Unit - 16
Computational Methods, IT, IoT in Civil Engineering:
FEA uses a numerical technique to model and analyze complex structures by solving boundary-value problems. The structure to be analyzed is divided into points (elements) that make a grid called a mesh. Finite element analysis involves the use of finite element (FE) software to study mechanical parts and components that undergo significant strains and stresses.
Suppliers of finite element analysis software (FEA) are located across the United States and around the world. Structural and aeronautical engineering and architectural firms are the most common users of finite element analysis software (FEA). Finite element (FE) software may also be used in disciplines such as civil and aeronautical engineering, and the studies of thermodynamic forces, fluid-flow, and acoustics or magnetic fields. FEA software for mechanical engineers is typically designed to interface with other types of computer-aided drafting (CAD) and structural prototyping applications by analysing schematics, and provides relevant element information based on algebraic and geometric calculations in the mesh.
In finite element mesh generation, experts provide data by performing property stress analysis on plastic and elastic components, thermal stress and transient modelling, displacement (e.g., stress and buckling) analysis, and the study of nodal coupling. Finite element analysis software (FEA) provides a way of finite element modelling structures that include axis-symmetrical, beam, contact, combination, gap, link, pipe, and shell elements.
FEA software is commonly designed to run on UNIX/Linux operating systems. This is because journaling file systems like ext3 or Reiser tend to be more stable than FAT-32 or NTFS, and because Linux kernels are customizable and run less resource-intensive process. Hence, this frees the central processing unit (CPU) and arithmetic logic unit (ALU) for use by Linux FEA software.
Costs and techniques of acquiring finite element analysis software (FEA) vary on the needs of a particular organization. It is common for smaller architectural firms to contract an FEA consulting firm rather than expend the costs of staffing a full-time engineer expert in finite element analysis software (FEA). FEA consultants generally specialize in the use and application of finite element software, but also possess additional skills vital to FEA such as mathematical calculations worksheet development, computer programming, computer graphics, and desktop publishing.
Using FEA in Areas of Civil Engineering
Innovative Building Materials
Concrete has been a building material for a very long time. There are many phenomena like alkali-silica reactions where research continues. Why does concrete crack and how does the composition influence the crack growth? Can we create self-healing materials?
One of the biggest it’s in an FEA simulation is the accurate determination of material properties. This is where novel research areas like multi scale modelling come into the picture. Using a multi scale model, one is able to use the microstructure (or otherwise each individual component property) to determine the property of the concrete (or otherwise the property of the whole).
Sedimentation, Erosion & Hydrology
The motion of water produced in coastal areas is more predominant than inland waterways. Generation of high current waves, tides, ocean currents, storm surges, tsunamis, wind currents, etc. bring complications, and along with water particles cause subsequent damage and destruction of marine structures.
In the context of coastal flow problems, the boundary conditions of reflection and diffraction of wave-current complicate the civil engineers to analyze the same to get the solutions. Thus, coastal flow modelling (finite element modelling of fluid flows) and analysis based on numerical-empirical methodology is of today’s trend.
It is not just the coastal areas but also the catchment regions where hydrological models have been used over the last decades to understand the flow of water in porous soil and thus contributing to the groundwater levels.
While linear static analysis of hydrological projects like dams considers the load of the river on the dam, nonlinear analysis is needed to comprehensively consider the effect of the conveyance system including the inner cushion surface, outer surface of steel liner tuber to face water contact, and contact between concrete and steel liner, etc
When an engineer is tasked with designing a new product, e.g., a winning race car for the next season, aerodynamics plays an important role in the engineering process. However, aerodynamic processes are not easily quantifiable during the concept phase. Usually, the only way for the engineer to optimize his designs is to conduct physical tests on product prototypes. With the rise of computers and ever-growing computational power (thanks to Moore’s law!), the field of Computational Fluid Dynamics became a commonly applied tool for generating solutions for fluid flows with or without solid interaction. In a CFD analysis, the examination of fluid flow in accordance with its physical properties such as velocity, pressure, temperature, density and viscosity are conducted. To virtually generate an accurate solution for a physical phenomenon associated with fluid flow those properties have to be considered simultaneously.
