Unit 1

Writing Skills

1.1 Essay/Paragraph Writing: Narrative, Descriptive and Expository

A paragraph is a group of related sentences that support one central idea. Generally, the paragraphs have three parts: the topic sentence, the body sentences, and the conclusion or sentence of the bridge to the next paragraph or paragraph. Paragraphs indicate where the division of a research book begins and ends, and, thus, helps the reader to see the order of the text and to understand its main points.

Business documents - such as letters, emails, reminders and reports - use categories to distinguish different types of information, ideas, and ideas. The sections written in the business format are organized in an orderly, professional and well-organized manner. When writing a business document, we have to look at how the paragraph will appear on the page, the organization of the section and

Its placement throughout the article. We have to agree on the way our categories are organized. We should use short language and simple style to keep the reader focused on our message.

Structure and Writing Style

Most of the subsections in the book revolve around the formation of three general sections of each section of the research paper, and, by extension, a comprehensive research paper, with an introduction, a body of facts and analysis, and a conclusion. You can see this structure in stages as it relates, describes, compares, compares or analyses information. Each section of the paragraph plays an important role in conveying the meaning you desire to the reader.

Introduction (The Topic Sentence):

Writers don’t get a second chance to make a first impression. The first sentence or topic sentence of the paragraph will give readers a first impression of the argument, the writing style, and the overall quality of the work. A vague, random presentation, full of errors, a wall, or a developing introduction may create a negative impression. On the other hand, a short, fun, and well-written introduction will start readers not thinking too much about writer's analytical skills, writing, and the paper.

Introduction is an important road map throughout the paper. It conveys a wealth of information to readers. Can let them know what the topic is, why it's important, and how it is planned to continue the discussion. In most academic disciplines, introduction should contain a thesis that will enhance the main argument.

Introduction should also give the reader a sense of the types of information to use to make that argument with the general organization of the paragraphs and pages to follow. After reading introduction, readers should not have any major surprises in store when reading the main body of the paper.

Ideally, introduction will make readers want to read the paper. The introduction should spark the interest of readers, making them want to read the rest of the paper. Opening up with a compelling story, an interesting question, or a clear example can get readers to see why the topic is important and serves as an invitation for them to join you in informative discussions (remember, however, that these strategies will not be appropriate for all papers and advice).

The body: follows the introduction; discusses regulatory logic, uses facts, arguments, analyses, examples, and other information.

Conclusion: final stage; it summarizes the connection between the information discussed in the body of the paragraph and the governing concept of the paragraph. For longer paragraphs, you may want to include a bridge sentence introducing the next section or section of the paper. In some cases, the sentence of the bridge may be written in the form of a question.

NOTE: This standard layout does not mean you should not be creative in your writing. Editing when each element fits into a category can make the paper engaging for the reader. However, don't get too creative in trying out the narrative flow of stages. Doing so may jeopardize the central issues of your research and limit the quality of your academic writing.

Construction of a Paragraph

Paragraph content:

Each section has to deal with one main idea. Introduce the main idea to a common statement in the first paragraph of a paragraph. Follow this topic sentence with a few sentences that support the main idea. This may contain informative information or debate to defend your view. Wrap up the paragraph with a summary sentence. If the class is running too long, you risk losing the student's attention. Instead, arrange the long section into two or more sections.

Paragraph Order:

A business document, such as a report or letter, begins with a paragraph that informs the title of the book. This is followed by one or more sections that develop the lesson. The concluding paragraph summarizes the information you provided or asked the student to take some action. For example, a letter outlining the reasons for an ad campaign may begin with an introductory paragraph introducing the campaign, followed by three sections each explaining the unique purpose of the campaign and a concluding paragraph asking the reader to approve the campaign. If the document is long, use headers to separate large sections.

Paragraph Style:

The style of writing a paragraph can be formal or informal depending upon the context in which the paragraph is to be written. For example, while writing a fictional paragraph, an informal style would suffice. Here the tone may be friendly, the text may be personal or impersonal. While writing paragraphs for articles, the reader may be directly addressed. Business texts are written in formal style. Your writing may be read by third parties and kept by the company for many years, so avoid personal comments. Keep your writing up to date using gender-neutral language, as well as grammar and spelling. Keep your sentences short and to the point. Avoid clichés, contraction and slang.

Types of Paragraphs

There are four main types of paragraphs that are used in fiction as well as nonfiction writing, they are:

1. Descriptive Paragraph: A descriptive paragraph is one a type of paragraph which is describing a person, place, thing, animal, theme or idea to the reader. Descriptive paragraphs consist of sentences that make use of the five senses: how something feels, smells, sounds, tastes or looks. The more descriptive your paragraph can get, the more vivid picture you’re providing your reader. A good descriptive paragraph will make them desire they were there experiencing everything you’re talking about. Descriptive paragraphs are powerful tools for fiction writers, as these paragraphs are useful for setting the stage and telling the story.

2. Narrative Paragraph: A narrative paragraph is a type of paragraph which helps the writer in telling a story or keeping a story moving. Narrative paragraphs typically include sentences containing action, events and stream of consciousness that are written in exciting descriptive words. These paragraphs help keep the reader interested in the story. Narrative paragraphs are almost like descriptive paragraphs (and a paragraph may very well be both at once), but a narrative paragraph tends to supply the reader more background information, such as past events that initiate to or cause events within the story. These are also vital paragraphs for fiction writers, as they assist the reader to visualize the complete picture.

