5.1 Fundamentals of Building Materials Stones bricks mortars Plain Reinforced Prestressed Concrete Construction Chemicals Structural Steel High Tensile Steel Carbon Composites | unit 5 fundamentals of building materials

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Unit - 5

Fundamentals of Building Materials

5.1 Fundamentals of Building Materials: Stones, bricks, mortars, Plain, Reinforced & Prestressed Concrete, Construction Chemicals; Structural Steel, High Tensile Steel, Carbon Composites

1) Stones:

Stones form one of the most important building materials in civil engineering.

Stones are resulting from rocks, which form the earth's crust and have no definite shape or chemical mixture but are mixtures of two or more minerals.

The mineral is a substance that is formed by the natural inorganic process and owns a certain chemical combination and molecular structure.

They are strong, durable, and ancestry in appearance.

Many types of stones are available such as basalt, marble, limestone, sandstone, quartzite, travertine, slate, gneiss, laterite, and granite used as construction materials.

2) Bricks:

Bricks are made by determining a plastic mass of clay and water, which is before hardened by drying and firing.

Until moderately recent times the clay was dug, the bricks were made and the kilns set or haggard by manual labor with help from animal power.

Class A engineering bricks are the strongest, but Class B is the more commonly used.

Interior walls made of bricks help adjust the building's temperature, as they supply heat and cool air.

Also, comfort, a building made of bricks has some financial advantages.

Houses made completely out of brickwork cost less in the long run, because they essential less energy for heating.

3) Mortar:

Mortar is a material used in masonry construction to fill the gaps among the bricks and blocks used in construction.

Mortar is a mixture of sand, a binder such as cement or lime, and water and is practical as a paste which then sets hard.

Mortar is the bonding material between bricks, concrete block, stone, and many extra masonry materials. It is made from Portland cement, lime, sand, and water in variable ratios.

Each of the standard mortar mixes—Types N, M, S, and O—has different performance characteristics for dissimilar building applications.

4) Plain Reinforced:

Plain concrete is also known as mass concrete is when a structural member is cast deprived of the use of steel reinforcement, characteristically a wall foundation (trench).

Composite Materials - Reinforced Concrete. Concrete is made since small stones and gravel called aggregate, sharp sand, cement, and water.

The small stone and gravel (aggregate) is the reinforcement and the cement is the matrix that binds it together

Plain concrete does not easily endure tensile and shear stresses caused by wind, earthquakes, vibrations, and other forces and is then unsuitable in most structural applications.

In reinforced concrete, the tensile strength of steel and the compressive strength of concrete work composed the member to sustain these stresses over substantial spans.

5) Prestressed concrete:

Prestressed concrete is concrete that internal stresses introduced to counter, to the degree desired, the tensile stresses that will be imposed in service.

The stress is typically imposed by tendons of individual hard-drawn wires, cables of hard-drawn wires, or bars of high strength alloy steel.

It is now usually used for floor beams, piles, and railways sleepers, as well as structures such as bridges, water tanks, roofs, and runways.

Generally, prestressed concrete is not essential for columns and walls, however, it can be used frugally for tall columns and high retaining walls with high bending stresses.

The principle behind prestressed concrete is that compressive stresses induced by high-strength steel tendons in a concrete member before loads are applied will stability the tensile stresses imposed in the member through service.

6) Construction Chemicals:

Construction chemicals consume various products, ranging from admixtures to flooring chemicals, sealants, grouts, waterproofing chemicals, and chemicals for repair and maintenance of structures.

Polymers are the most important group of raw materials and they are predominant in every construction chemical formulation.

1) Cement production – Combustion agents

2) Concrete – a chemical admixture

3) Corrosion Inhibitor –accelerator

4) Coating – Structural applications

5) Paint - Aesthetics

6) Repair and Rehabilitation- Retrofit

7) Chloride extraction: to control

8) Corrosion Inhibitor: Migrating – High

7) Structural Steel:

Structural steel varies from concrete in its credited compressive strength as well as tensile strength.

Strength - Having high strength, stiffness, toughness, and ductile properties, structural steel is one of the most commonly used materials in commercial and industrial building construction.

Properties of Structural Steel:

1) Density.

2) Elastic Modulus.

3) Poisson's Ratio.

4) Tensile Strength.

5) Yield Strength.

6) Melting Point.

7) Specific Heat.

8) Hardness.

8) High Tensile Steel:

High-tensile steels are low-carbon, or steels at the lower end of the medium-carbon range, consume additional alloying ingredients in instruction to increase their strength, wear properties, or specifically tensile strength.

These alloying ingredients contain chromium, molybdenum, silicon, manganese, nickel, and vanadium.

So, the key difference between mild steel and high tensile steel is that high tensile steel takes a high strength than mild steel.

High tensile steel like HT690 has an actual high yield point and demonstrates a reduced plastic ductility and brittle fracture behavior as associated with mild steel.

9) Carbon Composites:

Carbon fiber is used mainly in the strengthening and reinforcement of concrete, steel, timber, and masonry.

The properties of carbon fiber, such as high strength, rigidness, and tensile strength brand it a popular material in civil engineering.

Composite materials are shaped by combining two or more materials that have fairly different properties.

The different materials work together to give the composite single properties, but inside the composite, you can easily tell the different materials apart – they do not dissolve or blend into each other.

