO2) are taken into consideration the reference pollution from inner combustion pushed motors in street tunnels. The required quantity of sparkling air for a given site visitors state of affairs within side the tunnel relies upon at the variety and sort of motors within side the tunnel, the common emission in step with automobile on this site visitors and the admissible awareness for this precise emission (see PIARC record 2019 R02 Vehicle emissions and air call for air flow). For the ones contaminants affecting human health, publicity time established threshold values may be imposed with the aid of using jurisdictions. The pollutants dosage relies upon at the tour time required to by skip thru the tunnel.
In the absence of countrywide regulations “Vehicle emissions and air call for air flow” recommends admissible awareness and operation (ordinary and maintenance) limits. Additional records on NO x emissions and derived suggestions when it comes to tunnel air flow in street tunnels may be located within side the PIARC record 2000 05.09 “Pollution with the aid of using nitrogen dioxide in street tunnels”. Moreover, for environmental reasons, the ambient air nice at tunnel portals is frequently required to stick to positive thresholds of pollution, especially NO2. This may be finished with the aid of using portal air emissions management. The necessities for in-tunnel air nice or ambient air nice on the tunnel portals may also determine, in a few cases, the capability necessities of the air flow gadget.
The web page on "Design and dimensioning" describes the principle standards to be taken into consideration for the layout and sizing of air flow structures in street tunnels for ordinary operation. In addition, at some point of the operation of the tunnel, the manage of the air flow gadget is mounted consistent with set points, typically decrease than admissible awareness restriction values, so tunnel air flow is engaged previous to pollutant tiers exceeding standards. For excessive circumstances, tunnel closure threshold values that have to in no way be passed are described for secure operation of the tunnel. Further records on layout of air flow manage structures may be located at the web page "Control and monitoring".
3. FIRE SCENARIOS
A know-how of ways smoke behaves throughout a tunnel hearth place is crucial for each factor of tunnel layout and operation. This know-how will have an impact on the kind and sizing of air flow device to be installed, its operation in an emergency and the reaction tactics to be able to be advanced to permit operators and emergency offerings to securely manipulate the incident. Chapter 1 "Basic ideas of smoke and warmth development at the start of a hearth place" of the PIARC file 2007 05.16.B "Systems and gadget for hearth place and smoke manipulate" offers information of the overall behavior of smoke and the main impacts that have an effect on its propagation in a tunnel, at the same time as Chapter three describes actual case reports at the have an impact on smoke manipulate of tunnel air flow operation in case of hearth place. Since a tunnel may be utilized by distinctive cars together with cars, buses, trucks, unique cars, etc., which can also additionally have distinctive loads (persons, non-flammable, flammable, explosives, poisonous items, etc.), feasible tunnel fires can also additionally range in phrases of amount and quality.
In maximum instances they're exceptionally harmless, small tunnel fires with minor temperature and smoke improvement, however very risky tanker fires with excessive temperatures, sizable smoke manufacturing and the hazard of explosion can also additionally occur. Therefore, it isn't feasible to prescribe the temperature and smoke improvement for each feasible form of tunnel hearth place. The improvement and dispersal in the tunnel of smoke on account of fires rely specifically on the subsequent factors: likely decreased deliver of oxygen to the hearth place site, warmth release, warmth convection, longitudinal slope, sort of air flow, dimensions of the visitor’s area and feasible obstructions, thrust as a result of any transferring cars, meteorological impacts (wind power and path). Basically, it may be stated that because of the warmth launched round the hearth place site, the smoke rises to the ceiling, and that it keeps its go with the drift in a single path whilst the longitudinal speed is excessive, without or with back layering (see the phase on "Dimensioning" of the web page on "Design and dimensioning") and in each instruction whilst the longitudinal speed is low. Thus, there have to be a few smoke-loose area simply above the street floor within side the region of a hearth place - as a minimum for a quick length of time. Smoke improvement and dispersal of smoke in hearth place assessments” of the 1999 PIARC file 05.05.B "Fire and Smoke manipulate in Road Tunnels" and in Appendix 2 "Fire assessments" of the 2017 R01 PIARC file "Design Fire traits for Road Tunnels". Tunnel air flow is a key detail to mitigate the outcomes of a hearth place in a tunnel. The web page on "Design and dimensioning" describes the primary standards to be taken into consideration for the layout and sizing of air flow structures in street tunnels for hearth place scenarios. In addition, the web page on "Ventilation Strategies" affords extra statistics at the excellent operational techniques in case of hearth place.
