Unit - 5
Multiple Integrals
Consider a function f (x, y) defined in the finite region R of the X-Y plane. Divide R into n elementary areas A1, A2,…,An. Let (xr, yr) be any point within the rth elementary are Ar
Fig. 6.1
f (x, y) dA = f (xr, yr) A
Evaluation of Double Integral when limits of Integration are given(Cartesian Form).
Ex. 1 : Evaluate 
ey/x dy dx.
Soln. :
Given : I = 
ey/x dy dx
Here limits of inner integral are functions of y therefore integrate w.r.t y,
I = 
dx
= 
= 
I = 
= =
ey/x dy dx =
Ex. 2 : Evaluate x
y
(1 – x –y)
dx dy.
Soln. :
Given : I = x
y
(1 – x –y)
dx dy.
Here the limits of inner integration are functions of y therefore first integrate w.r.t y.
I = x
dx 
Put 1 – x = a (constant for inner integral)
I = x
dx 
Put y = at dy = a dt
y | 0 | a |
t | 0 | 1 |
I = x
dx 
I = x
dx 
I = x
a dx
I = x
(1 – x) dx = (x
– x4/3) dx
I = 
=
I = =
x
y
(1 – x –y)
dx dy =
Ex. 3 : Evaluate 
Soln. :
Let, I = 
Here limits for both x and y are constants, the integral can be evaluated first w.r.t any of the variables x or y.
I = dy 
I = 
= 
= 
= 
=
= 
=
Ex. 4: Evaluate e–x2 (1 + y2) x dx dy.
Soln. :
Let I = e–x2 (1 + y2) x dy = dy e–x2 (1 + y2) x dy
= dy e– x2 (1 + y2) 
dx
= dy [∵ f (x) ef(x) dx = ef(x) ]
= (–1) dy (∵ e– = 0)
= = =
e–x2 (1 + y2) xdx dy =
NOTES:
Type II: Evaluation of Double Integral when region of Integration is provided (Cartesian form)
Ex.1: Evaluate y dx dy over the area bounded by x= 0 y = 
and x + y = 2 in the first quadrant
Soln. :
The area bounded by y = x2 (parabola) and x + y = 2 is as shown in Fig.6.2
The point of intersection of y = x2 and x + y = 2.
x + x2 = 2 x2 + x – 2 = 0
x = 1, – 2
At x = 1, y = 1 and at x = –2, y = 4
Fig. 6.2
(1, 1) is the point of intersection in Ist quadrant. Take a vertical strip SR, Along SR x constant and y varies from S to R i.e. y = x2 to y = 2 – x.
Now slide strip SR, keeping IIel to y-axis, therefore y constant and x varies from x = 0 to x = 1.
I = 
= 
= 
= (4 – 4x + 
– 
) dx
= =
I = 16/15
Ex. 2 : Evaluate 
over x 1, y 
Soln. :
Let I = 
over x 1, y 
The region bounded by x 1 and y 
Is as shown in Fig. 6.3.
Fig. 6.3
Take a vertical strip along strip x constant and y varies from y = 
To y = . Now slide strip throughout region keeping parallel to y-axis. Therefore y constant and x varies from x = 1 to x = .
I = 
= 
= 
[ ∵
dx = tan–1 (x/a)]
= 
=
= – = (0 – 1)
I =
Ex. 3 : Evaluate (
+ 
) dx dy through the area enclosed by the curves y = 4x, x + y = 3 and y =0, y = 2.
Soln. :
Let I = (
+ 
) dx dy
The area enclosed by the curves y = 4x, x + y =3, y = 0 and y = 2 is as shown in Fig. 6.4.
(find the point of intersection of x + y = 3 and y = 4x)
Fig. 6.4
Take a horizontal strip SR, along SR y constant and x varies from x = to x = 3 – y. Now slide strip keeping IIel to x axis therefore x constant and y varies from y = 0 to y = 2.
I = dy (
+ 
) dx
= 
= 
+
dy
I = 
= 
= 
= + – 6 + 18
I =
Ex. 1 : Change the order of integration for the integral 
and evaluate the same with reversed order of integration.
