UNIT- 2
Spectroscopic techniques and Applications
Spectroscopy is the branch of science which deals with the determination of the structure of compound through the interaction of magnetic radiation with the matter. The term spectroscopy refers to the measurement of radiation intensity as a function of wavelength through spectroscopy.
Electromagnetic Radiation: This is the form of energy that is transmitted through space at an enormous velocity. Eg. Visible Light. According to the wave nature of radiations the electromagnetic waves consist of oscillating electric and magnetic field which are mutually perpendicular to electrical fields. This have 2 components i.e.; Electrical and Magnetic. The electromagnetic spectrum includes
Rotational Spectroscopy is also called as the microwave spectroscopy. It is the measurement of energy of transition between quantized rotational states of molecules in the gas phase. The rotational spectra of non-polar molecules cannot be observed by this method while it can be measured by Raman spectroscopy. Rotational spectroscopy is sometimes referred to as pure rotational spectroscopy to distinguish it from rotational-vibrational spectroscopy where changes in rotational energy occur together with changes in vibrational energy and also from ro-vibronic spectroscopy (or just vibronic spectroscopy) where rotational, vibrational and electronic energy changes occur simultaneously. The molecules of the Rotational spectroscopy are classified according to their symmetry. The important feature of molecular rotational spectroscopy for chemical analysis is that the resolution of the spectral transitions is sufficiently high that the spectra of isomers with only small changes in mass distribution can be measured without spectral overlap. For example, the 13C- isotopologues of molecules, isomers created when a single carbon atom is isotopically substituted, are routinely resolved in the instruments used for rotational spectroscopy. The extreme sensitivity changes to in the mass distribution make rotational spectroscopy well-suited to distinguishing diaestromers of molecules with multiple chiral centers. A second advantage of the high-resolution of the spectrometers is that complex sample mixtures can be analyzed directly without spectral overlap. An example of the rotational spectrum from the vapor head space of an essential oil will be presented later to illustrate this capability.
Applications:
1- Rotational Spectroscopy is used in the determination of molecular structure in the gas phase molecule.
2- Rotational Spectroscopy also provide the information about the electronic structures of molecule.
3- This plays the major role in exploration of chemical composition of interstellar medium.
The change in the vibrational motion of molecule is absorbed in the Infrared Region this is why it is also called as the Infrared Spectroscopy. If vibration in the molecule persists then it should change its dipole moment that may be the magnitude form or oriented with its direction. When taking the example of Polar molecule (A-B) as the polar molecule shows the property of the high electronegative atom attracts the electron pair towards it so that it gets partial negative and partial positive charges. So in the polar molecule the atoms are making rotation therefore one side is positive pole while other is negative but due to the rotation at its own axis then there is no change in the magnitude effects hence it posses the generation of magnetic field which in result there in the electric flux or there is a change in the direction.
Taking the molecule A-B in consideration then the one get partial negative while other will be partial positive charge. There are two different type of vibration that is Coupled vibration and De-Coupled Vibrations. The change in the relative position of 2 atoms is called as the coupled vibration while de-coupled vibration means 1 atom get fixed at a single position instead the other atom is in rotation. The vibration leads to the expansion and contraction of the atoms in the molecule. The change in the dipole movement due to the vibration then only those molecule exhibits vibrational spectroscopy.
Applications:
1-Infrared technique is used in organic and inorganic chemistry.
2-This is used in quality control, dynamic measurement.
3-This is majorly used in the forensic labs.
4-Infrared Spectroscopy is used in measuring the degree of polymerization in manufacturing the polymers.
Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopy helps ion the determination of the absorbance spectra of the compound in the solution. The absorbance of light energy or the electromagnetic radiations are observed. This is responsible for the exciting the electron from the ground state to the first singlet excited state of a compound. The UV-Visible region of energy for the electromagnetic spectrum covers 1.5 - 6.2 eV which relates to a wavelength range of 800 - 200 nm.
Monochromator used to measure the wavelength of the light. As the figure shows monochromator is placed between the sample and the source of light passing from that the light passes to the detector. Here the monochromatic used to detect the wavelength of the light form the source. While on moving further there is a Double beam Ultraviolet-Visible instrument is used here is a splitter and a series of mirrors to get the beam to a reference sample and the sample to be analyzed, this allows for more accurate readings. In the simultaneous Ultraviolet-Visible instruments monochromator is removed hence it has a diode array detectors that allows the instrument to simultaneously detect the absorbacne at all wavelengths. This instrument is much faster and accurate than double and single Ultraviolet-Visible instrument.
Applications:
1- This is majorly used in the analytical chemistry.
2- This can be used as a detector for the High performance liquid chromatography.
3- Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy is used as the semiconductor in the industry to measure the thickness and optical properties of wafer.
Raman Spectroscopy:
Raman Spectroscopy deals with the analysis of the chemical in a non-destructive form. This help in extracting a detailed information about the chemical structure, phase and polymorphy, crystallinity and molecular interactions. This is purely based on the interaction of light with a chemical bonds in the material.
Raman is used to be work as a scattering technique where by the it help in scattering the light of the source at different wavelength while some of the scattered lights are of same wavelength as of source and hence that light are not useful for gathering the further information this is called as the Rayleigh Scatter while the remaining light that is scattered at different wavelength are called as the Raman Scatter.
Raman Spectroscopy provide the chemical structure of material, the polymorphism information is extracted from the Raman Spectroscopy, contamination and impurity. This is used for qualitative as well as the quantitative purpose. This provide the unique fingerprint of chemicals further which can be used in material identification.