4. OTHER HAZARDS
A very critical threat component whilst handling hearth place protection in a tunnel is whether or not cars transporting risky items are allowed or not. The standards to determine whilst such delivery have to be allowed aren't typically blanketed within side the subjects associated with tunnel air flow. Further statistics at the evaluation a mitigation of the dangers related to the delivery of risky cars in street tunnels may be discovered at the web page "Hazards because of DG-delivery".
Transverse air flow makes use of ducts that run parallel to the tunnel. Two types of ducts are generally utilized: Fresh air ducts are used to inject clean air into the tunnel on the way to dilute the polluted gases produced via way of means of the vehicles; Extraction or exhaust ducts are used to put off vitiated air or smoke and warm gases produced via way of means of the hearth place from the tunnel extent. In a few cases, the extraction potential can be used on the way to restrict the longitudinal pace within side the tunnel below ordinary operation. Extraction for smoke manage is normally focused to a region smaller than the period of the duct via way of means of the addition of motorized, remotely managed dampers, additionally regarded as “factor extraction”.
The fanatics serving the ducts are frequently positioned in air flow flowers near the tunnel portals or shafts; however, many versions can exist. The extraction fanatics have to be sized to make sure the specified extraction airflow fees for all hearth place places within side the tunnel. In the past, extract ducts have been generally linked to the tunnel with some of small, flippantly spaced open vents. This idea has considering advanced via way of means of changing the small, open vents with large vents geared up with remotely managed motorized dampers and spaced similarly apart. The use of thermal fuses and panels has been assessed and discovered to have destructive results: the effectiveness of the smoke manage gadget the usage of such thermal gadgets changed into discovered to be compromised via way of means of the premature commencing of a few dampers and/or the hole of dampers in non-choicest places.
The thermal resistance of the fanatics has to make sure that the extraction of the recent smoke is feasible with any configuration. Cables, junction packing containers and all different non-covered components of the air flow gadget must have the equal hearth place resistance as fanatics. For greater info on hearth place resistance of different system, see phase VII.5 "Fire resistance of system" of the 1999 PIARC record 05.05.B "Fire and Smoke Control in Road Tunnels".
Additional records on most temperatures measured for the duration of the Memorial Tunnel and the Zwen berg Tunnel hearth place assessments also can be discovered on this PIARC record 1999 05.05. To fulfill their function, dampers have to be capable of resist ordinary tunnel environmental situations and to function below emergency situations. Ventilation system must meet some of specs, together with resistance to hearth place and acoustic overall performance. "Sound effect of jet-fanatics" offers extra records on air flow system for longitudinal and transverse systems. Life cycle components want additionally to be accounted for within side the layout and choice of tunnel air flow system. Additional records may be discovered within side the PIARC record 2012 R14 "Life Cycle components of electrical street tunnel system". In a few cases, as for complicated or city tunnels, unique issues want to be taken into consideration withinside the system requirements, as defined in bankruptcy 7 "Other system & working facilities" of the PIARC record 2016 R19 "Road Tunnels: complicated underground street networks". Ventilation assessments Because the air flow gadget performs a primary function in tunnel protection, it's miles vital that it operates nicely and efficaciously in any respect times. To acquire this goal, units of assessments must be described and tailored to unique tunnel specs The number one goal of street tunnel air flow gadget checking out is twofold: to affirm the capability of all factors of the gadget, each on the time of ordering (manufacturing unit and reputation checking out) and in-situ (capability checking out at specific intervals); to affirm the in-situ overall performance of the gadget and its factor components via way of means of evaluating it to the layout specs. Three types of assessments are normally executed so as to test the system and the protection targets of the air flow gadget: Reception (manufacturing unit) assessments: are geared toward checking that the system real overall performance fits the desired requirements. The check hints usually factor out the approaches for those check operations. On-web website online unit assessments: are geared toward checking that system operation is according with the task specs. Integration assessments: are geared toward checking that the protection targets match, mainly in regards to smoke manage. The first set of integration assessments can be executed without a hearth place on the way to quantify the air flow potential, and a 2nd set of assessments can also additionally contain a calibrated hearth place on the way to account for the buoyancy results and to visualize the smoke development. It is usually not possible to carry out integration assessments with fires as massive because the layout fires. Most commonly, the principle reason of those assessments is to teach tunnel operators and participants of the hearth place brigade. The listing of assessments and corresponding timetables have to be tailored to every precise tunnel, and relies upon at the mounted system, visitors extent and diploma of utilization of the installations, and cowl numerous components, together with: Visual Controls Electrical Measurements Airflow Measurements, Fan Pressure Airflow Measurements in Ventilation Exhausts Airflow Measurements at Smoke Dampers Noise Measurements: at air intakes and air flow system retailers on the way to decide the situation and growing older of the silencers and the fanatics and within side the equipment rooms to affirm safety of workers. Shelters and ancillary rooms air flow Fire Trials
The ordinary function of a tunnel air flow gadget is the lovers hooked up within side the rear gable of a residence and an air inlet on the front of the residence, or vice versa. This configuration reasons the so-known as tunnel impact wherein air flows over the animals at tremendous velocity. This air glide creates a cooling breeze. Wind chill impact with tunnel air flow. The excessive air velocities that arise with tunnel air flow extract warmness from the frame floor of the animals. That is the so-known as wind chill impact. With a wind velocity of
1.five meters according to second, like a sea breeze, that wind chill impact can make sure that the real residence temperature of 34 levels Celsius seems like 24 levels. In this manner the cooling impact of an excessive air speed may be used to keep away from warmness stress. Ideal at excessive temperatures This tunnel air flow gadget is utilized in areas with excessive temperatures. The precision manage can adapt the air velocity within side the residence to the temperature within side the residence and the age of the animals. This guarantees the animals live of their consolation quarter and that their feed and water intake styles aren't affected. Tunnel air flow safeguards uninterrupted increase of your animals.