Soln. :
Given, I = 
…(1)
In the given integration, limits are
y = 
, y = 2a – x and x = 0, x = a
The region bounded by x2 = ay, x + y = 2a Fig.6.5
And x = 0, x = a is as shown in Fig. 6.5
Here we have to change order of Integration. Given the strip is vertical.
Now take horizontal strip SR.
To take total region, Divide region into two parts by taking line y = a.
1 st Region :
Along strip, y constant and x varies from x = 0 to x = 2a – y. Slide strip IIel to x-axis therefore y varies from y = a to y = 2a.
I1 = dy xy dx …(2)
2nd Region :
Along strip, y constant and x varies from x = 0 to x = . Slide strip IIel to x-axis therefore x-varies from y = 0 to y = a.
I2 = dy xy dx …(3)
From Equation (1), (2) and (3),
= dy xy dx + dy xy dx
= 
+ y dy 
=
dy + (ay) dy = y (4a2 – 4ay + y2) dy + ay2 dy
= (4a2 y – 4ay2 + y3) dy + y2 dy
= 
= 
+ 
= a4
Ex. 2 : Evaluate
I = 
Soln. :
Given : I = 
…(1)
In the given integration, limits are
x = 0, x = a, y = 0, y = 
The bounded region is as shown in Fig. **.
In the given, strip is vertical. Now take horizontal strip SR. Along strip y constant and x varies from x = 0 to
x = 
. Slide strip IIel to X-axis therefore y varies from y = 0 to y = a.
I = dy 
= 
Put a2 – y2 = b2
I = 
= 
= 
= 
dy = 
dy
= 
=
= 
= 
[∵ a = a loge]
I = dy 
= 
Ex.3 : Express as single integral and evaluate dy dx + dy dx.
Soln. :
Given : I = dy dx + dy dx
I = I1 + I2
The limits of region of integration I1 are
x = – ; x = and y = 0, y = 1 and I2 are x = – 1,
x = 1 and y = 1, y = 3.
The region of integration are as shown in Fig. 6.7
To consider the complete region take a vertical strip SR along the strip y varies from y = x2 to
y = 3 and x varies from x = –1 to x = 1. Fig. 6.7
I = 
NOTES:
Evaluation of Double Integral by Changing Cartesian to Polar co-ordinates (when limits are given).
Ex. 1 : Evaluate
Soln. :
The region of integration bounded by
y = 0, y = 
and x = 0, x = 1
y = 
x2 + y2 = x
The region bounded by these is as shown in Fig. 6.8.
Convert the integration in polar co-ordinates by using x = r cos , y = r sin and dx dy = r dr d
x2 + y2 = x becomes r = cos
y = 0 becomes r sin = 0 = 0
x = 0 becomes r cos = 0 =
And x = 1 becomes r = sec Fig. 6.8
Take a radial strip SR with angular thickness , Along strip constant and r varies from r = 0 to r = cos . Turning strip throughout region therefore varies from = 0 to =
I = 
r dr d
= 4 cos sin d r 
dr
= 4 cos sin d [–
]
= – 2 cos sin [
+1] d
= – 2 [cos sin 
– cos sin ] d
= –2 
+ 2 cos sin d
= – + 2
= + 1 =
Ex. 2: Sketch the area of double integration and evaluate
dxdy
Soln. :
Let I = 
dxdy
The region of integration is bounded by the curves
x = y, x = 
and y = 0, y = Fig. 6.9
i.e. x = y, x2 + y2 = a2 and y = 0, y =
The region bounded by these is as shown in Fig. 6.9.