3. Persuasive Paragraphs: A persuasive paragraph is one in which the author is truly giving his own opinion on a particular subject or topic. Persuasive paragraphs must include facts and data that help to enforce the writer’s opinion. These paragraphs often show up in speeches or editorial essays and other kinds of writing where the primary goal is persuasion. In fiction, use these paragraphs to convince the reader to feel a particular way toward a character, place or event, perhaps a unique way than they may have felt earlier in the story.

4. Explanatory Paragraph: An explanatory paragraph offers the reader information on a specific subject. These paragraphs may contain directions or might describe a process in an exceedingly logical, linear manner. Explanatory paragraphs should also be factual in nature and don't seem to be a typical tool for fiction writers.

Narrative Essay

The first step in writing an outstanding narrative essay is learning the narrative essay definition. There is no universal definition of narrative essay simply because of how broad and all-encompassing this genre of writing is.

However, when asked to define narrative essay, most academic writers will say that it’s a piece of writing telling a story using a variety of literary device. The narrative essay format is one of the most personal ones in academic writing, but it also requires you to have extensive knowledge of the writing process, not just rely on your own experiences.

Below are the steps involved in writing a narrative essay:

Choosing the Topic:

Now that you know what a narrative essay is, you probably feel ready to move on to the writing process. But before you find out how to write narrative essay, you need to decide what to write about. In other words, you need to pick your narrative essay topic.

Good narrative essay topics always combine proximity to your own interests and the ability to fit into the interests of your audience. Your narrative essay topic should be close to your own experience, but it also needs to be relevant to what your potential audience wants to see.

Because it can be very difficult to cover a broad topic in the limited narrative essay format, the best narrative essay topics are rather narrow. Another sign of a well-chosen narrative essay topic is when you can barely find any relevant information about it on the internet — then your narrative essay is guaranteed to be original and interesting to the public.

Constructing the essay:

Any “How to write a narrative essay step by step” guide will tell you that you need to start your writing process with an outline. The outline of a narrative essay usually follows the standard five-paragraph structure, but the nature of the paragraphs is slightly different from other types of essays.

• Introduction: How can one start a narrative essay that will keep the reader interested until the last word? Think of the introduction to your narrative essay as a setup to a great story. The first sentence of your introduction should be a hook — a particularly interesting anecdote or quote that will set the tone for your story.

The remaining part of the narrative essay introduction should be dedicated to why you believe this story is so significant and what the readers will be able to take from it. Always try to finish the introduction part of the essay with a strong thesis statement that will also serve as the foundation for the rest of the essay.

• Body paragraphs: The three or more body paragraphs are where your main story will take place. In a typical narrative essay outline, the body paragraphs carry most of the significance and should be written particularly carefully if you want your essay to shine.

Each paragraph of the body part of your narrative essay should refer to a separate idea to help readers understand your story better. At the same time, those paragraphs and ideas need to be closely connected to one another and follow a specific order to highlight the logic of the narrative. Most writers prefer the chronological order of events, as it’s easy not to miss anything when you are using this narrative model.

Not every event from your life is filled with interesting and memorable moments, but since you need to make your writing more appealing to the readers, you should definitely include a twist or other unexpected plot device that will spice up your narrative and will be resolved by the end of the essay.

• Conclusion: The conclusion to your narrative essay is not only the final part of your writing, but also the part that will likely stick with the readers for a long time, so make sure every word of it counts. The conclusion should begin by formulating a concise summary of the events included in the essay.

Finish the conclusion by offering one final thought to your readers. Whether it’s your reflection on what the event in question meant for you or your version of how the event could have gone differently, it should be something that readers will think about again and again after reading your paper.

Below are some fundamental rules that must be followed while writing a narrative essay:

1. Use the first-person narrative. Unlike many other types of essays, the format of a narrative essay encourages the use of the “I” pronoun. That way, you will make the story more personal and relatable for your audience.
2. The language of your essay should be more relaxed. It doesn’t need to be too colloquial, but using one or two informal constructions or words that characterize you as a person will help you create a smooth narrative.
3. A narrative essay doesn’t call for citations and references. The narrative is based on your own life and experience, which means there are unlikely any relevant materials to support your writing.
4. Your narrative essay needs to contain just the right number of details. Too little details can hurt the credibility of your essay, and too many details may eventually make your readers feel bored.

Descriptive Essay

Description is a tool that writers use to keep things live for their readers, to make sure their audience is fully immersed in the words on the page. Every time you tell someone a story, or when you tell someone something, you either use the description or you don't know it. The description is basically "I have a blue car" or "That beautiful baby" or "Flowers soften the sun's golden rays and start showing their bright colours". Descriptive words are used to provide more detail and provide more insight. In fact, commentary is a tool that allows many authors (and speakers) to show up instead of just saying, and enabling our readers to interpret our material.

There are two basic types of descriptions: Objective and Subjective. The meaning of purpose is shown in the first two examples above; Provides a true account of the item. Co-explanation provides a personal examination of the details by selecting specific words and phrases, such as clarifying the colours in the example above. Vibration not only provides information on colours, but also gives the idea or judgment of the value in the description. Many interpretations provide a mixture of both, giving the audience an idea of ​​the emotional state of the subject being described.

Sensory details

However, every possible explanation uses sensory information as its basis. These are the five senses that attract attention, smell, sound, taste and touch. In fact, different studies prioritize different sensory details and do not require the use of all five senses for all subjects. We all recognize the importance of looking at detail as a tool, but we don't always know how important other details of interest are. However, think about how often you smell something and immediately think of something or someone else. You can smell freshly baked bread and think of your grandmother's kitchen or popcorn and think of theatre. Listening to a phrase can make you think of an old friend or acquaintance. You can associate a certain kind of garment with the clothes you had as a child. When you take a bite of pepperoni you are reminded of your youthful parties. Sensory information actually plays a major role in keeping the narrative alive.