Key takeaways:
1. Types of air flow structures
2. Ventilation at some point of ordinary operation
3. Fire Scenarios
4. Other hazards
HVAC structures account for an expected 39% of the electricity presently utilized in business homes within side the United States. Therefore, maximum commercial enterprise or authorities business enterprise have the capacity to recognize tremendous financial savings with the aid of using enhancing their manage of HVAC operations and enhancing the performance of the machine they use. There are essentially methods to conditioning a room or constructing. The first technique is the usage of a radiant machine, the second one is the usage of a compelled air machine.
Radiant Systems typically contain walking warm or CHW thru pipes that loop across the shape and radiate into the conditioned area through a ground floor or radiator pipe. Forced air structures use a fan to push air thru a duct machine wherein it's far conditioned with the aid of using a coil on a furnace or air handler earlier than being lower back to the area. And even as there is an extensive type of HVAC structures in use in today’s actual estate, no machine is proper for each application. In order to provider the unique needs, there are some of one-of-a-kind styles of HVAC structures available (e.g., unmarried zone/more than one zone, regular volume/variable air volume). The maximum not unusual place category of HVAC structures is with the aid of using the sporting mediums used to warmth or cool a constructing. The most important switch mediums for this reason are air and water, which take them to emitters. On smaller projects, strength is frequently used for heating despite the fact that a few structures now use an aggregate of switch media. HVAC structures variety in complexity from stand-by myself gadgets that serve character rooms or zones to massive centrally managed structures serving more than one zones in a constructing or complex.
Covers the Ventilation and Air-conditioning (VAC) system necessities for the underground sections of the proposed Metro Rail Project Pune Metropolitan Area It consists of the following: - Station Air-conditioning System - Ventilation System for station plant rooms (ancillary spaces) - Station Smoke Management System - Tunnel Ventilation System
ALIGNMENT
The proposed alignment has an underground phase of approximately 4.5 km. This would consist of five underground stations and three tunnel portals. The MRTS alignment passes thru the coronary heart of the city. The underground phase begins off evolved from tunnel portal among Hill Range and Shiva Nagar station and passes thru ASI U/G station. The alignment is going to PMC expanded station and begins off evolved underground once more from tunnel portal among PMC and Bud war Peth station and passes thru Mandai and Swargate U/G Metro Stations. The path terminates in underground useless end. The inter-station distances range from 675 m to 1604 meters.
NEED FOR VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING
The underground stations of the Metro Corridor are constructed in a restrained space. A massive wide variety of passengers occupy concourse halls and the platforms, especially at the height hours. The platform and concourse regions have a confined get entry to from
VENTILATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM DETAILED PROJECT REPORT FOR PUNE METRO
Outdoor and do now no longer have herbal air flow. It is therefore, important to provide compelled air flow within side the stations and in the tunnel for the cause of: - Supplying sparkling air for the physiological desires of passengers and the authority’s staff; - Removing frame heat, obnoxious odors and dangerous gases like carbon dioxide exhaled for the duration of breathing
Preventing awareness of moist
Preventing attention of moisture generated with the aid of using frame sweat and seepage of water within side the sub-way; - Removing massive amount of warmth dissipated with the aid of using the teach system like traction motors, braking gadgets, compressors hooked up beneath the under-frame, lights and lovers in the coaches, A/c gadgets and so on.; - Removing vapour and fumes from the battery and warmth emitted with the aid of using light fittings, water coolers, Escalators, Fare Gates and so on. Operating within side the stations; - Removing warmness from air con plant and sub-station and other system, if furnished in the underground station. This massive amount of warmth generated in M.R.T. Underground stations cannot be extracted with the aid of using easy ventilation, mainly whilst the out of doors air temperature and humidity is high. It is, therefore, critical to offer mechanical cooling in order to cast off the warmth to the most feasible extent. As the passengers live in the stations simplest for quick periods, a truth full diploma of consolation situations are taken into consideration suitable. In iciness months it is able to now no longer be essential to chill the ventilating air as the warmth generated in the station premises could be enough to preserve the consolation requirement.
EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT CONDITIONS AND WEATHER DATA
The layout climate records from the ASHRAE handbooks had been used to arrive on the layout standards. Based at the comments and evaluation of the VAC gadget established at Delhi Metro, its miles recommended that 2% standards could be desirable on techno monetary reasons. The weather sample in Pune indicates that the summer time season is commonly among March to June. During the July and February months the climate commonly has temperate situations The air pollutants of Pune in the course of the 12 months provides new size and there's an important want for retaining favored Air – Quality (Environmental manipulate) in public
VENTILATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM DETAILED PROJECT REPORT FOR PUNE METRO
High content material of suspended particles, Carbon Mono oxide, Sculpture Dioxide and so on discharged within side the air from transferring traffic, industries, and so on calls for attention of suitable measures for air -pollutants manipulate in metro stations, even as designing the VAC gadget.
SUB SOIL TEMPERATURE
The temperature situations of sub-soil play an essential position within side the gadget layout of the underground stations. It is likewise anticipated that water desk surrounding the underground alignment isn't always very a whole lot beneath the floor level, thereby facilitating good enough warmness trade among the tunnel systems and soil.
INTERNAL DESIGN CONDITIONS IN UNDERGROUND STATIONS
With warm and humid ambient situations of pune throughout the summer time season and monsoon months, it's miles critical to preserve suitable situations within side the underground stations so one can offer a ‘consolation-like’ and pollutants-unfastened environment. The plant ability and layout of VAC gadget desires to be optimized for the designed inner situations.
The Indian Standards & Codes, which pertain to office-homes, commercial facilities and different public software homes, don't have any tips on temperature requirements to be maintained for the underground mass fast transit structures as yet. The requirements used for homes cannot be implemented straightaway for the underground spaces, due to the fact the buyers will live for a lot shorter intervals in those underground stations. The consolation of someone relies upon on rapidity of dissipation of his frame warmth, which in flip relies upon on temperature, humidity and movement of air in touch with the frame. Body warmth receives dissipated is given out through the procedure of evaporation, convection and conduction. Evaporation prevails at excessive temperature. Greater percentage of warmth is dissipated through evaporation from the skin, which receives promoted through low humidity of air. The motion of air determines the price of dissipation of frame warmth within side the shape of realistic and latent warmth. There are unique consolation indices diagnosed for this purpose. The ‘Effective Temperature’ criterion become utilized in deciding on the consolation situations in earlier metro structures, together with the north-south phase of Kolkata Metro. In this criterion, consolation is described because the characteristic of temperature and the air velocity
VENTILATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM DETAILED PROJECT REPORT FOR PUNE METRO
More lately a brand new index named RWI (Relative Warmth Index) has been followed for metro designs worldwide. This index relies upon the temporary situations of the metabolic price and is evaluated primarily based totally at the modifications to the encompassing atmosphere of someone in a quick period of approximately 6 to 8 min. It is thought that in this era human frame adjusts its metabolic activities. Therefore, in a subway device wherein the educate headway is anticipated to be six min or less, RWI is the favored criterion.
Key takeaways:
HVAC structures account for an expected 39% of the electricity presently utilized in business homes within side the United States. Therefore, maximum commercial enterprise or authorities business enterprise have the capacity to recognize tremendous financial savings with the aid of using enhancing their manage of HVAC operations and enhancing the performance of the machine they use.
A fire-manipulate device (every so often referred to as FCS) is some of additives operating together, normally a gun facts computer, a director, and radar, that's designed to help a ranged weapon device in targeting, monitoring and hitting its target.
A fire-manipulate device (now and again referred to as FCS) is some of additives running together, typically a gun information computer, a director, and radar, that is designed to help a ranged weapon device in targeting, monitoring and hitting its target. It plays the equal mission as a human gunner firing a weapon, however tries to accomplish that quicker and greater accurately.
Origins
The unique hearth place-manipulate structures had been evolved for ships. The early records of naval hearth place manipulate turned into ruled via way of means of the engagement of objectives inside visible variety (additionally called direct hearth place). In fact, maximum naval engagements earlier than 1800 had been performed at stages of 20 to 50 yards (20 to 50 m).
