10.1 Ocean Engineering | unit 10 ocean engineering

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Unit - 10

Ocean Engineering

10.1 Ocean Engineering:

Ocean engineering is a field of study that can be unclearly defined as a progressive part of the other marine technology studies like maritime engineering or offshore engineering or marine electronic technology.

If defined in detail, it would be said as a branch of technological studies that deal with the design and operations of man-made systems in the ocean and other marine bodies.

Though, it should not be confused with oceanography as is a common problem. This is because oceanography is the study of the natural aspects of the oceans and their dynamics, but not artificial inspiration.

Marine engineering comprises the engineering of boats, ships, oil rigs, and any other marine vessel or structure, as well as oceanographic engineering or ocean engineering.

Specifically, marine engineering is the discipline of smearing engineering sciences, counting mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, electronic engineering, and computer science, operation, and maintenance of watercraft propulsion and on-panel systems and oceanographic technology.

It includes but is not incomplete to power and propulsion plants, machinery, piping, automation, and control systems for marine vehicles of any nice, such as surface ships and submarines.

They must be able to work on ships or in submersibles, often in harsh and unsafe conditions.

Jobs are often found in the government, military, oil, conservation, or navigation industries, as well as with private companies.

The pressures in the deep ocean are huge, and there is impenetrable darkness at depth.

As a result, scientists know the surface of Mars healthier than parts of our own ocean floor.

All our efforts at Oceans at MIT depend on inventing the tools and techniques necessary to study and make use of the oceans.

Our engineers are continually looking for better ways to observe the ocean.

Among our efforts, we are working to:

1) Map the ocean’s physical, chemical, and biological properties—internationally and at a high temporal resolution

2) Study its interaction with the atmosphere and with ice

3) Probe uncharted corners of the ocean

4) Refine true and tested investigation methods and develop innovative new ones.

10.2 Basics of Wave and Current Systems:

In its simplest scientific form, a wave is an appearance of the movement or progression of energy through a medium.

Such waves are often called progressive waves, a category that comprises seismic waves, sound waves, light waves, and ocean waves.

As energy is transmitted done a fluid, the particles in the fluid may move up and down and back and forth in a caring of orbital motion as a sinusoidal line, i.e., as a sine wave.

From our experience detecting waves in nature, we know that real waves are much more complex.

The winds cause waves on the surface of the ocean (and on lakes). The wind handovers some of its energy to the water done friction between the air molecules and the water molecules.

Stronger winds (like storm surges) cause larger waves Wave of water do not move horizontally, they only move up and down (a wave does not represent a flow of water).

Tsunamis (sometimes called tidal waves) are dissimilar from surface waves they are usually produced by underwater earthquakes volcanic eruptions or landslides

Still-Water Line - The level of the ocean if it remained flat without any waves

Crest - The highest part of the wave above the still-water line.

Trough - The lowest part of the wave below the still-water line.

Wave Height - The vertical distance between the crest and the trough.

Wavelength - The horizontal distance between each crest or each trough.

Wave Period - The time it takes for two successive waves to pass a particular point

Wave Frequency - The number of waves that pass a particular point in a given time.

Amplitude - The amplitude is equal to one-half of the wave height or the distance from either the crest or the trough to the still-water line.

Different Types of Waves:

1) Deep-sea waves

2) Shallow water waves

3) Translatory waves

4) Ripples or capillary waves

Characteristics of Waves:

100-foot waves possible having needed 60. miles per hour over thousands of2mile.

Wave energy goes up as the square of the height

Large waves remove sediment from the beach that is deposited in offshore bars 2 Occurs mostly winter.

Smaller waves deposit sediment back on the exposed beach Occurs mostly2 in summer Therefore, beach width depends on season.

Waves that approach the shore at an angle get bent (refracted) to be more2 parallel to the shore.

Thus, causes wave energy to be concentrated at headlands where erosion takes place. and dissipated in embayment, where deposition2 takes place Over time this tends to cause shorelines to straighten.

More typical of emergent coastlines (land rising relative to sea2 level)

Produces wave-cut terraces and receding sea cliffs.

10.3 Sediment transport systems:

Sediment transport is the movement of solid particles (sediment), characteristically due to a combination of gravity acting on the sediment, and/or the movement of the fluid in which the sediment is entrained.