The point of intersection of x = y and x2 + y2 = a2 is x =
Convert given integration in polar co-ordinates by using polar transformation x = r cos , y = r sin and dx dy = r dr d
x = y gives r cos = r sin tan = 1 =
x2 + y2 = a2 r2 = a2 r = a
y = 0 gives r sin = 0 = 0.
y = gives r sin = r = cosec
Take a radial strip SR, along SR constant and r varies from r = 0 to r = a. Turning this strip throughout region therefore varies from = 0 to =
I = log r2 r dr d = 2 d r log r dr
I = 
= 2 d
= 2 d
= 2 
d
= 2 
[]
I = 
[/4] = 
Evaluation of Double Integral when region of Integration is provided (Polar form)
Ex. 1 : Evaluate r4 cos3 dr d over the interior of the circle r = 2a cos
Soln. :
The region of the integration is as shown in Fig. 6.10.Take a radial strip SR, along strip constant and r varies from r = 0 to r = 2a cos. Now turning this strip throughout region therefore varies from = to =
I = r4 cos3 dr d
= cos3 d
= 
cos3 cos5 d
= 
cos8 d Fig. 6.10
= 
= 
2
I = 
r4 cos3 dr d = 
Ex. 2 : Evaluate r sin dr d over the cardioid r = a (1 – cos ) above the initial line.
Soln. :
The cardioid r = a (1 – cos ) is as shown in Fig. 6.11. The region of the integration is above the initial line.
Take a radial strip SR, along strip constant and r Varies from r = 0 to r = a (1 – cos ).
New turning the strip throughout region therefore varies from = 0 to = .
I = r sin dr d
= sin d
Fig.6.11
= sin [a2 (1 – cos )2]
= 
I = 
(sin – 2 sin cos + sin 
) d
= 
2 (sin – sin2 + sin 
) d
= 
+
I = a2= a2
I = 
NOTES:
Area enclosed by plane curves expressed in Cartesian coordinates:
Y (x,y) P Q (x+dx,y+dy) y=f(x)
V U
G H dxdy
A R S B
x=a y=0 x=b X
Consider the area enclosed by the curves 
And 
and the ordinates
Area =
Consider the area enclosed by the curves 
And 
and the ordinates
Area =
Area enclosed by plane curves expressed in Polar coordinates:
Consider the area enclosed by the polar curves 
And 
and the line 
Area =
Ex.1: Find the area between the curves 
and its asymptote.
Solution: The curve is symmetrical about x axis not passing through origin. Also 
is the asymptote to the curve and intersect x axis at 
for 
curve doesn’t exists. And for 
and
. Because of symmetry
Put 
x | 0 | 2a |
t | 0 | 1 |
Ex: 2: Show that the area of curve 
is 
Solution: The curve is symmetrical about Y - axis passing through origin and there exists a cusp at origin. It intersects Y-axis at (0 , 0) , (0 , 2a) .
Also 
.
Putting 
.
Ex.3: Find the Area included between the two cardioids 
Solution: - Area = 
= 
= 
= 
Ex.4: Find the Area common to the two circle 
Solution: - By converting the given circle into polar form we get
Area = 
Definition: Let f(x,y,z) be a function which is continuous at every point of the finite region (Volume V) of three dimensional space. Divide the region V into n sub regions of respective volumes
. Let (
) be a point in the 
sub region then the sum:
= 
Is called triple integration of f(x, y, z) over the region V provided limit on R.H.S of above Equation exists.
Spherical Polar Coordinates
Where the integral is extended to all positive values of the variables subjected to the condition 
Ex.1: Evaluate
Solution : Let
I = 
= 
(Assuming m = 
)
= 
dxdy
= 
=
= 
dx
= 
dx
= 
=
I =
Ex.2: Evaluate 
Where V is annulus between the spheres 
And 
(
)
Solution: It is convenient to transform the triple integral into spherical polar co-ordinate by putting
, 
, 
, dxdydz=
sin
drd
d
,
and 
For the positive octant, r varies from r =b to r =a , 
varies from 
And 
varies from 
I= 
= 8
=8
=8
=8
=8 log
= 8 log
I= 8 log
I = 4 log
Ex.3: Evaluate 
Solution:-
Ex.4:Evaluate 
Solution:- 
NOTES:
The volume of solid is given by
Volume =
In Spherical polar system
In cylindrical polar system
Ex.1: Find Volume of the tetrahedron bounded by the co-ordinates planes and the plane
Solution: Volume =
………. (1)
Put 
, 
From equation (1) we have
V = 
=24
=24
(u+v+w=1) By Dirichlet’s theorem.