Even throughout the American Civil War, the well-known engagement among USS Monitor and CSS Virginia turned into frequently performed at much less than a hundred yards (ninety m) variety. Rapid technical enhancements within side the overdue nineteenth century substantially elevated the variety at which gunfire turned into possible. Rifled weapons of a great deal large length firing explosive shells of lighter relative weight (as compared to all-metallic balls) so substantially elevated the variety of the weapons that the primary hassle have become aiming them at the same time as the deliver turned into transferring at the waves. This hassle turned into solved with the creation of the gyroscope, which corrected this movement and supplied sub-diploma accuracies. Guns had been now loose to develop to any length, and speedy passed 10 inches caliber via way of means of the flip of the century.
These weapons had been able to such splendid variety that the number one issue turned into seeing the goal, main to the usage of excessive masts on ships. Another technical development turned into the creation of the steam turbine which substantially elevated the overall performance of the ships. Earlier screw-powered capital ships had been able to possibly sixteen knots, however the first big turbine ships had been able to over 20 knots. Combined with the lengthy variety of the weapons, this intended that the goal deliver may want to circulate a sizable distance, numerous deliver lengths, among the time the shells had been fired and landed. One may want to not eyeball the purpose with any desire of accuracy. Moreover, in naval engagements it's also important to manipulate the firing of numerous weapons at once.
Naval gun hearth place manage probably includes 3 tiers of complexity. Local manage originated with primitive gun installations aimed with the aid of using the man or woman gun crews. Director manage targets all weapons at the deliver at an unmarried goal.
Coordinated gunfire from a formation of ships at an unmarried goal become a focal point of battleship fleet operations. Corrections are made for floor wind velocity, firing deliver roll and pitch, powder mag temperature, glide of rifled projectiles, man or woman gun bore diameter adjusted for shot-to-shot enlargement, and fee of extrude of variety with extra adjustments to the firing answer primarily based totally upon the statement of previous shots. The ensuing directions, referred to as a firing answer, could then be fed returned out to the turrets for laying. If the rounds overlooked, an observer ought to exercise session how a long way they overlooked with the aid of using and wherein direction, and this data can be fed returned into the pc together with any modifications within side the relaxation of the data and any other shot attempted. At first, the weapons have been aimed the use of the method of artillery spotting. It worried firing a gun on the goal, watching the projectile's factor of impact (fall of shot), and correcting the purpose primarily based totally on in which the shell become found to land, which have become increasingly more hard because the variety of the gun increased.
Between the American Civil War and 1905, sever small improvements, which include telescopic points of interest and optical rangefinders, have been made in hearth place manage. There have been additionally procedural improvements, just like the use of plotting forums to manually expect the location of a deliver throughout an engagement
World War I Then more and more state-of-the-art mechanical calculators have been hired for correct gun laying, usually with diverse spotters and distance measures being dispatched to an important plotting station deep within side the deliver. There the hearth place path groups fed within side the location, velocity and path of the deliver and its target, in addition to diverse modifications for Carioles effect, climate consequences at the air, and different modifications. Around 1905, mechanical hearth place manages aids started to emerge as available, which includes the Dreyer Table, Dumaresq (which become additionally a part of the Dreyer Table), and Argo Clock, however those gadgets took some of years to emerge as broadly deployed. These gadgets have been early sorts of range keepers. Arthur Pollen and Frederic Charles Dreyer independently evolved the primary such structures. Pollen started running at the hassle after noting the negative accuracy of naval artillery at a gunnery exercise close to Malta in 1900.
Lord Kelvin, broadly appeared as Britain's main scientist first proposed the use of an analogue laptop to resolve the equations which get up from the relative movement of the ships engaged within side the struggle and the time postpone within side the flight of the shell to calculate the specified trajectory and consequently the path and elevation of the guns. Pollen aimed to provide a blended mechanical laptop and automated plot of degrees and charges to be used in centralized hearth place manage. To attain correct statistics of the target's role and relative movement, Pollen evolved a plotting unit (or plotter) to seize this statistics. To this he brought a gyroscope to permit for the yaw of the firing deliver. Like the plotter, the primitive gyroscope of the time required extensive improvement to offer non-stop and dependable guidance.
Although the pains in 1905 and 1906 have been unsuccessful, they confirmed promise. Pollen become advocated in his efforts via way of means of the unexpectedly growing discern of Admiral Jackie Fisher, Admiral Arthur Kny vet Wilson and the Director of Naval Ordnance and Torpedoes (DNO), John Jellicoe.
