11.1 Power Plant Structures | unit 11 power plant structures

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Unit - 11

Power Plant Structures

11.1 Power Plant Structures:

A power station also mentioned as a power plant and sometimes generating stations or generating plants is an industrial facility for the generation of electric power. Power stations are normally connected to an electrical grid.

Many power stations contain one or more generators, a rotating machine that converts mechanical influence into three-phase electric power.

The qualified motion between a magnetic field and a conductor creates an electric current.

The energy source bound to turn the generator varies extensively. Most power stations in the world are the burn of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas to generate electricity.

Clean energy sources nuclear power, and increasing use of renewables such as solar, wind, wave, geothermal, and hydroelectric.

Types of power plants

1) Hydroelectric power plants.

2) Thermal power plants.

3) Solar power plants.

4) Wind power plants.

Types of power plants for energy generation:

1) Nuclear power plants.

2) Hydroelectric power plants.

3) Coal-fired power plants.

4) Diesel-fired power plants.

5) Geothermal power plants.

6) Combined-cycle power plants.

7) Solar power plants.

8) Solar thermal power plants.

Power generation to play a major role in the country’s development and a large number of new power plants to be recognized to meet the requirement of Power.

Our existing product is manufactured in various sizes and specifications. Also, customers like our product for its high-grade quality.

11.2 Chimneys:

A chimney is an architectural ventilation structure made of masonry, clay, or metal that separates hot toxic exhaust gases or smoke produced by a boiler, stove, furnace, incinerator, or fireplace from human living areas.

Chimneys are typically vertical, or as near as likely to vertical, to ensure that the gases flow smoothly, drawing air into the combustion in what is known as the stack, or chimney effect.

Space confidential a chimney is called the flue. Chimneys are adjacent to large industrial refineries, fossil fuel combustion amenities, or part of buildings, steam locomotives, and ships.

In the United States, the term 'Smokestack industry' refers to the environmental influences of burning fossil fuels by industrial society including the electric industry during its earliest history.

The term smokestack (colloquially, stack) is also used when mentioning to locomotive chimneys or ship chimneys, and the term funnel can also be used.

The height of a chimney inspirations its ability to transfer flue gases to the external environment via stack effect.

Additionally, the spreading of pollutants at higher altitudes can reduce their impact on the immediate surroundings.

The dispersion of pollutants over a greater area can reduce their concentrations and ease compliance with the regulatory limit

Some very high chimneys are used for carrying projections of mobile phone services and low power FM/TV-transmitters.

Special attention must be paid to likely corrosion problems if these antennas are near the exhaust of the chimney.

In some cases, the chimneys of power stations are used also as pylons.

Though, this type of construction, which is used at several power stations in the former Soviet Union, is not very common, since of corrosion problems of conductor cables.

11.3 Natural & Induced Draught Colling towers:

1) Natural Draught Colling towers:

Our natural draft wet cooling towers used to cool water, primarily in energy production, for almost 100 years.

The tower functions on the stack effect which causes the hot air in the tower to rise (natural draft).

The necessary stack can be intended in various ways. For both technical and cost reasons, reinforced concrete structures have become normal to handle the high cooling water flow rates from increasingly large power generating units.

In the last 50 years, constructed natural draft cooling towers for a variety of applications with water flow rates of up to 216,000 t/h.

Natural draft cooling towers are generally preferred in:

1) Cool and humid climates (low wet-bulb temperature and high comparative humidity).

2) Heavy winter loads.

Working Principle of Natural Draft Cooling Towers:

The hot water that is to be cooled in the cooling tower is driven to the top of the cooling tower at the hot water inlet.

The hot water inlet is connected to a series of nozzles that bunch this water over the fill material (provides a large contact surface area for heat transfer).

Fresh air is encouraged by the open structure at the bottom of the tower and then the air flows in the upward direction for direct contact heat transmission between warm water and air.

The hot water releases heat after direct contact with fresh air and some of the water gets evaporated and cold water gets collected at the bottom of the tower.

Warm and moist air will be cleared from the top of the tower into the atmosphere.

Advantages of Natural Draft Cooling Towers

No electrical fan is installed so power saving

No corrosion problems

Maintenance is low

No recirculation of air occurs due to high stack outlet

Disadvantages Natural Draft Cooling Towers

Huge water flow required.

These require a large area.

Its performance is contingent on wind velocity and direction.

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2) Induced Draught Colling towers:

Encouraged draft implies an inlet fan placed on top of the cooling tower and the formation of low pressure.

The forced draft is an exhaust fan positioned at the base of the cooling tower which then reasons overpressure. Both axial and centrifugal fans can be used.

The persuaded draft cooling tower is a mechanical draft cooling tower, which is more well-prearranged than forced draft cooling tower as it uses 50% less energy into forced draft designs.

It is a draw-through preparation, where a fan mounted on the top pulls the air through fills.

Persuaded draft cooling tower derives in square or round shape. The distribution of water by static branch system or by the sprinkler.

It is easy to install and uphold. Low noise level is an advantage of induced draft cooling towers.

Cooling tower motor determinations the induced draft fan to attraction the outside air into the cooling tower, which receipts out the vapors in lowering the water temperature.

11.4 Coal handling systems:

Coal from the coal wagons is unpacked by Tipplers in the coal handling plant.

This coal is transported of coal storage bunkers ended conveyor belts.

Coal is transported to the Crush house by conveyor belts it is crushed to small pieces and light dust is separated.