=24 
=
=
= 4
Volume =4
Ex.2: Find volume common to the cylinders
, 
.
Solution: For given cylinders,
, 
.
Z varies from
Z=-
to z = 
Y varies from
y= -
to y = 
x varies from x= -a to x = a
By symmetry,
Required volume= 8 (volume in the first octant)
=8 
=8
= 8
dx
=8
=8
=8
Volume = 16
Ex.3: Evaluate
1. 
Solution:-
Ex.4:
Ex.5: Evaluate 
Solution:- Put
NOTES:
MASS OF A LAMINA :- If the surface density ρ of a plane lamina is a function of the position of a point of the lamina, then the mass of an elementary area dA is ρ dA and the total mass of the lamina is 
In Cartesian coordinates, if ρ = f(x, y) the mass of lamina, M=
In polar coordinates, if ρ = F(r, Ө) the mass of lamina, M=
Ex.1: A lamina is bounded by the curves 
and 
. If the density at any point is 
then find mass of lamina.
Solution:
Ex.2:If the density at any point of a non uniform circular lamina of radius’ a’ varies as its distance from a fixed point on the circumference of the circle then find the mass of lamina.
Solution:
Take the fixed point on the circumference of the circle as origin and diameter through it as x axis. The polar equation of circle 
And density
.
Mean Value:
The mean value of the ordinate y of a function 
over the range 
to 
is the limit of mean value of the equidistant ordinates 
as 
Mean Square values of function 
over the range 
to 
is defined as
Mean Square values of function 
Mean Square values of function 
Root Mean Square Value: (R.M.S. Value):
If y is a periodic function of x of period p, the root mean square value of y is the square root of the mean value of 
over the range 
to 
, c is constant.
Ex. 1: Find mean value and R.M.S. Value of the ordinate of cycloid
, 
over the range 
to 
.
Sol Let P(x,y) be any point on the cycloid . Its ordinate is y.
= 
=
=
R.M.S.Value= 
Ex. 2: Find The Mean Value of 
Over the positive octant of the
Ellipsoid 
Sol: M.V.=
Since 
Put 
M.V.=
The moment of inertia (M.I.) is given by
Where dm = dx dy
1 ) The M.I. Of an area
In Cartesian form: 
Polar form: 
2) The M.I. Of an Arc
, Where dm=ds
Ex.1: Prove that the Moment of inertia of the area included in between the parabolas 
and 
about X-axis is 
, where M is the mass of the area included between the curves.
Solution: M.I. =
(
)
Where A is area included between two curves as shown in the fig
M.I. =
=
=
=
=
= 
=
Now mass of the area included between the curves is
M = 
=
= 
=
= 
M=
= 
But M.I. = 
= 
M.I. =
Ex.2:. Find the M.I. About the line 
of the area enclosed by 
Solution: Here 
If you are using spherical coordinates to find a triple integral, you are going to find that one of the variables (usually ρρ) has no freedom to move. The upper bound equals the lower bound. If you attempted a triple integral you would get 0 volume.
In more abstract transformations you say...
x=f(s,t)y=g(s,t)z=h(s,t)x=f(s,t)y=g(s,t)z=h(s,t)
DS=(∂f∂s,∂g∂s,∂h∂s)×(∂f∂t,∂g∂t,∂h∂t) ds dtdS=(∂f∂s,∂g∂s,∂h∂s)×(∂f∂t,∂g∂t,∂h∂t) ds dt
And the surface integral is
∬∥dS∥ ds dt∬‖dS‖ ds dt
Back to spherical. If you define ρρ as a function of θ,ϕθ,ϕ and calculate ∥dS∥‖dS‖ as described above, you get the same ρ2sinϕρ2sinϕ as you had as your Jacobean for a triple integral.
Reference Books
1) Higher Engineering Mathematics by B. V. Ramana, Tata McGraw-Hill Publications, New Delhi.
2) A Text Book of Engineering Mathematics by Peter O’ Neil, Thomson Asia Pte Ltd. ,Singapore.
3) Advanced Engineering Mathematics by C. R. Wylie & L. C. Barrett, Tata Mcgraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi.