Using Concrete description:

Try to use specific, concrete definitions. For example, an author can write a beautiful description of a tree. However, he is very handsome. Instead, the concrete or modifier resistor will be strong and provide maximum impact. The reader needs image details to build up their heads, concepts that don't seem like a good analogue for a real-world analogue.

Here is a description of the tree: "The sun's rays illuminated the leaves around the rain, just as the afternoon sky dropped in the evening." The fine features of the tree are "shown" in concrete details rather than simply being pulled out. This gives the reader the illusion of an immediate experience, as opposed to a variety of dictionaries.

Similes and Metaphors:
One way to add descriptive language is to use similes and metaphors, to create an image in the readers' heads by comparing two objects with each other. Metaphors and metaphors help to make connections between two concepts, concepts, or objects that clarify or give new meaning.

A simile to compare using words like or. Usually two different things are compared. For example, bread was as dry as bone. Matching involves a piece of bread that is thick and white than a solid and white bone. The bones are usually dry, and so is the bread. These same characteristics are what make the metaphor successful.

A metaphor says one thing is something else. It's a comparison, but it does NOT use it as a comparison or to make comparisons. For example, my grandmother is an open book. Comparing this means that my grandmother is full of information she willingly shares with others.

To make an simile or metaphor, point to something like the sun, a tree, or a river, or an idea such as love, peace or wrath. Then think of something else with the same features. Decide whether the words "like" or "as" will help make the connection more understandable. An appropriate metaphor or metaphor will enable the reader to view both objects in a new way.

By adding metaphors and metaphors to the definition sheet, the author can attract readers' thinking and make writing more interesting to read. Icons and metaphors add spice to the descriptions. However, many pieces come in the form of metaphors and metaphors, so try to create comparisons specific to your particular topic.

The Structure of a Descriptive Essay

Descriptive essays often describe a person, place, or thing that uses sensitive information. The structure of the descriptive text is more flexible than other filtering methods. The introduction of a descriptive article should set the tone and point of the essay. The thesis should convey the author's general opinion of the person, place, or thing described in the body paragraphs.

Article organization can better track spatial order, classification of ideas according to physical characteristics or appearance. Depending on the author's description, the movement can move from top to bottom, left to right, near and far, warm, cold, inviting, and so on.

Example, if the theme was the customer's kitchen during the renovation, you could start heading to one side of the room and then slowly to the other side, explaining materials, cabinetry, and so on. Or, you can choose to start with the old kitchen remnants and move on to new installations. Maybe start at the bottom and climb up to the roof.

Writing a Description

In order to write an essay, you need to pick a topic and decide how to make that topic clearly in your audience. If the title of a piece is simply a description of a specific area, you should decide which elements of that area, when outlined in the text, will be most appealing to your audience. The first step in any descriptive writing is to choose a topic and start making a thesis statement. You may choose to specify a specific location.

Thesis

Although Minnesota may seem attractive and cold to outsiders, the natives of the state find it a great place to live.
We can see from this thesis statement that the author will try to show the features of Minnesota that make it a great place to live. After defining a thesis statement, you should come up with a list of logical words that provide visual information and support the template. You can start by thinking about the five senses. What does your particular place look like, smell, feel, taste and feel? How can you best describe these senses so that the reader can feel how they feel? By organizing elements of descriptive language into easy to manage categories, such as the five senses, you are able to get involved directly in what elements of meaning are most useful.

Presentation Order

The author in this case may choose to introduce some of Minnesota's best features in terms of seasonal and climate change. Details can be revealed in order, early spring and winter travel, highlighting the features of each season that strongly support the template, that Minnesota is a great place to live.

Before starting the essay, give some thought to your audience. Who will read the essay, and how would you like to impact the readers? Awareness of the audience is important in choosing the level of behaviour you take with your writing. Knowing your audience will also help you distinguish information that should be included in your entire article. Assume that your audience knows very little or nothing about your subject matter, and includes details that may seem obvious to you.

Audience

Example Audience: In this particular article, the author wants to show an outsider why Minnesota's indigenous people are so happy to live there. The article should help break the barriers of those outside with the cold Minnesota climate and the visible drop. Because this story is designed for those who do not live in Minnesota, and probably never did, it is important to include information on a condition that may be obvious to the native.

With the preparation work complete, now is the time to start writing your essay. Use your thesis statement to start building the first paragraph. The introduction should lay the groundwork for your essay, and the thesis statement should state its purpose.

Introduction

Example: Many who have not been to the state of Minnesota only hear about its cold weather and disappointing reputation. They are sure to miss the great opportunities Minnesota offers. Each season offers a unique feel familiar to the Minnesota indigenous people and visitors and they love it. Although Minnesota may seem attractive and cold to outsiders, the natives of the state find it a great place to live.

When the introduction is complete, it's time to start building up the body parts of your article. Each body part should have a central theme by itself, and the theme must be expressed in the topic sentence. As a result, each sentence of the paragraph should coincide with and support the topic sentence. Physical categories are where most information should be provided. When writing the first draft of your essay, include as much detail as possible. You can always remove those that do not use the server again when reviewing your draft. In the case of the Minnesota environmental issue, we decided to set up body categories depending on the season, the beginning of spring.