Pollen persisted his work, with occasional assessments completed on Royal Navy warships. Meanwhile, a collection led via way of means of Dreyer designed a comparable machine. Although each structure has been ordered for brand spanking new and present ships of the Royal Navy, the Dreyer machine sooner or later determined maximum favor with the Navy in its definitive Mark IV form. The addition of director manages facilitated a full, attainable hearth place manage machine for World War I ships, and maximum RN capital ships have been so geared up via way of means of mid 1916. The director become excessive up over the deliver wherein operators had an advanced view over any gun layer within side the turrets. It become additionally capable of co-ordinate the hearth place of the turrets in order that their blended hearth place labored together.
Key takeaways:
A fire-manipulate device (every so often referred to as FCS) is some of additives operating together, normally a gun facts computer, a director, and radar, that's designed to help a ranged weapon device in targeting, monitoring and hitting its target.
Introduction Lifts, escalators and passenger conveyors, called LEPC hereafter, are a substantial a part of nearly each most important constructing creation or refurbishment project. This manual has been designed for fine specialists tasked with the facilitation and control of fine sports on tasks in which there's LEPC creation or refurbishment works. The project of the fine expert on this area is the fantastically technical nature of LEPC property and the myriad of law and necessities to which matches on those property has to comply. This paper affords a high-degree manual to the vital and frequently forgotten problems that could arise at some point of LEPC associated tasks.
Whilst recognized as inherently more secure to apply than an escalator or passenger conveyor, lifts are the maximum risky and tough on the subject of production and refurbishment. Shafts In phrases of the fundamentals of production then, for brand new raise installations step one wherein the nice expert can upload cost to the undertaking is within side the layout phase. This begins off evolved with the primary alternatives of what form of shaft can be used. Typically, there are kinds of shaft: concrete or steel. If it had been the choice of the raise provider then concrete is almost constantly the favored option. This is because of the simplicity of the structure, basically a concrete container constructed up at some stage in the levels, which leaves an easy end for the primary degree of raise installation. The use of a concrete shaft eliminates the want for what's called secondary steel (defined in addition on this section) for the reason that basketry to which the raise and counterweight courses are connected fixes at once into the concrete.
Metal but is regularly the selection of the architects and designers, specially in which there may be an abundance of glass within side the structure, as visible in lots of current buildings. The demanding situations right here are that secondary steelwork (time period used for non-structural metal) is needed to create factors at some stage in the duration of the shaft to which the carry automobile and counterweight courses may be attached.
A project with secondary metallic production regards which exchange or subcontractor goes to put in it. The desired option (all even though in all likelihood now no longer within side the opinion of the carry provider) is to have the carry provider subcontract the secondary metallic set up.
This permits the manage of the layout and set up legal responsibility to be higher coordinated and thereby reduces the threat of transform and delays. It is mentioned that this could now no longer, in the beginning sight, look like the maximum commercially appealing strategy. The high-satisfactory manner to mitigate the dangers of transform at some point of production of carry shafts is to make sure the layout is coordinated among the applicable trades.
This begins off evolved with the architects consulting with the carry provider, and metallic or concrete fabricators. This is a hobby the excellent supervisor can facilitate both from the consumer facet or fundamental contractor’s facet, commonly coordinated via way of means of the layout supervisor. It is likewise noteworthy at this level to make clear that the carry shaft must in no way be used as a offerings route, the most effective offerings allowed inside a boost shaft are people who have a right away hyperlink to the carry.
Tolerances The different key layout attention is the definition of production tolerances, mainly bearing in thoughts the capacity effect of: their cumulative effect; the precision predicted of differing production/set up activities; and the capacity effect of incompatible variances (e.g., alternating superb and terrible deviations). For new installations, the architect is typically responsible for making sure the constructing has been designed with ok attention to the fitment and location of the carry shaft, whether or not or not it's metallic or concrete production. It’s vital that the architect engages with the selected carry provider to agree and encompass the carry shaft measurement and requirements. To assist this hobby, it's far the carry provider’s function to offer carry shaft format drawings for the architect to include into the general constructing layout
Well-designed lifts and escalators decorate the operational performance of a constructing. We recognize that for constructing operators, making sure that those centers are efficient, secure and dependable is crucial. Covering commercial, retail, high-upward push lodging and more, our crew of relatively skilled engineers offer guide in any respect ranges of a venture life-cycle.