A mathematical model of the physical case and a numerical method are used in a software tool to analyze the fluid flow. For instance, the nervier-Stokes (N-S) equations are specified as the mathematical model of the physical case. This describes changes in all those physical properties for both fluid flow and heat transfer. A mathematical model varies in accordance with the content of the problem such as heat transfer, mass transfer, phase change, chemical reaction, etc. Moreover, the reliability of a CFD analysis highly depends on the whole structure of the process. The verification of the mathematical model is extremely important to create an accurate case for solving the problem. Besides, the determination of proper numerical methods is the key to generate a reliable solution. The CFD analysis is a key element in generating a sustainable product development process, as the number of physical prototypes can be reduced drastically.
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is the use of applied mathematics, physics and computational software to visualize how a gas or liquid flows as well as how the gas or liquid affects objects as it flows past. Computational fluid dynamics is based on the nervier-Stokes equations. These equations describe how the velocity, pressure, temperature, and density of a moving fluid are related.
Computational fluid dynamics has been around since the early 20th century and many people are familiar with it as a tool for analysing air flow around cars and aircraft. As the cooling infrastructure of server rooms has increased in complexity, CFD has also become a useful tool in the data center for analysing thermal properties and modeling air flow. CFD software requires information about the size, content and layout of the data center. It uses this information to create a 3D mathematical model on a grid that can be rotated and viewed from different angles. CFD modeling can help an administrator identify hot spots and learn where cold air is being wasted or air is mixing.
Simply by changing variables, the administrator can visualize how cold air will flow through the data center under a number of different circumstances. This knowledge can help the administrator optimize the efficiency of an existing cooling infrastructure and predict the effectiveness of a particular layout of IT equipment. For example, if an administrator wanted to take one rack of hard drive storage and split the hard drives over two racks, a CFD program could simulate the change and help the administrator understand what adjustments would be need to be made to deal with the additional heat load before any time or money has been spent.
Applications of CFD
Where there is fluid, there is CFD. Having mentioned before, the initial stage to conduct a CFD simulation is specifying an appropriate mathematical model of reality. Rapprochements and assumptions give direction through solution processes to examine the case in the computational domain. For instance, fluid flow over a sphere/cylinder is a repetitive issue that has been taught by the lecturer as an example in fluids courses. The same phenomenon is virtually available in the movement of clouds in the atmosphere which is indeed tremendous.
Traditionally, geotechnical design has been carried out using simple analysis or empirical approaches. The ready availability of inexpensive, but sophisticated, computer hardware and software has led to considerable advances in analysis and design of geotechnical structures, with much progress made recently in the application of the modelling techniques to geotechnical structures. In common with other branches of engineering, the design objectives in geotechnics may be identified as follows:
• Local stability of the structure and its support system as well as overall stability should be ensured
• The induced movements must be tolerable, not only for the structure being designed but also for any neighbouring structures and services. The design process usually consists of some form of assessment of these important aspects of ground behaviour, and often this will include calculations to provide estimates of stability and the deformations resulting from the proposed works. Analysis therefore provides the mathematical framework for these calculations, and almost invariably the analytical tools are embodied in computer software allowing numerical analysis to be efficiently and conveniently executed. However, it is important to recognise that geotechnical design involves much more than just analysis, and it often includes data gathering prior to analysis, as well as observation and monitoring during and following construction. Construction issues may also be significant and should be included in the decision-making process that constitutes geotechnical design
The analytical tools used most often in the geotechnical design process are still those based on deterministic analysis. It is therefore appropriate to begin a review of computing in geotechnical engineering by discussing the various deterministic analysis methods. However, as there is growing development and use of computing tools that can deal with imprecise information, e.g., stochastic methods, neural networks and fuzzy logic, these will also be discussed later in this paper. As already mentioned, data gathering and processing is also important in geotechnical design, and so computer tools to assist with these tasks are also described.
DETERMINISTIC GEOTECHNICAL ANALYSIS
Usually, geotechnical analysis involves the solution of a boundary value or initial value problem and most often this is achieved by some form of numerical solution procedure. In all geotechnical applications involving numerical analysis it is essential, for economic computer processing and to obtain a reliable numerical solution, to provide a good model of the physical problem. In finite difference and finite element analysis, for example, this normally involves at least two distinct phases, i.e.