The body

Example: Spring in Minnesota brings new life to the state after a long winter. The rain cleanses the landscape, leaving its fresh scent for all to enjoy. The flowers brighten up the golden sun's rays and begin to show their vibrant colours. Early birds can be seen and heard throughout the forest and in the fields, recounting their stories in beautiful songs. The pools begin to show their glossy finish as the ice melts slowly under the heat of the season.

Once the body parts are complete, it's time to finish the story and finish. The conclusion should conclude based on what has been posted throughout the body of the story. You need to get back to the idea, but not to the extreme. The conclusion should give the reader a final idea of ​​what it means to tell a story. Remember that nothing new should be presented in the conclusion, and the way it is presented should give the reader a sense of the end.

Conclusion

Example: The variety of activities and different times available in Minnesota reveals the various advantages of this condition. As one looks at the benefits of each season, it becomes clear why many indigenous Minnesota are satisfied with their homes. Minnesota is a wonderful place to live.

Once the essay is done, it's time to re-read and revise your article (and see review sections of this book). Read your draft first and identify all the descriptive words you used. If possible, go back and add more after what you have already used in the story. If you can, read your friend aloud and tell him which pictures are clearer and which pictures need further improvement. Replace any cloud-based images with additional meaning. Also, check to see if your descriptions use all five senses: sound, smell, texture, sight, and taste. Repeat these steps as many times as you can until you are happy with your product.

Key points

• Paragraphs should explain something clearly to the reader using strong hearing details.
• Sensitivity information attracts five human senses: sight, sound, smell, taste and touch.
• The essay should start with a great idea of ​​a person, place, or thing.

Expository Essay

An expository essay is a piece of writing where the author’s job is to introduce the audience to a particular concept.

Main Types of Expository Essays

After learning the expository essay definition, it’s easy to think that this written assignment is pretty straightforward and can be mastered very quickly. That is why many students are surprised to learn that there are actually six main types of expository essays that are commonly used in modern schools:

1. Definition essay, where the writer attempts to give a more precise definition to a concept that has been already defined by other scholars;
2. Classification essay, where the writer takes a complete concept and breaks it down into groups and pieces;
3. Problem and solution essay, which requires the writer to define a problem and then offer a solution that has the highest chance of solving the problem;
4. Cause and effect essay, where the writer needs to cover the reasons for the subject in question happening and the possible results of the event;
5. Process essay, also known as the “how-to essay”, where the writer describes the steps in a particular procedure that will lead to the desired result;
6. Comparison and contrast essay, where the writer compares two subjects and defines their differences and similarities.

What is the purpose of an expository essay?

On paper, the assignment of writing an expository essay seems easy, but, as we have already established, there are six types and even more variations of expository essays that you may encounter throughout your academic journey.

The purpose of an expository essay, in general, is to give the readers a detailed introduction of the subject of the paper, but in reality, your job can be different. Always carefully check the writing prompt to see which type of essay you are required to write — only then will you be able to choose the appropriate expository essay format, structure, and content.

Below are the steps involved in writing an expository essay:

Choosing a topic

In some cases, you will be given the topic for your essay by your professor, but students are also often asked to choose their own topic for their essay. If you want the readers to be touched by your writing, it’s important to choose a topic you are personally passionate about.

Ideally, the topic should be also closely connected to the current state of the world and society — those topics always resonate with the public and make your writing even more interesting. Finally, in order to write a convincing essay, you should pick a topic you know well even without outside sources.

Expository essay outline

After seeing some expository essay examples for college or high school, you will be relieved to know that the outline of a typical expository essay is no different from the outline of most other essays you have already written.

Nearly every expository essay outline follows the classic five-paragraph structure, which includes an introduction, three body paragraphs, and a conclusion. The number of body paragraphs can be higher or lower than that, but the order and content of the chapters remain the same.

• Introduction: The purpose of the introduction to your expository essay is to unveil the topic of the paper to your audience, explain your reasons for choosing this particular subject, and to introduce the thesis statement. The thesis statement should be brief and strong, as you will refer to it several times throughout the paper.

• Body paragraphs: The body paragraphs of your expository essay will further expand the topic with the help of evidence. The evidence can come in different forms, including statistics, quotes, and results of your research. It’s important to remember that each body paragraph should be dedicated to a separate idea, so that the readers don’t have a hard time jumping from one statement to another.

• Conclusion: In your conclusion, there is no need to offer any new facts or information to the audience. Instead, you should repeat your thesis statement and offer a brief summary of the body paragraphs to convince the readers that you presented the most complete exploration of the subject.

Expository essay do’s and don’ts

As with most challenges in student life, there is a right and wrong way to write an expository essay. To increase your chances of writing a strong paper, check out some do’s and don’ts of how to write an expository essay:

Do:

• Use the strongest evidence you have available;
• Only use evidence that comes from credible sources;
• Take a critical look at your writing to detect potential counterarguments and your response to them.

Don’t:

• Simply repeat your expository essay introduction in the conclusion;
• Use your own experience as evidence;
• Make your essay wordy simply to meet the word count.

Questions to ask when writing your expository essay

Now that you know how to start an expository essay, it will also be appropriate to learn how to finish it the right way. After you have perfected your final draft, it is time to give your essay the last check by asking the following five questions to yourself:

• Have I chosen a topic that will resonate with the public?
• Have I only used relevant evidence or can some of it be excluded without damaging the integrity of the essay?
• Did I create a logical flow of the narrative or is my essay all over the place?
• Did my evidence come from reliable sources?
• Was I thorough when showing the different aspects of the subject?