For new traits we provide bespoke programs of included offerings from preliminary idea layout, to procurement, and very last gadget checking out. For current installations, whether or not the gadget calls for modernization or maybe complete replacement, our engineers will examine and advocate answers to pleasant fit your centers’ needs. We vicinity an excessive significance on now no longer handiest the layout and performance of those centers however additionally on rigorous protection checking out and compliance. We maintain to associate with customers lengthy after the set up has taken vicinity, to assist control and adopt the centers' protection and offer peace of thoughts that the lifts and escalators are secure and compliant.
Key takeaways:
Introduction Lifts, escalators and passenger conveyors, called LEPC hereafter, are a substantial a part of nearly each most important constructing creation or refurbishment project. This manual has been designed for fine specialists tasked with the facilitation and control of fine sports on tasks in which there's LEPC creation or refurbishment works.
- Lifts and Escalators
Introduction Lifts, escalators and passenger conveyors, called LEPC hereafter, are a substantial a part of nearly each most important constructing creation or refurbishment project. This manual has been designed for fine specialists tasked with the facilitation and control of fine sports on tasks in which there's LEPC creation or refurbishment works. The project of the fine expert on this area is the fantastically technical nature of LEPC property and the myriad of law and necessities to which matches on those property has to comply. This paper affords a high-degree manual to the vital and frequently forgotten problems that could arise at some point of LEPC associated tasks.
Whilst recognized as inherently more secure to apply than an escalator or passenger conveyor, lifts are the maximum risky and tough on the subject of production and refurbishment. Shafts In phrases of the fundamentals of production then, for brand new raise installations step one wherein the nice expert can upload cost to the undertaking is within side the layout phase. This begins off evolved with the primary alternatives of what form of shaft can be used. Typically, there are kinds of shaft: concrete or steel. If it had been the choice of the raise provider then concrete is almost constantly the favored option. This is because of the simplicity of the structure, basically a concrete container constructed up at some stage in the levels, which leaves an easy end for the primary degree of raise installation. The use of a concrete shaft eliminates the want for what's called secondary steel (defined in addition on this section) for the reason that basketry to which the raise and counterweight courses are connected fixes at once into the concrete.
Metal but is regularly the selection of the architects and designers, specially in which there may be an abundance of glass within side the structure, as visible in lots of current buildings. The demanding situations right here are that secondary steelwork (time period used for non-structural metal) is needed to create factors at some stage in the duration of the shaft to which the carry automobile and counterweight courses may be attached.
A project with secondary metallic production regards which exchange or subcontractor goes to put in it. The desired option (all even though in all likelihood now no longer within side the opinion of the carry provider) is to have the carry provider subcontract the secondary metallic set up.
This permits the manage of the layout and set up legal responsibility to be higher coordinated and thereby reduces the threat of transform and delays. It is mentioned that this could now no longer, in the beginning sight, look like the maximum commercially appealing strategy. The high-satisfactory manner to mitigate the dangers of transform at some point of production of carry shafts is to make sure the layout is coordinated among the applicable trades.
This begins off evolved with the architects consulting with the carry provider, and metallic or concrete fabricators. This is a hobby the excellent supervisor can facilitate both from the consumer facet or fundamental contractor’s facet, commonly coordinated via way of means of the layout supervisor. It is likewise noteworthy at this level to make clear that the carry shaft must in no way be used as a offerings route, the most effective offerings allowed inside a boost shaft are people who have a right away hyperlink to the carry.
Tolerances The different key layout attention is the definition of production tolerances, mainly bearing in thoughts the capacity effect of: their cumulative effect; the precision predicted of differing production/set up activities; and the capacity effect of incompatible variances (e.g., alternating superb and terrible deviations). For new installations, the architect is typically responsible for making sure the constructing has been designed with ok attention to the fitment and location of the carry shaft, whether or not or not it's metallic or concrete production. It’s vital that the architect engages with the selected carry provider to agree and encompass the carry shaft measurement and requirements. To assist this hobby, it's far the carry provider’s function to offer carry shaft format drawings for the architect to include into the general constructing layout
Well-designed lifts and escalators decorate the operational performance of a constructing. We recognize that for constructing operators, making sure that those centers are efficient, secure and dependable is crucial. Covering commercial, retail, high-upward push lodging and more, our crew of relatively skilled engineers offer guide in any respect ranges of a venture life-cycle.
For new traits we provide bespoke programs of included offerings from preliminary idea layout, to procurement, and very last gadget checking out. For current installations, whether or not the gadget calls for modernization or maybe complete replacement, our engineers will examine and advocate answers to pleasant fit your centers’ needs. We vicinity an excessive significance on now no longer handiest the layout and performance of those centers however additionally on rigorous protection checking out and compliance. We maintain to associate with customers lengthy after the set up has taken vicinity, to assist control and adopt the centers' protection and offer peace of thoughts that the lifts and escalators are secure and compliant.