Sediment transport occurs in natural systems anywhere the particles are clastic rocks (sand, gravel, boulders, etc.), mud, or clay; the fluid is air, water, or ice; and the force of gravity acts to move the particles sideways the sloping surface on which they are resting.

Sediment transport due to fluid motion happens in rivers, oceans, lakes, seas, and other bodies of water due to currents and tides.

Transport is also caused by glaciers as they flow, and on terrestrial surfaces under the inspiration of wind.

Sediment transport due only to gravity can occur on sloping surfaces in over-all, counting hillslopes, scarps, cliffs, and the continental shelf—continental slope boundary.

Application:

Sediment discharge into a reservoir shaped by a dam forms a reservoir delta.

This delta will fill the basin, and finally, either the reservoir will need to be dredged or the dam will need to be removed.

Knowledge of sediment transport can be used to properly plan to spread the life of a dam.

Geologists can use converse solutions of transport relationships to understand flow depth, velocity, and direction, from alluvial rocks and young deposits of alluvial materials.

Thus, good knowledge of the mechanics of sediment transport in a built environment is noteworthy for civil and hydraulic engineers.

When suspended sediment transport is increased due to human activities, causing ecological problems including the filling of channels, it is called siltation after the grain-size fraction controlling the process.

10.4 Ports and Harbors:

Ports:

A port is an area in the harbor where the actual loading and unloading of cargo is 2done.

A port usually includes support for ships as well, including repair areas, stores for provisioning and stocking ships, and similar2 facilities.

Ships often require a range of services when they dock and an assortment of firms offers those services, sometimes at a premium in obscure ports.

Classification of Ports

 Depending upon the location the ports can be classified as:

1) Canal Ports

2) River or Inland Ports

3) Sea Ports

 Depending upon the commodities deals with or their use the ports can be classified as:

1) Grain ports

2) Coaling ports

3) Transhipment ports

4) Ports of call

5) Cargo ports

6) LPG Ports

7) Fertilizers and raw mater etc.

 Depending upon the size and function the ports can be classified as;

1) Minor ports

2) Intermediate ports2

3) Major ports

The requirement of Good Ports

It should have easy connections with rail and highways so that commodities may be transported to and from the port easily and quickly.

It should be situated at a place where a hinterland is fertile with a good density of population.

The passage to open sea must have sufficient depth and width and must be suitably marked to aid navigation.

It should be capable of easy, smooth and economic development

It should be a place defense and for resisting the sea-borne invasion.

The port must possess adequate for handling and storage the commodities passing through the port must have facilities for servicing the ships.

It should provide the maximum facilities to all the visiting ships including the servicing of ships.

Harbor:

It is a water area partly enclosed and so protected from storms to provide safe and suitable accommodations for ships or vessels seeking refuge, supplies, refueling, repairs, or transfer of cargo. harbor structures should be simple and robust.

Experience and judgment play a vital role in harbor works. In general, the choice of site is dictated by commercial and economic requirements.

The position of entrances may be governed by the direction of prevailing storms, the convenience of approach ship by natural channels, and the draft considered necessary in them.

Full advantages should be taken of any protection likely to be afforded by other natural features such as outer reefs and nearby headlands.

Requirements of Harbors and Ports:

Careful consideration and survey of the area with a view of ascertaining what type of stones, gravel, etc. are present and also the water.

Provisions of good beaching ground, ample quay space easily accessible by road rail is important especially in smaller classes of the harbor.

The entrance of the harbor, the depth, and width should be sufficient to cope un with the density of traffic, the degree of protection, and the basic purpose of the harbor.

The depth of water in the approach channel must be sufficient for navigation of the vessel.

However, when such ideal conditions do not persist, proper considerations in the designing must be done.

The turning basin, in which manoeuvring of the ship takes place, should be of the area so that the vessel can turn with continuous headway without the help of tug

The harbor area must be clam and thereby contribute to the safety of the vessel by providing breakwaters.

Good holding ground and secure anchorage at various depths for all commercial purposes including fishing and a small squadron of warships.

Port and Harbor management should include measures to prevent serious harm to People and protection for the marine environment.

Classification of Harbors:

The harbors are classified based upon

1) Protection needed

2) Utility

3) Location.

10.5 Other marine structures:

1) Breakwaters:

Maintaining calm water conditions in harbor is very important for the various activities scheduled for the vessels.

However, apart from natural harbors, artificial harbors need to provide with breakwaters.