• Idealisation, and
• Discretisation.
Idealisation is achieved by breaking down the physical problem into its component parts, e.g., continuum components such as elastic regions, and discrete structural components such as beams, columns and plates. At this stage of the modelling process, reliable knowledge of the site geology is of paramount importance. In addition, various constitutive models that will be employed in the analysis must be determined at this stage. The final subdivision of the problem domain should be only as detailed as is necessary for the purpose at hand. Too much detail only clutters the analysis and may cloud important aspects of the behaviour. The choice of an adequate level of detail is a matter for experience and judgement.
In a finite element procedure, for example, the idealised model is then further subdivided or discretised using an appropriate subdivision of elements. The aim here is usually to satisfy the governing equations of the problem separately within each element. Details, such as node and element numbers, will be assigned as part of this subdivision process. Each of these phases is illustrated schematically in Figure. As indicated previously most geotechnical analysis involves an assessment of stability and deformation. Once the problem has been idealised, there are four fundamental conditions that should then be satisfied by the solution of the boundary or initial value problem.
These are:
• Equilibrium
•compatibility,
• Constitutive behaviour, and
• Boundary and initial conditions.
Unless all four conditions are satisfied (either exactly or approximately), the solution of the ideal problem is not rigorous in the mathematical sense
Highway design concerns the design of road alignment that conforms to the site constraints and standards. The basic objectives are to optimize efficiency and safety while minimizing cost and environmental damage. Once a road/highway engineer is familiar with the basics of road geometric design, the next step to enhance their value is by learning software for the application of these basic knowledge. The intention of this project is import road geometric design into the software as well as relate with the design standards applied into the software. It will be able to design road geometric from checking of survey data, horizontal and vertical design, super-elevation and production of road cross sections. Bentley MXROAD is an advanced, string-based modelling tool that enables the rapid and accurate design of all road types. With MXROAD, you can quickly create design alternatives to build the ideal road system. After a final design alternative is selected, you can automate much of the design detailing process, saving time and money. At its core, MX ROAD uses 3D string modelling technology. A powerful yet concise method of creating 3D surfaces. The interoperable database allows engineers to create and annotate 3D project models in the most popular AEC platforms or in Windows. This means that you can work on the project within one environment, save it, and open it seamlessly in another environment with no loss of data.
Geometric outline concerns the plan of street arrangement that fits in with the site requirements and models. The fundamental destinations are to improve productivity and wellbeing while at the same time limiting expense and natural harm. Once a street/roadway build knows about the nuts and bolts of street geometric outline, the subsequent stage to upgrade their esteem is by learning programming for the utilization of this essential information. The aim of this examination is import street geometric outline into the product and in addition relate with the plan principles connected into the product. It will have the capacity to outline street geometric from checking of study information, even and vertical plan, super-height and generation of street cross segments. Bentley MXROAD is a propelled, string based displaying apparatus that empowers the fast and precise outline of all street writes. With MXROAD, you can rapidly make outline other options to assemble the perfect street framework. After a last outline elective is chosen, you can computerize a great part of the plan itemizing process, sparing time and cash. At its center, MXROAD utilizes 3D string displaying innovation. An intense yet brief strategy for making 3D surfaces.
Transportation assumes a huge part in our regular day to day existences. Every one of us voyages some place relatively consistently, regardless of whether it is to get the chance to work or school, to go shopping, or for excitement purposes. Also, nearly all that we devour or utilize has been transported from some point. There are such huge numbers of methods for transportation, yet in this record we worry on street transportation. Expressways are the imperative piece of our life, the economy of the general public and also it is Part of the framework.
Transportation is important for the development of a country. Roads are easily accessible and are widely used for transportation purpose. With development comes increase in traffic and also resulting in increase of accidents. Accidents are mainly caused by three factors which are human, road and vehicles. Accidents are mainly caused due to human errors but it varies from human to human and hence the study of the accident rate based on this factor is difficult. Vehicle factors are also difficult to study because there are different types of vehicles and vehicles differ from person to person and hence their properties also differ. Hence the road factors are important and also contribute to the study. If the design of a road is good then there are less chances for the cause of accidents.