2. Air conditioning for stations and buildings
HVAC structures account for an expected 39% of the electricity presently utilized in business homes within side the United States. Therefore, maximum commercial enterprise or authorities business enterprise have the capacity to recognize tremendous financial savings with the aid of using enhancing their manage of HVAC operations and enhancing the performance of the machine they use. There are essentially methods to conditioning a room or constructing. The first technique is the usage of a radiant machine, the second one is the usage of a compelled air machine.
Radiant Systems typically contain walking warm or CHW thru pipes that loop across the shape and radiate into the conditioned area through a ground floor or radiator pipe. Forced air structures use a fan to push air thru a duct machine wherein it's far conditioned with the aid of using a coil on a furnace or air handler earlier than being lower back to the area. And even as there is an extensive type of HVAC structures in use in today’s actual estate, no machine is proper for each application. In order to provider the unique needs, there are some of one-of-a-kind styles of HVAC structures available (e.g., unmarried zone/more than one zone, regular volume/variable air volume). The maximum not unusual place category of HVAC structures is with the aid of using the sporting mediums used to warmth or cool a constructing. The most important switch mediums for this reason are air and water, which take them to emitters. On smaller projects, strength is frequently used for heating despite the fact that a few structures now use an aggregate of switch media. HVAC structures variety in complexity from stand-by myself gadgets that serve character rooms or zones to massive centrally managed structures serving more than one zones in a constructing or complex.
Covers the Ventilation and Air-conditioning (VAC) system necessities for the underground sections of the proposed Metro Rail Project Pune Metropolitan area It consists of the following: - Station Air-conditioning System - Ventilation System for station plant rooms (ancillary spaces) - Station Smoke Management System - Tunnel Ventilation System
ALIGNMENT
The proposed alignment has an underground phase of approximately 4.5 km. This would consist of five underground stations and three tunnel portals. The MRTS alignment passes thru the coronary heart of the city. The underground phase begins off evolved from tunnel portal among Hill Range and Shiva Nagar station and passes thru ASI U/G station. The alignment is going to PMC expanded station and begins off evolved underground once more from tunnel portal among PMC and Bud war Peth station and passes thru Mandai and Swargate U/G Metro Stations. The path terminates in underground useless end. The inter-station distances range from 675 m to 1604 meters.
NEED FOR VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING
The underground stations of the Metro Corridor are constructed in a restrained space. A massive wide variety of passengers occupy concourse halls and the platforms, especially at the height hours. The platform and concourse regions have a confined get entry to from
VENTILATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM DETAILED PROJECT REPORT FOR PUNE METRO
Outdoor and do now no longer have herbal air flow. It is therefore, important to provide compelled air flow within side the stations and in the tunnel for the cause of: - Supplying sparkling air for the physiological desires of passengers and the authority’s staff; - Removing frame heat, obnoxious odors and dangerous gases like carbon dioxide exhaled for the duration of breathing
Preventing awareness of moist
Preventing attention of moisture generated with the aid of using frame sweat and seepage of water within side the sub-way; - Removing massive amount of warmth dissipated with the aid of using the teach system like traction motors, braking gadgets, compressors hooked up beneath the under-frame, lights and lovers in the coaches, A/c gadgets and so on.; - Removing vapour and fumes from the battery and warmth emitted with the aid of using light fittings, water coolers, Escalators, Fare Gates and so on. Operating within side the stations; - Removing warmness from air con plant and sub-station and other system, if furnished in the underground station. This massive amount of warmth generated in M.R.T. Underground stations cannot be extracted with the aid of using easy ventilation, mainly whilst the out of doors air temperature and humidity is high. It is, therefore, critical to offer mechanical cooling in order to cast off the warmth to the most feasible extent. As the passengers live in the stations simplest for quick periods, a truth full diploma of consolation situations are taken into consideration suitable. In iciness months it is able to now no longer be essential to chill the ventilating air as the warmth generated in the station premises could be enough to preserve the consolation requirement.
References:
1. Vuchic, Vukan R. (2007). Urban Transit Systems and Technology. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-75823-5.
2. Ovenden, Mark (2005). Metro Maps Of The World. Capital Transport. ISBN 1-85414-288-7.
3. Hinkel, W.; Treiber, K.; Valenta, G.; Liebsch, H. (2004). Underground Railways Yesterday – Today – Tomorrow. Schmid Verlag. ISBN 3-900607-44-3.
4. Fischler, Stan (2000). Subways Of The World. MBI. ISBN 0-7603-0752-0.
5. Garbutt, Paul (1997). World Metro Systems. Capital Transport. ISBN 1-85414-1910.