Breakwaters protect the ship berthed inside the harbor rom action of heavy and strong waves of the sea.

The breakwater is to break the momentum of water by means of wave breakers.

The height of breakwater depends upon its purpose extent of enclosed water area and its nature of existing shipping work.

Generally, the height of breakwater is kept as equivalent to 12 to 125 times the height2 of the waves expected

2) Quay:

A quay is a structure on the shore of a harbor where ships of the dock to load and unload cargo or passengers.

Such a structure one or more berths (mooring locations) and include piers, warehouses, or other facilities necessary for handling the ships.

A quay is a marginal wharf supported by either the shore itself or by solid fill.

Quays are used in water with minimum required depths.

A piled marginal quay is supported by shore bracing and piling.

3) Bulkhead:

Beach erosion is a major problem faced. To counter this retaining wall called a bulkhead or sea wall is built which is useful in scrubbing the erosion of beaches

Thus, the major purpose of the bulkhead is to provide a stable shoreline.

The bulkhead is a relatively thin wall supported by a series of tie wires Construction materials commonly used or tie rods running back to a buried anchorage.

4) Wharves:

Wharves are platforms near along navigable waters for the ships to load and unload It is supported by piles.

If the capacity of the port with a warehouse is of limited capacity a single berth constructed along the land adjacent to the water is normally used.

However, if the capacity is more multiple wharves or perhaps a single large wharf with multiple berths, will instead be constructed, sometimes projecting into the water.

5) Dolphins:

A dolphin is a man-made marine structure that extends above the water level and is not connected to the shore.

The construction is in the form of a cluster of closely spaced piles Dolphins are usually installed to provide a fixed structure when it would be impractical to extend the shore to provide a dry access facility.

Typical uses include extending a berth (a berthing dolphin) or providing a point to moor to (a mooring dolphin).

Dolphins are also used to display regulatory information like speed limits etc. other information like advertising or directions and navigation information like a day beacon as well as ranges and lighted aids to navigation.

References:

1. Patil, B.S. (1974), Legal Aspects of Building and Engineering Contract

2. The National Building Code, BIS, (2017)

3. RERA Act, (2017)

4. Meena Rao (2006), Fundamental concepts in Law of Contract, 3rd Edn. Professional Offset

5. Chandiramani, Neelima (2000), The Law of Contract: An Outline, 2nd Edn. Avinash Publications Mumbai

6. Avtarsingh (2002), Law of Contract, Eastern Book Co.

7. Dutt (1994), Indian Contract Act, Eastern Law House

8. Anson W.R. (1979), Law of Contract, Oxford University Press

9. Kwatra G.K. (2005), The Arbitration & Conciliation of Law in India with case law on UNCITRAL Model Law on Arbitration, Indian Council of Arbitration

10. Avtarsingh (2005), Law of Arbitration and Conciliation, Eastern Book Co.

11. Wadhera (2004), Intellectual Property Rights, Universal Law Publishing Co.

12. P. S. Narayan (2000), Intellectual Property Rights, Gogia Law Agency

13. T. Ramappa (2010), Intellectual Property Rights Law in India, Asia Law House

14. Bare text (2005), Right to Information Act

15. O.P. Malhotra, Law of Industrial Disputes, N.M. Tripathi Publishers

16. K.M. Desai(1946), The Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act

17. Rustamji R.F., Introduction to the Law of Industrial Disputes, Asia Publishing House 18. Vee, Charles & Skitmore, Martin (2003) Professional Ethics in the Construction Industry, Engineering Construction and Architectural Management, Vol.10, Iss. 2, pp 117-127, MCB UP Ltd

18. American Society of Civil Engineers (2011) ASCE Code of Ethics – Principles Study and Application

19. Ethics in Engineering- M.W.Martin& R.Schinzinger, McGraw-Hill

20. Engineering Ethics, National Institute for Engineering Ethics, USA

21. www.ieindia.org

22. Engineering ethics: concepts and cases – C. E. Harris, M.S. Pritchard, M.J.Rabins

23. Resisting Bureaucratic Corruption: Alacrity Housing Chennai (Teaching Case Study) -S. Ramakrishna Velamuri -CEIBS

24. CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS, http://www.jnormanstark.com/contract.htm

25. Internet and Business Handbook, Chap 4, CONTRACTS LAW, http://www.laderapress.com/laderapress/contractslaw1.html

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