The development of a great street organize straightforwardly builds a country's monetary yield by lessening venture times and costs, making an area more appealing monetarily. The better of this structure is the quicker, more powerful and less expensive, can be the limits of the general public utilized. The improvement of viable street transport framework is essential need of any creating nation. Additionally, redesigning of existing street organize is basic for created nations to complete its transportation capacities easily similarly as with expanding movement volume urban and non-urban streets reach to their immersion level in section of time. The outline of course arrangement and asphalt structure choose cost of task which absolutely rely upon time taken for same. So, for this activity the best accessible Highway Geometric Design Software must be conveyed. Keeping this in see we have utilized MXROAD Software for the geometric plan to enhance its geometric highlights and updating it from two paths to four paths. The Software utilizes 3D string displaying innovation and gives the coveted estimations of various segments of geometric plan, for example, Horizontal and Vertical Curves, Super height, Shoulder, and so on.
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
Mx Road Software
The MX programming was at first created by three neighbourhood experts in the UK, in the late 1970s.back at that point, it was known as greenery till 1988. Mx road developed accordingly with the converging of infra delicate constrained and Bentley frameworks restricted amid travel, 2003. Bentley mx road is a propel, string – based demonstrating gadget that permit fast outlining of all sort with precision. Utilizing mx road, formation of plan choice for the structure of a model street system can be dealt with effortlessly. Once an outline procedure can likewise be mechanized while utilizing mx street demonstrating instrument, sparing both time and in addition cash. Mx Street is overwhelmingly applied in the outline of interstates plans. Recently mx programming has additionally discovered its application in an extensive variety of ventures, for example, mining fields green and furthermore air movement.
Horizontal alignment
This is defined by tangents and curves horizontally. The horizontal curve is shown below as per Indian Road Congress (IRC) guidelines.
Vertical alignment
It is the section of road in longitudinal direction for change of gradient. It is defined by gradients and vertical curves. The rate of rise with respect to horizontal along the length of road is called gradient and is measured in percentage or ratio in degrees.
The figure of vertical curve is shown below as per IRC.
Fig: 2 Vertical alignments
WORKING
Triangulation Seeding
Setting up the Automatic Seeding
The next stage is to seed the triangulation, seeding is the process of adding groups to a triangulation model i.e., Road, Shoulder, Grass etc. This process allows for the creation of rendered images and videos once the triangulation has been associated with the relevant style and feature set. Display both the COMPOSITE MODEL and the COMPOSITE TRIANGULATION as this will make it easier to determine the locations for the different groups.
To start seeding the triangulation you need to select Automatic Seeding from the Analysis>Triangle menu. This brings up the dialog box in Figure Select COMPOSITE TRIANGULATION as the Triangulation Model and COMPOSITE MODEL as the Model Name. Hit Next to continue, this will bring up a warning to assign the default style set, hit OK to continue. Figure shows these dialog boxes.
Select Models for Seeding
The first process is to set the entire triangulation to the GRAS group, this will the largest group in the triangulation. Select GRAS from the drop-down menu, and select Highlight as this will highlight the triangles before they are seeded. This will make it easier to determine the triangulation that will be seeded. To seed the triangulation with the GRAS group, select Feature Select and click on the triangulation. You will have to select separate triangulation areas to set the entire triangulation to GRAS. the GRAS shows up as green.
Fig.: Pattern for triangulation
The project road consists of following existing features
• Land width- The right of way varies from 9 m to 12 m throughout the length of project road.
• Alignment- There is many horizontal curves and few steep vertical curves in the project corridor. Many of the horizontal curves lack ade in unsafe driving.
• Pavement Condition- The overall condition of the pavement satisfactory. However, depressions, edge failures and uneven profile are common
• Soil Characteristics- the CBR values obtain from the laboratory test for the collected soil sample ranges from 10% to 17%.
• Drainage Condition- Improper drainage for surface water along the project road was observed. The raised earthen shoulders and problem of dra stagnated on the road and shoulder due to lack of proper drainage.