Key Takeaways

1. An expository essay is a piece of writing where the author’s job is to introduce the audience to a particular concept.
2. A narrative essay is a piece of writing telling a story using a variety of literary device. The narrative essay format is one of the most personal ones in academic writing, but it also requires you to have extensive knowledge of the writing process, not just rely on your own experiences.
3. Descriptive essays often describe a person, place, or thing that uses sensitive information. Description is a tool that writers use to keep things live for their readers, to make sure their audience is fully immersed in the words on the page.
4. There are two basic types of descriptions: Objective and Subjective.
5. All essays consist of three main elements:

• The introduction: includes the topic sentence and main points to be detailed in the body
• The body: includes the main content of the essay and all the facts, statistics and information related to that content
• The conclusion: includes a summation of the information given in the body. No new information regarding the topic is provided here.

1.2 Journalistic Report Writing/ Feature Writing/ Writing Reviews and Columns

The success of a business or industrial organization lies in doing its job for this purpose, gathering information and passing it on to those who need it is important. In the broader collection and transfer of information is happening all the time in every area of ​​formal life. So, scientists, working brokers, testers, journalists, and various professionals, government and private organizations are asked to write and report to their management on important topics at the institution or the person involved.

Reports can be as short as a few sentences and as long as a few large pages. Although reports can be verbal and informal, here we are concerned with written and formal reports.

A formal report is comprised of the following sections:

1. Title Page

The title page includes the main title of the report, it must be short and concise. You can also include the word counts of your summary and main body.

B.    Table of Contents

Help your reader quickly and easily find what they are looking for by using informative headings and careful numbering of your sections and sub-sections.

For example:

C.   Introduction

The introductory part of the report comprises of statement of the objectives of the report and how the report should be treated by the readers. It should indicate towards the problem that is going to be addressed in the main body. It should be catchy and interesting to grasp the attention of the reader from the very start.

D.   The Body

The main body consists of the central theme or the main idea of the report. It can be divided into a number of sections and subsections to separate your research and subsequent findings in a logical order.

E.    Figures, Graphs, Formulae and Tables

This section consists of the statistical representation of the data you have collected. Ideas should be conveyed in the form which is most suitable to the reader and easily understandable by the reader. Excessive use of these tools should be avoided.

F.    Conclusion

The conclusion is a kind of summing up of all the points you have stated in the main text. It should be a definite solution to the problem introduced during the introductory part of the report. The conclusion must be short and to the point.

G.  Summary

Summarize all the key points stated in the report including your research, your findings and your conclusion. The summary should feel like a brief overview of your investigations and outcomes. The summary should be constructed in such a way that it can be called a stand-alone document on its own.

H.   References

References must include detailed information of all your citations and the sources of material quoted in your texts. It can also include bibliography for further reading.

I.      Appendices

This is the last element of a report. It refers to any material which can be useful in the detailed understanding of your subject. It is not meant for the casual reader but for readers who are highly interested in the subject.

Feasibility Report

A feasibility report is a testimony that attempts perform some kind of action. Feasibility reports are created to persuade/help the decision makers to settle on between available options. Remember that your option isn't is not the sole choice available, the decision makers will probably have many to decide on from. A feasibility report also determines whether or not the investigated task can be accomplished with the amount of resources available OR what percentage resources will be necessary so as to complete the task. A feasibility could also be useful in a lot of different situations like event planning, finances, or perhaps remodelling your home.

Important Features of a Basic Feasibility Report

Below are the seven elements of a feasibility report:

• Introduction – you need to persuade the decision maker to even consider any kind of alternative. You need to convince them to even read your report first. Tell them what they're going to gain personally or as a corporation by considering your work.

• Criteria/Constraints – you must specifically design the standards of what the ideal outcomes are. This will allow you to make practical and logical decisions. You can present the standards in your feasibility report in one of two ways. First, you may separate the criteria into its own section. This is best if you have a extensive report and you would like to go in-depth with the reason. Second, you may incorporate the standards throughout your report because the criteria become relevant. However, it's important to comprehend that whichever strategy you chose ensure that the criteria is introduced early within the report. It is also vital to design the constraints of your suggested solutions. This will show the audience that you understand and acknowledge the fact that no solution is ideal. This will also confirm that the audience makes the choice in their best interest.

• Method – it's vital to present facts that are accurate and relevant. You should state the reliable sources you used and what method they came from (internet, interview, book, etc.). Without a reputable research method or credible sources your document itself will lack credibility.

• Overview of other Options – you must underline the key features of every possible option. Make sure they're easy to comprehend and presented in a friendly layout. Keep in mind that the goal is to allow your audience to make the best decision.

• Evaluation – This must be the majority of your report, you must evaluate the choices using the criteria you created. Add graphs, charts, etc. to show that you have studied your options, and have come up with statistics that affirm your reasons on why your alternative beats the competition.

• Conclusions – you need to state the conclusion you have come up with. How did you evaluate the alternatives? And then from there, which alternative best suit your organization.

• Recommendations – you need to use your experience and knowledge so as to state which option or choice should be adopted.

Investigative Report

An investigation report is a document that details the findings of an investigation as soon as a formal complaint is filed or an event occurs. This is where investigators record the problems of the matter, analyse the evidence, and formulate a conclusion. An investigative report is impartial, unbiased and founded on evidence, irrespective of the opinions of an investigator or the parties involved.

Investigation reports aim to supply decision-makers with the facts needed to work out a course of action. They can even be used to make sure that a case undergoes a timely, complete, and accurate investigation.