The crushed coal is before transported to the bowl mill by coal feeders.

In the bowl mill, coal is ashore to a powder form. The mill entails a round metallic table on which coal particles fall.

The crushed coal is then engaged to the Boiler over coal pipes with the help of hot and cold air mixture.

A coal preparation plant (CPP; also identified as a coal handling and preparation plant (CHPP), coal handling plant, prep plant, tipple or wash plant) is a capacity that sponges coal of soil and rock, crushes it into graded sized chunks (sorting), stockpiles grades preparing it for transport to market, and more repeatedly than not, also loads coal into rail cars, barges, or ships.

The more of this waste material from coal, the lower its total ash content, the greater its market value and the lower its transportation costs.

11.5 Ash handling systems:

Ash handling method of collection, conveying, interim storage, and load-out of numerous types of ash residue left over from solid fuel combustion processes.

The most common types of ash subsequent from the combustion of coal, wood, and other solid fuels.

1) Bottom ash

2) Bed ash

3) Fly ash

4) Ash clinkers

Ash handling systems may service different forms of pneumatic ash conveying or mechanical ash conveyors.

A typical ash handling system may employ vacuum pneumatic ash collection with ash conveying from numerous ashes pick up stations and resulting in delivery to an ash storage silo for interim holding before loadout for removal or reuse. Pressurized pneumatic ash conveying may also be employed.

Coarse ash material such as bottom ash is most often crushed in clinker grinders (crushers) before life transported in the ash conveyor system.

Very finely sized fly ash often accounts for the major portion of the material taken in an ash handling system. It is collected from baghouse type dust collectors, electrostatic precipitators and other apparatus in the flue gas dispensation stream.

Ash mixers (conditioners) and dry dustless telescopic devices are used to concoct ash for transmission from the ash storage silo to transport vehicles.

1) Pipe & Fittings

2) Ash Receivers

3) Double Dump Gate Airlock Valves

4) Rotary Airlock Feeders

5) Disc Type Ash Intake Valve

6) Exhausters (Vacuum Pneumatic System)

7) Blowers (Pressure Pneumatic System)

Classification of Ash Handling System:

1) Hydraulic system

2) Pneumatic system

3) Mechanical system

The commonly used ash discharge equipment is as follows:

1) Railroad cars

2) Motor truck

3) Barge

11.6 Nuclear containment structures:

Steel-reinforced concrete containment buildings, sometimes called containment vessels or just containments, are average in modern electricity-generating facilities that apply nuclear energy as their heat source.

Plant Vogtle’s containment buildings are 140 feet in diameter and 226 feet high

Each of the two Vogtle containments houses the nuclear steam supply system (NSSS) machinery’s – one reactor vessel (with 193 uranium fuel assemblies), four steam generators, four device coolant pumps, and a pressurizer.

It’s within this equipment that heat – made inside the reactor through nuclear fission – is used to boil water and create steam.

This high-pressure steam is piped external the containment building to turn large turbine-generator rotors that produce adequate electrical energy to power when both units are operating, a half-million homes and businesses.

Plant Vogtle’s containments sit on 10-foot-thick concrete and rebar foundations and have closely four-foot-thick steel-reinforced concrete walls – all designed to withstand earthquakes.

The concrete walls are encompassed of large interlacing rebar, a steel cable system, and an interior steel plate.

The purpose of the containment building is to isolate radioactive materials as part of a defense-in-depth method to plant and public safety and to protect the NSSS equipment from outside forces such as simple weather, terrorist attacks, and even aircraft impact.

During normal operation, the containment is airtight and personnel admittance the building through airlocks.

Containment buildings in the United States are subject to mandatory leakage rate tests. When a unit is closed down for maintenance and refueling, hundreds of employees will enter containment to achieve maintenance and refueling work.

11.7 Hydropower projects:

There are three types of hydropower services: impoundment, diversion, and pumped storage.

Some hydropower plants use dams and some do not.

Many dams were built for other purposes and hydropower was added advanced. In the United States, around 80,000 dams of which only 2,400 produce power.

Hydropower plants vary in size from small systems to home or village to large projects producing electricity for utilities.

Sizes of hydroelectric power plants:

Facilities range in size from large power plants is supply numerous consumers with electricity to small and micro plants that individuals operate for their own energy requirements or to sell power to utilities.

1) Large Hydropower:

DOE defines large hydropower as facilities with a capacity of more than 30 megawatts (MW).

2) Small Hydropower:

DOE is the small hydropower as projects generate 10 MW or less of power.

3) Micro Hydropower:

A micro-hydropower plant consumes capacity of up to 100 kilowatts. A small or micro-hydroelectric power system can produce enough electricity for a home, farm, ranch, or village.

Biggest hydroelectric power plants in the world:

1) Three Gorges, China – 22.5GW

2) Itaipu, Brazil & Paraguay – 14GW

3) Xiluodu, China – 13.86GW

4) Guri, Venezuela – 10.2GW

5) Belo Monte, Brazil – 9.39GW

6) Tucurui, Brazil – 8.37GW

7) Grand Coulee, the USA – 6.8GW

8) Xiangjiaba, China – 6.4GW

9) Sayano-Shushenskaya, Russia – 6.4GW

10) Longtan, China – 6.3GW

References:

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18. American Society of Civil Engineers (2011) ASCE Code of Ethics – Principles Study and Application

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20. Engineering Ethics, National Institute for Engineering Ethics, USA

21. www.ieindia.org

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