4.1 Fundamentals of Architecture Town Planning | unit 4 fundamentals of architecture town planning

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Unit - 4

Fundamentals of Architecture & Town Planning

4.1 Fundamentals of Architecture & Town Planning:

Fundamentals of Architecture:

In the field of architecture, an architectural plan is a design and planning for a building and can take architectural drawings, specifications of the design, calculations, time planning of the building process, and other documentation.

Architecture is the skill and science of designing buildings and additional physical structures.

An architect is a person who plans, designs, and supervises the construction of buildings.

To practice, architecture means to proposal services in connection with the design of buildings and the space surrounded by the site surrounding the buildings that have a human residence or use their principal purpose.

The purpose of Architecture is to advance human life. Generate timeless, free, happy spaces for all activities in life.

The unlimited variety of places can be as mixed as life itself and they as sensible as nature in inventing from a main idea and flowering into a beautiful entity.

Fundamentals of Town Planning:

Town planner’s necessity attempt and stability the demands of landowners and developers, with the needs and apprehensions of the community and the policy framework.

Town planning is the process of managing land resources. It includes the control of the present and new developments, as well as strategy preparation to ensure accomplish future requirements.

If planning is successful, it can provide protection for the environment, can promote and permit regeneration, can help create and sustain communities, and can create new and exciting places.

Town planning preserves the greatest of the past although encouraging creativity and innovation in the development of a sustainable future.

The purpose of town planning is to protect and/or improve the nationality of a specific location.

The purposes are to protect the environment, improve public health and safety, and increase the wealth of selections obtainable to every citizen.

Characteristics of town planning:

1) Generating new towns and/or villages.

2) Balancing community, business, and environmental wants.

3) Helping to inform and direct native and national policy.

4) Safeguarding green and added public spaces.

5) Evaluating planning applications.

6) Inviting investment and industry to an area.

7) Protecting buildings of historical and architectural merit/importance.

8) Ensuring that land appropriate for development is readily available.

9) Mounting programs of land reclamation.

4.2 Aesthetics in Civil Engineering:

The aesthetics of a building is one of the primary aspects considered in architecture.

The appeal of a building protections the combined properties of a building’s shape, size, texture, color, balance, movement, emphasis, contrast, symmetry, proportion, space, alignment, decoration, decoration, culture, and context.

The unique properties and natural beauty of wood and other bio-founded materials make them wanted for various applications including construction, porticoes, and interior design.

A building designed in order to gratify requirements regarding safety, serviceability, durability, but also, aesthetics, promising proper structural performance through the complete service life.

For that reason, it is vital to understand the overall deterioration mechanisms within the different levels of building counting elements, components, façades, and for the entire building.

Changes in the appearance of materials can vary due to kinetics of the responses connected to the material resistance as well as due to the intensity of the demeaning factors.

The civil engineer has a sure social responsibility to consider aesthetics as a part of the design of every facility he makes.

4.3 Examples of great architecture:

Eiffel Tower – Paris, France.

The Burj al Arab – Dubai.

Parthenon – Athens, Greece.

Angkor Wat – Cambodia.

Saint Peter's Basilica – Vatican, Rome, Italy.

Sydney Opera House.

Colosseum.

1) Eiffel Tower – Paris, France:

Constructed in 1889, the Eiffel Tower is one of the greatest famous structures in the world. It’s called after the engineer Gustave Eiffel and it was constructed as the entrance arch for the World Expo of 1889.

The tower is 324 meters high, about as an 81-storey building.

Today, the tower invites millions of visitors every year.

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2) The Burj al Arab – Dubai:

Built on an artificial island 280 meters away from the coast, the Burj al Arab in Dubai is one of the most comfortable and the fourth tallest hotel in the world.

It’s 321 meters high and it signifies one of the wonders of contemporary engineering.

The building is calculated by Tom Wright of WKK architects and its shape matches the shape of the sail of a ship.

4.4 Fundamentals of architectural design & town planning:

Architectural design is a notion that focuses on components or rudiments of a structure.

An architect is usually the one in charge of the architectural design.

They work through space and elements to generate a coherent and functional structure.

The first step of the design stage is the schematic design.

The design process of Architectural design:

1) Develop your own clarification of the project brief.

2) Examination and understanding of the project's site context.

3) Figure out your constraints.

4) Examination precedents and case studies.

5) Sketch.

6) Conclusion.

Urban planning is a technical and political process worried about the development and design of land use and the built environment, including air, water, and the infrastructure transitory into and urban areas, such as transportation, communications, and distribution networks.

An urban organizer is a professional who works in the field of urban planning for the resolve of optimizing the efficiency of a community's land use and infrastructure.

They formulate plans for the development and management of urban and suburban areas, classically considered land use compatibility as well as economic, environmental, and social tendencies.

In developing any plan for a public (whether commercial, residential, agricultural, natural or recreational), urban planners essential consider a wide array of issues including sustainability, existing and potential pollution, transport with probable congestion, crime, land values, economic development, social equity, zoning codes, and other legislature.

4.5 Building Systems:

1) HVAC:

The objective of an HVAC system is to confirm that an indoor environment is both safe and comfortable for humans.

Safety here mainly worries the Indoor Air Quality or IAQ, meaning that the indoor air should have sufficient oxygen and be free of noxious gases.

The comfort of course is founded on human perception, which varies within bounds.

ASHRAE (the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-conditioning Engineers), comfortable air excellence is “with which a substantial majority (80% or more) of the people are do not fast dissatisfaction.”

2) Acoustics:

This contains the minimization of noise transmission from one space to another and the control of the features of sound within spaces themselves.