There is no specific investigative report writing format. All you need to understand and keep on with is a structure. Therefore, outlining is the commencement in investigative report writing because it will assist you to understand what type of information you need to collect and the way to present it. Here is a basic example of the outline:

• General case information - This section must include the name of the reporting person, case number, and important dates.
• Brief summary - This part shortly overviews the incident, causes and outcomes of the incident and all the involved parties.
• Recommendations – This part must include pieces of recommendation on the measures that need to be taken.
• The purpose of investigation - defines the objectives.
• Incident descriptions - This section provides a chronological description of the incident.
• Interviews documentation - Interviews documentation gives detailed information on the interviews of everyone involved in the incident, including notes of the interviewer.
• Interviews summary - reveals the most important data gathered during interviews.
• Evidence & other findings - Evidence must include everything sufficient that has helped to understand the situation and find a necessary solution.
• Conclusion - Conclusion presents a final judgment on a case, includes summarized information about a certain violation and also the policies which will be applied.
• Appendices - This covers necessary additional materials.

Journalistic Report/ Feature Articles

Journalism is the practice of gathering, recording, verifying, and reporting on information of public importance. The most important difference between journalism and other forms of non-fiction writing is the idea of objectivity. Journalists are expected to keep an objective mindset at all times as they interview sources, research events, and write and report their stories. Their stories should not aim to persuade their readers but instead to inform.

A typical newspaper report contains five parts:

Headline: This is a short, attention-getting statement about the event.

By-line: This tells who wrote the report/story.

Lead Paragraph: This has all of the who, what, when, where, why and how in it. A writer must find the answers to these questions and write them into the opening sentence(s) of their report.

Explanation: After the lead paragraph has been written, the writer must decide what other facts or details the reader might want to know. The writer must make sure that he/she has enough information to answer any important questions a reader might have after reading the headline and the lead paragraph. This section can also include direct quotes from witnesses or bystanders.

Additional Information: This information is the least important. Thus, if the news article is too long for the space it needs to fill, it can be shortened without Information: rewriting any other part. This part can include information about a similar event.

Writing Reviews

The goal of a review is to evaluate or judge a piece of writing, a movie, a television show, food at a restaurant etc. When one writes a review, their task is to state their personal opinion or judgement on the thing being reviewed and support it. This is done by presenting reasonable explanations behind their opinions and providing evidence to support their claims

Below are some methods for writing an effective review:

1 Read, watch, or hear the work more than once

The first time you read or watch something, get an overall sense of the work. Then think about its strengths and weaknesses. Read or watch it again to substantiate your first impressions. This time, take careful notes. Be flexible enough to change your mind if a more in-depth look sends you in a different direction.

2 Provide essential information

Tell readers the whole title of the work and also the name of its author or creator. Supply the publisher, publication date, and other information about when the piece was created and where readers or viewers can find it. Check your facts. The details in a review must be accurate.

3 Understand your audience

Reviews appear in all sorts of places. You’ll find them in local and national publications, online, and also in specialized journals and neighbourhood newsletters. Research the places you hope to publish your review, and write accordingly. Think about what you need to explain. General readers will need more background information than readers of a publication aimed toward experts.

4 Take a stand

State your opinion of the work you’re evaluating. Your review can be negative, positive, or mixed. Your job is to support that opinion with details and evidence. Even if readers do not share the same opinion as you, they need to understand how you reached your conclusions.

5 Explain how you’re judging the work

Decide on your criteria, the standards you’ll use to evaluate the book, show, or film. You might believe a story is successful when it's characters you care about and a plot that makes you want to keep reading. State these criteria so your readers understand what you think.

6 Introduce evidence to support your criteria

Support your judgments with quotations or descriptions of scenes from the work. Also consult outside sources. Have other critics agreed with your opinion of this work? You may want to mention these reviews, too. Always ensure to cite another writers’ work correctly, if used.

7 Know the conventions of the genre

Every form of writing or art has specific elements. A mystery needs to have suspense, while a romance must have characters you believe would be drawn to one another. Consider theme, structure, characters, setting, dialogue, and other relevant factors. Understand these conventions and take them into consideration as a part of your criteria.

8 Compare and contrast

Comparison may be an excellent way to develop your evaluation. Suppose you claim that a movie has wonderful, original dialogue. Demonstrate this by sharing some dialogue from another film that has stiff, wooden, or clichéd dialogue. Use the contrast to prove your point.

9 Do not summarize the entire plot

Books, films, and television shows have beginnings, middles, and endings. People read and watch these works partially because they wish to know what happens. Let them enjoy their stories. Provide a general idea of what happens, but don’t disclose important secrets, especially the climax/conclusion.

Key Takeaways

1. The title page includes the main title of the report, it must be short and concise.
2. The table of contents should be clear enough to enable the reader to find exactly what they are looking for in the report.
3. The introductory part of the report comprises of statement of the objectives of the report and how the report should be treated by the readers.
4. The main body consists of the central theme or the main idea of the report.
5. The conclusion is a kind of summing up of all the points you have stated in the main text.
6. References must include detailed information of all your citations and the sources of material quoted in your texts.
7. Feasibility reports are created to persuade/help the decision makers to settle on between available options. A feasibility report also determines whether or not the investigated task can be accomplished with the amount of resources available OR what percentage resources will be necessary so as to complete the task.
8. In a feasibility report, you must specifically design the standards of what the ideal outcomes are. This will allow you to make practical and logical decisions.
9. It is crucial to present only accurate, relevant facts in a feasibility report.
10. Add graphs, charts, etc. to show that you have studied your options, and have come up with statistics that affirm your reasons on why your alternative beats the competition.
11. In the end of a feasibility report, you need to use your experience and knowledge so as to state which option or choice should be adopted.
12. An investigation report is a document that details the findings of an investigation as soon as a formal complaint is filed or an event occurs.
13. Investigation reports aim to supply decision-makers with the facts needed to work out a course of action.
14. An investigative report must include the following sections: general case information, summary, recommendations, purpose, documentations, interview summary, evidence, conclusion and appendices.
15. The most important difference between journalism and other forms of non-fiction writing is the idea of objectivity.
16. When one writes a review, their task is to state their personal opinion or judgement on the thing being reviewed and support it.
17. While writing a review, provide a general idea of what happens, but don’t disclose important secrets, especially the climax/conclusion.