• Cross Drainage Structure- There is a cross drainage structure along the project road. RCC slab Culvert is provided across drainage work
Building information modeling (BIM) is one of the most promising recent developments in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry. With BIM technology, an accurate virtual model of a building is digitally constructed. This model, known as a building information model, can be used for planning, design, construction, and operation of the facility. It helps architects, engineers, and constructors visualize what is to be built in a simulated environment to identify any potential design, construction, or operational issues. BIM represents a new paradigm within AEC, one that encourages integration of the roles of all stakeholders on a project. In this paper, current trends, benefits, possible risks, and future challenges of BIM for the AEC industry are discussed. The findings of this study provide useful information for AEC industry practitioners considering implementing BIM technology in their projects.
The architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry has long sought techniques to decrease project cost, increase productivity and quality, and reduce project delivery time. Building information modeling (BIM) offers the potential to achieve these objectives. BIM simulates the construction project in a virtual environment. With BIM technology, an accurate virtual model of a building, known as a building information model, is digitally constructed. When completed, the building information model contains precise geometry and relevant data needed to support the design, procurement, fabrication, and construction activities required to realize the building. After completion, this model can be used for operations and maintenance purposes. the typical applications of BIM at different stages of the project life cycle.
A building information model characterizes the geometry, spatial relationships, geographic information, quantities and properties of building elements, cost estimates, material inventories, and project schedule. The model can be used to demonstrate the entire building life cycle. As a result, quantities and shared properties of materials can be readily extracted. Scopes of work can be easily isolated and defined. Systems, assemblies, and sequences can be shown in a relative scale within the entire facility or group of facilities. Construction documents such as drawings, procurement details, submittal processes, and other specifications can be easily interrelated.
BIM can be viewed as a virtual process that encompasses all aspects, disciplines, and systems of a facility within a single, virtual model, allowing all design team members (owners, architects, engineers, contractors, subcontractors, and suppliers) to collaborate more accurately and efficiently than using traditional processes. As the model is being created, team members are constantly refining and adjusting their portions according to project specifications and design changes to ensure the model is as accurate as possible before the project physically breaks ground.
It is important to note that BIM is not just software; it is a process and software. BIM means not only using three-dimensional intelligent models but also making significant changes in the workflow and project delivery processes. BIM represents a new paradigm within AEC, one that encourages integration of the roles of all stakeholders on a project. It has the potential to promote greater efficiency and harmony among players who, in the past, saw themselves as adversaries. BIM also supports the concept of integrated project delivery, which is a novel project delivery approach to integrate people, systems, and business structures and practices into a collaborative process to reduce waste and optimize efficiency through all phases of the project life cycle.
Applications of Building Information Modeling
A building information model can be used for the following purposes:
The key benefit of a building information model is its accurate geometrical representation of the parts of a building in an integrated data environment. Other related benefits are as follows:
After gathering data on 32 major projects, Stanford University’s Center for Integrated Facilities Engineering reported the following benefits of BIM.
Role of BIM in the AEC Industry: Current and Future Trends
Architects were the heaviest users of BIM—43% used it on more than 60% of their projects—while contractors were the lightest users, with nearly half (45%) using it on less than 15% of projects and only a quarter (23%) using it on more than 60% of projects.
The report predicted that prefabrication capabilities of BIM would be widely used to reduce costs and improve the quality of work put in place. As a whole, BIM adoption was expected to expand within firms and across the AEC industry.
Kunz and Gilligan conducted a questionnaire survey to determine the value from BIM use and factors that contribute to success. The main findings of their study are as follows:
The results of these surveys indicate that the AEC industry still relies very much on traditional drawings and practices for conducting its business. At the same time, AEC professionals are realizing the power of BIM for more efficient and intelligent modeling. Most of the companies using BIM reported in strong favor of this technology. The survey findings indicate that users want a BIM application that not only leverages the powerful documentation and visualization capabilities of a CAD platform but also supports multiple design and management operations. BIM as a technology is still in its formative stage, and solutions in the market are continuing to evolve as they respond to users’ specific needs.
AutoCAD (Automatic Computer Aided Design):
This is the most popular software in the world of civil engineering. Designed by Autodesk, it helps in creating 2D and 3D designs, drafting, modeling workflows, architectural drawing, and more. It allows you to evaluate and understand the project performance, responds quickly to changes, and maintains data and processes consistently. Some of the important features it includes are:
Analysis & Design:
STAAD Pro:
This is a structural design and analysis tool developed by Research Engineers which was later acquired by Bentley Systems, a CAD/CAM software company based in Pennsylvania. STAAD Pro is considered as the best structural analysis software and adopted by over a million structural engineers around the globe. It features ease of use and an array of essential tools required for accomplishing an analytical process on different structures.