Acoustics in buildings has the concerns controlling the quality and amount of sound confidential a building.

It is used to allow for agreeable sound in a concert hall and to reduce echoes and noise inside an office building. Acoustics also concerns suppressing sound pending from outside the building, such as in apartments.

Factors that acoustics of a building are reverberation time, loudness, focusing, Echelon effect, resonance, noise, and Echo.

3) Lighting:

In a building, lighting donates 20-60% of the total consumption of electrical energy usage.

To turn on and off the lamp with the switch physically sometimes people forget to turn it inedible when leaving the room.

With lighting control system is predicted to reduce the consumption of electrical energy usage so more efficient.

The key steps in the design process are:

1) Identify the requirements.

2) Regulate the method of lighting.

3) Select the lighting equipment.

4) Calculate the lighting parameters and regulate the design as required.

5) Determine the control system.

6) Choice of the luminaire.

7) Inspect the installation upon completion.

8) Lighting controls are input/output devices and schemes.

The control system obtains information, decides what to do with it, and then adjusts lighting power, therefore.

Here we see a rudimentary lighting circuit (switch leg). Power travels along the circuit to invigorate a group of lights.

4.6 LEED ratings:

LEED, which stands for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, is a certification program absorbed chiefly on new, commercial-building projects and founded upon a points system.

LEED is simply a point system or a tally. The more energy-efficient and “green” the building is, the more opinions it will earn.

These points are made finished meeting credit requirements in LEED and there are 9 categories in which to make credits.

1) Certification level

2) Certified: 40-49 points.

3) Silver: 50-59 points.

4) Gold: 60-79 points.

5) Platinum: 80 points and above.

Meet a minimum of building tenancy in terms of the number of users.

Maintain a sensible site boundary. Be a permanent building. Share energy and water practice data.

Rating systems:

1) Green Building Design & Construction.

2) Green Interior Design & Construction.

3) Green Building Operations & Maintenance.

4) Green Neighbourhood Development.

5) Green Home Design and Construction.

4.7 Development of Smart Cities:

Accordingly, the purpose of the Smart Cities Mission is to energy economic growth and improve the quality of life of people by allowing local area development and harnessing technology, particularly technology that leads to Smart consequences.

Smart cities use technology, information, and data to improve infrastructure and facilities.

These infrastructure services comprise admission to water, electricity, affordable homes, education and health services, and IT connectivity.

Advantage of Smart cities:

a) More effective, data-ambitious decision-making.

b) Enhanced resident and government engagement.

c) Safer communities.

d) Reduced environmental footprint.

e) Improved transportation.

f) Increased digital equity.

g) New economic development opportunities.

h) Efficient public utilities.

Smart city applications are developed to achieve urban flows and for real-time responses.

Examples of Smart city skills and programs have implemented in Singapore, Smart cities in India, Dubai, Milton Keynes, Southampton, Amsterdam, Barcelona, Madrid, Stockholm, Copenhagen, China, and New York.

In general, a smart city should have:

1) Well-organized delivery of public utilities such as water, electricity, solid waste, sanitation, and sewerage as well as related government services

2) The mechanism for supply-demand matching of surface transport services to provide bottleneck free roads, and negligible waiting time.

References:

1. Patil, B.S. (1974), Legal Aspects of Building and Engineering Contract

2. The National Building Code, BIS, (2017)

3. RERA Act, (2017)

4. Meena Rao (2006), Fundamental concepts in Law of Contract, 3rd Edn. Professional Offset

5. Chandiramani, Neelima (2000), The Law of Contract: An Outline, 2nd Edn. Avinash Publications Mumbai

6. Avtarsingh (2002), Law of Contract, Eastern Book Co.

7. Dutt (1994), Indian Contract Act, Eastern Law House

8. Anson W.R. (1979), Law of Contract, Oxford University Press

9. Kwatra G.K. (2005), The Arbitration & Conciliation of Law in India with case law on UNCITRAL Model Law on Arbitration, Indian Council of Arbitration

10. Avtarsingh (2005), Law of Arbitration and Conciliation, Eastern Book Co.

11. Wadhera (2004), Intellectual Property Rights, Universal Law Publishing Co.

12. P. S. Narayan (2000), Intellectual Property Rights, Gogia Law Agency

13. T. Ramappa (2010), Intellectual Property Rights Law in India, Asia Law House

14. Bare text (2005), Right to Information Act

15. O.P. Malhotra, Law of Industrial Disputes, N.M. Tripathi Publishers

16. K.M. Desai (1946), The Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act

17. Rustamji R.F., Introduction to the Law of Industrial Disputes, Asia Publishing House 18. Vee, Charles & Skitmore, Martin (2003) Professional Ethics in the Construction Industry, Engineering Construction and Architectural Management, Vol.10, Iss. 2, pp 117-127, MCB UP Ltd

18. American Society of Civil Engineers (2011) ASCE Code of Ethics – Principles Study and Application

19. Ethics in Engineering- M.W.Martin & R.Schinzinger, McGraw-Hill

20. Engineering Ethics, National Institute for Engineering Ethics, USA

21. www.ieindia.org

22. Engineering ethics: concepts and cases – C. E. Harris, M.S. Pritchard, M.J.Rabins

23. Resisting Bureaucratic Corruption: Alacrity Housing Chennai (Teaching Case Study) -S. Ramakrishna Velamuri -CEIBS

24. CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS, http://www.jnormanstark.com/contract.htm

25. Internet and Business Handbook, Chap 4, CONTRACTS LAW, http://www.laderapress.com/laderapress/contractslaw1.html

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