1.3 Expansion of an Idea

A proverb or an idea could be a famous saying that conveys a general truth or that provides advice on life and behaviour, for example: ‘Honesty is the best policy’, ‘All that glitters is not gold’. Proverbs are simple in form, yet full of meaning. Though they include short sentences, they contain plenty of wisdom. Sometimes proverbs make use of metaphors to convey the meaning.

Expansion of Ideas/Proverbs: Expansion of proverbs could be a meaningful writing task. It involves understanding the meaning of a saying, what it implies and the way it relates to the present time. To expand a proverb, one has to explain its meaning and elaborate on its significance by using reasoning and giving examples from real life to convey its truth and wisdom clearly to the reader. A good para written for expansion must have 1) unity of thought; (2) order; (3) coherence; (4) variety and (5) Expansion.

Some guidelines for expansion of ideas/proverbs:

• In the first instance, read the given proverb. Think about the proverb and understand its meaning, significance and implications.
• Think of one or two examples from real world, from books you may have read and films you have watched or from other sources.
• Arrange your thoughts in a logical sequence and write the piece, using simple language and keeping to the usually allowed one-page limit.
• Make the opening and conclusion interesting and impressive.

Examples of Expansion of Proverbs

Haste makes waste (or) Slow and steady wins the race.

When we do any work, we must always be very careful. We should not be in a haste/ hurry. We should work slowly and steadily to get better result. For example, while climbing a tall tree or a hill, we must always be very careful. Any small negligence or haste will make us slip and fall. In the story of the hare and the tortoise, the tortoise walks slowly and steadily. It wins the race with confidence. Whereas the hasty but lazy hare finally loses the race with its over-confidence. Similarly, the student who reads regularly from the start can easily pass the examination and obtain good marks. But the student who reads hastily just before the examinations, may fail. Hence, in every walk of life, to succeed in our goals, we must always make our efforts continuously and thoroughly.

Strike while the iron is hot. (Or) Make hay while the sun shines

(Means = Seize the opportunity when it comes on your way) (Hay = dried grass)

The proverb tells us that when an opportunity comes in our way, we must always make use of it without delay. Hay means dried grass like straw. It has to be stored for the cattle. We have to dry the grass and make the hay while the Sun is shining to store it for the long run. Once we lose the chance, we cannot dry the grass in the winter or rainy season. In the same way, when the iron is hot only, we are able to bend it into any shape by striking on it. If it is cooled, we cannot bend it. These examples tell us that we must make use of a good opportunity when it knocks our door. If we miss it, we cannot get a similar opportunity back. So, we must make use of the available time and opportunities well and do the correct thing at the proper time.

Honesty is the best policy:

Honesty means being truthful and fair in thought, speech and action. The lives of great men across the globe like Mahatma Gandhi, Jesus, Abraham Lincoln, etc., prove that their greatness was because of their honest nature. History tells us that honest people are always respected. In the modern age also people like Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, Anna Hazare, etc., are honoured for their honesty and not for his or her wealth and power. Honesty gives courage to face any difficulties. Hence, honest people are able to do any great things in their lives in straight and fair manner. On the other way, dishonest people are cowards. They always want to attain something with unfair means or corrupt methods. Ultimately, they fail in life. An honest person is remembered even after his death. A dishonest person is hated even during his life-time. Hence, honesty is the most significant policy one needs to follow through his entire life.

All that glitters is not gold (or) Appearances deceive:

Generally, people give value to the external appearances. But the external appearance cannot be always reliable. For example, Gold is a precious metal and it shines brightly. But, just because some other metals also shine, they cannot be as valuable as gold. That is, all that glitters is not gold. People get deceived by the outward appearances. A person who appears very innocent may prove cruel. Hence, we must attempt to know the inner quality of an individual or a thing to assess his/ its value. We must not fall within the trap of external attraction.

A Stitch in time saves nine:

This proverb tells us the importance of being careful at the correct time. When we observe any defect or mistake in anything, we must attempt to correct/ repair it in the initial stage itself. Otherwise, the problem becomes bigger and unsolvable. By being careful in small things, we are able to avoid major dangers. For example, if a cloth is torn little, we must immediately attend to it and stitch it. Otherwise, the tear of the fabric becomes bigger and can't be repaired. Any symptoms associated with ill-health or disease should be attended carefully. Otherwise, the diseases may aggravate and take life itself.

Necessity is the mother of invention:

The proverb tells us that the requirement of a thing forces us to think actively. Solutions for problems are often acknowledged if only we use our brains. But we use then only if there's need. This leads to the invention of a brand-new thing. Most of the scientific inventions in human history are answers to some pressing need. Primitive man’s need for food forced him to shape weapons for hunting. His need and requirement to travel extensively across the globe resulted in invention of steam boat and later electric motor. Most medicines are the results of the requirement for the cure to fatal diseases. Thus, necessity is the mother of invention.