STAAD Pro further integrates with a number of other Bentley products. The models created using STAAD Pro can be imported to Open STAAD so as to make the models transferrable to other third-party tools.
SAFE:
This software is mostly used in designing foundation slab systems and concrete floors. SAFE is a comprehensive package that combines all the aspects of engineering design process – from creating layout to detail drawing production in a single, intuitive environment. It enables highly advanced local assessment of foundation systems within larger structures and imports files from CAD, ETABS, and SAP2000. Some of the other benefits it offers are:
RISA:
This is another popular 3D analysis and design tool for creating general structures such as buildings, bridges, arenas, industrial structures, crane rails, and more. It is fast, productive and accurate. It has an intuitive interface that integrates with many other products like RISA Floor and RISA Foundation. It comes packed with the latest steel, cold-formed steel, concrete, aluminum, masonry and timber design codes. This, in turn, provides the tools you need to manage the multi-material projects with ease.
Navisworks:
This is a comprehensive project review solution mainly used by design, engineering and construction management professionals to gain detailed insight into the project and enhance productivity and quality. It is developed and marketed by Autodesk and allows users to open, combine, review and share Detailed 3D Design Models in various file formats. It lets you import all file formats and merge all the files to create a model
ABAQUS
The FEM tools interface program with the ABAQUS general purpose finite element program imports and exports FEM data, and imports element matrices, mode shapes, and operational shapes. The supported file types are the ABAQUS input file, and FIL, ODB and SIM results files.
ANSYS
The FEM tools interface program with the ANSYS general-purpose finite element code uses the ASCII formatted CDB file to read or write the FE model definition. Element structural matrices and modal data are imported through ANSYS binary files EMAT and RST respectively.
LS-DYNA
The LS-DYNA interface program provides two-way communication between data files generated by the LS-DYNA program and the FEM tools database.
The interface program reads LS-DYNA input data files and results files that contain element matrices and modal data (resonance frequencies, shapes).
For dynamic analysis, sensitivity analysis by re-analysis and automated model updating purposes, FEM tools uses a driver script to run LS-DYNA as an external solver.
NASTRAN
Interfacing with the MSC. Nastran and NX Nastran general purpose finite element programs are based on the formatted Bulk Data File for FEM geometry and element properties and binary OUTPUT2 files created with the PARAM, POST, -5 command are used to interface element matrices and shapes (static, modal normal or complex). Punch files are used to import FRF data but can also be used to import modes. Bulk Data can be read or written; OUTPUT2 and punch files are read-only.
The Nastran interface and driver program can also be used with NE/Nastran.
SAP2000
The SAP2000 interface program has 2 operating modes:
(i) reads FE model definition and mode shapes from SAP2000 s2k input files, and (ii) using the SAP2000 OAPI library to communicate with SAP2000.
With the OAPI interface, bidirectional communication is supported and allows for piloting SAP2000 from FEM tools to perform FE analysis, pre-test analysis, correlation analysis, sensitivity analysis and model updating.
I-DEAS/Universal File
The Universal File Format is an ASCII or binary formatted file used by the I-DEAS analysis software. The FEM tools Universal File FE interface program reads and writes ASCII files.
GeoStudio
Combine analyses in a single, integrated project. GeoStudio enables you to combine analyses using different products into a single modeling project, using the results from one as the starting point for another.
Define geometry using drawing tools or importing CAD files
GeoStudio provides the tools to define model domain including coordinate import, copy-paste geometric items, length and angle feedback, region merge & split, and direct data entry.
Efficient, parallel solving of project analyses. GeoStudio runs each analysis solver in parallel, allowing multiple analyses to be solved efficiently on computers with modern, multi-core processors.
Interpret results with visualization & graphics. GeoStudio provides powerful visualization tools, including graphing, contour plots, isolines, animations, interactive data queries and data exports to spread sheets for further analysis.
GeoStudio's integrated products enable you to work across a broad range of engineering use cases.
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