Carbon-carbon composites contain carbon fibers in a graphite matrix. The carbon fibers used high modulus, and exhibition relatively high tensile strength (Mallick, 2007).

Carbon fiber is factory-made by graphitization of precursors such as a textile or pitch.

5.2 Plastics in Construction:

Many construction companies are consuming plastic materials.

The components used include the whole thing from plastic screws and hinges to bigger plastic parts that are used in decoration, electric wiring, flooring, wall coverings, waterproofing, and so on.

Plastic can too be easily removed and some plastics can be recycled.

The disadvantages of plastic are high personified energy content and a low modulus of elasticity, meaning that it is usually unsuitable for load-bearing applications.

Examples of plastics used in the building are:

1) Acrylic.

2) Composites.

3) Expanded Polystyrene.

4) Polycarbonate.

5) Polyethylene.

6) Polypropylene.

7) Polyvinyl Chloride.

5.3 3D printing:

Like most, their concrete 3D printer uses material extrusion knowledge.

They have industrialized their own material mix, which is an extrudable concrete consisting of cement, sand, geopolymers, and fibers.

There are a variety of 3D printing methods used at construction gage, with the main one's actuality extrusion (concrete/cement, wax, foam, polymers), powder bonding (polymer bond, reactive bond, sintering), and additive welding.

3D printing at a construction scale will take a wide variety of applications inside the private, commercial, industrial, and public sectors.

Potential advantages of these technologies comprise faster construction, lower labor costs, increased complexity and/or the accuracy, greater integration of function, and less waste shaped.

5.4 Recycling of Construction & Demolition wastes:

Construction and demolition waste is generated when any construction/demolition activity takings place, such as building roads, bridges, flyovers, subway, remodelling, etc.

It consists typically of inert and non-biodegradable material such as concrete, plaster, metal, wood, plastics, etc.

A part of this waste originates from the municipal stream.

All attempts made to stick to the following measures.

All construction/demolition waste should be stored inside the site itself.

A proper screen should be provided so that the waste does not get scattered and does not develop an eyesore.

Attempts should be made to retain the waste segregated into different heaps as far as possible so that their additional gradation and reuse is facilitated.

Material, which can be reused at the same site for the purpose of construction, levelling, making road/pavement, etc. kept in separate loads from those, which are to be sold or landfilled.

The local body or a private company may position to provide an appropriate number of skip containers/trolleys on rental which may be parked at the site and removed with skip lifters or tractors

Whenever a new streamlined system is familiarized in a municipality, the local body may consider by means of its old vehicles, especially, tractors and trailers or old lorries or tippers for this purpose.

For large projects linking the construction of bridges, flyovers, subways, etc., special provisions made for the storage of waste material.

Depending on the storage capacity, the movement of the waste has planned accordingly.

Otherwise, it results in job constraints as well as traffic bottlenecks.

References:

1. Patil, B.S. (1974), Legal Aspects of Building and Engineering Contract

2. The National Building Code, BIS, (2017)

3. RERA Act, (2017)

4. Meena Rao (2006), Fundamental concepts in Law of Contract, 3rd Edn. Professional Offset

5. Chandiramani, Neelima (2000), The Law of Contract: An Outline, 2nd Edn. Avinash Publications Mumbai

6. Avtarsingh (2002), Law of Contract, Eastern Book Co.

7. Dutt (1994), Indian Contract Act, Eastern Law House

8. Anson W.R. (1979), Law of Contract, Oxford University Press

9. Kwatra G.K. (2005), The Arbitration & Conciliation of Law in India with case law on UNCITRAL Model Law on Arbitration, Indian Council of Arbitration

10. Avtarsingh (2005), Law of Arbitration and Conciliation, Eastern Book Co.

11. Wadhera (2004), Intellectual Property Rights, Universal Law Publishing Co.

12. P. S. Narayan (2000), Intellectual Property Rights, Gogia Law Agency

13. T. Ramappa (2010), Intellectual Property Rights Law in India, Asia Law House

14. Bare text (2005), Right to Information Act

15. O.P. Malhotra, Law of Industrial Disputes, N.M. Tripathi Publishers

16. K.M. Desai (1946), The Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act

17. Rustamji R.F., Introduction to the Law of Industrial Disputes, Asia Publishing House 18. Vee, Charles & Skitmore, Martin (2003) Professional Ethics in the Construction Industry, Engineering Construction and Architectural Management, Vol.10, Iss. 2, pp 117-127, MCB UP Ltd

18. American Society of Civil Engineers (2011) ASCE Code of Ethics – Principles Study and Application

19. Ethics in Engineering- M.W.Martin & R.Schinzinger, McGraw-Hill

20. Engineering Ethics, National Institute for Engineering Ethics, USA

21. www.ieindia.org

22. Engineering ethics: concepts and cases – C. E. Harris, M.S. Pritchard, M.J.Rabins

23. Resisting Bureaucratic Corruption: Alacrity Housing Chennai (Teaching Case Study) -S. Ramakrishna Velamuri -CEIBS

24. CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS, http://www.jnormanstark.com/contract.htm

25. Internet and Business Handbook, Chap 4, CONTRACTS LAW, http://www.laderapress.com/laderapress/contractslaw1.html

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