Key Takeaways

1. An idea proverb is a famous saying that conveys a general truth or that provides advice on life and behaviour. They are simple in form, yet full of meaning and contain plenty of wisdom.
2. Expansion of ideas or proverbs involves understanding the meaning of a saying, what it implies and the way it relates to the present time.
3. To expand a proverb, one has to explain its meaning and elaborate on its significance by using reasoning and giving examples from real life to convey its truth and wisdom clearly to the reader.
4. A good para written for expansion must have 1) unity of thought; (2) order; (3) coherence; (4) variety and (5) Expansion.

1.4 Dialogue Writing/ Writing Based on a Situation

Dialogue is usually a conversation between two or more people in a narrative work. As a literary technique, dialogue serves several purposes. It can advance the plot, reveal a character's thoughts or feelings, or show how characters react in the moment. Dialogue is written using quotation marks encapsulating the speaker's exact words. These quotation marks are meant to keep the dialogue aside from the narration, which is written as standard text.

In writing, dialogue shows a character speaking. It works to inform you more about the character and the way they converse with others or react. When it involves dialogue, you may see two types: outer and inner dialogue.

• Outer dialogue is when a character talks to a different character within the story or play. This is the classic dialogue you see most of the time, indicated by quotation marks.
• Inner (internal) dialogue is when a character talks or thinks something to themselves like an inner monologue. In written works, this can be indicated by quotation marks or italics.

A Dialogue is a collaborative, two-way conversation. The role of the participants is to exchange information and build relationships with others.

For some, dialogue is a focused and intentional conversation, a space of civility and equality in which those who differ may listen and speak together. For others it is a way of being—mindful and creative relating. In dialogue, we seek to set aside fears, preconceptions, the need to win; we take time to hear other voices and possibilities. Dialogue can encompass tensions and paradoxes, and in so doing, new ideas—collective wisdom—may arise.

All dialogue should pass the following criteria:

• It must move the story forward. The reader should be one step closer to either the climax or the conclusion of the story they are reading, after every conversation or information exchange.
• It should reveal relevant information about the character. The right dialogue must provide the reader with insights into how the character feels, and what motivates him or her to act.
• It must assist the reader to understand the connection between the characters.

1. Brevity: Dialogue shouldn’t go over for pages and pages. The best dialogue is brief. You don’t have to get into lengthy exchanges to reveal a crucial truth about the characters, their motivations, and the way they view the world. Additionally, lengthy dialogue can be exhausting for the reader. Pair the dialogue all the way down to the minimum that you need for the characters to communicate with each other.
2. Avoiding Small Talk: Dialogues should be concise and to the point. In the real world, small talk fills the awkward silence, but within the world of writing, the only dialogue to incorporate is the kind that reveals something necessary about the character and/or plot. For instance, "How’s the weather?" doesn’t move the plot. If you’d prefer to show that your character doesn’t like awkward pauses, work on characterization and scene description. Rather than using unnecessary long exchanges, show the character’s discomfort by describing how she taps her fingers against the window pane, or takes a series of sharp sighs. Small talk can decrease the effectiveness of the dialogue. Instead, pick exchanges that capture the essence of the instant, and bypass chitchat altogether.
3. Avoiding Excessive Information: While you'll certainly use dialogue to find out more about your characters, you shouldn’t use it to dump a whole lot of data on the reader. If the character already knows, then there is no need for another character to repeat the same information. So, what’s the difference between info dumping and revealing relevant information? Info dump is a large amount of exposition given all at once, and left for the reader to sort out. Relevant information is subtler, and it’s dispensed a little at a time.
4. Unique Speaking Styles: Every character, similar to every person you know, will have a distinct way of speaking and delivering their thoughts. Some people are more forceful and deliberate. Others are more passive and meandering. You can honor these (and other) different styles without rambling. For example, to point out that somebody is very gruff or abrupt, go towards single syllable or somewhat quick words, like “yeah.” Characterization can be made unique with the help of different patterns of speech. Does the character speak in an exceedingly sharp staccato, or a deliberate, flowy manner? By knowing how the character (especially the protagonist) speaks, you may create consistency whenever the character dialogues with others.
5. Consistency: Remember to be consistent with your characters. Someone who speaks in a self-depreciating and shy demeanor won’t automatically become bold and acerbic. When your characters speak, they must stay faithful to who they are. Even without character tags, the reader should be able to discern who’s talking.
6. Create Suspense: Use dialogue to increase the suspense between characters. For people to withhold what they’re truly thinking or feeling is a part of human nature. People leave a lot unsaid, and this is also true for the characters in writing. To create a practical interaction between your characters, you need to honor the very fact that the majority people leave plenty of things unsaid. As a writer, you may build the scene, show the characters’ motivations and desires before the scene, and let it play out, with the reader wanting a resolution that doesn’t quite happen.
7. Relationships: Characters tend to talk differently depending on who they’re talking to. A character will speak to his mother differently than he does to his friend. That’s not a shift in consistency. It actually gives more depth and realness to the character. You can still stay faithful to the personality you’ve created by using the same speech pattern.
8. Show, Don't Tell: “Show, don’t tell” is the writer’s mantra. When writing dialogue, it’s easy to begin “telling” what the characters are feeling rather than showing it. Instead of your character saying, “I’m angry, Jan!” describe how the character’s body is closed-- tight lips, narrow eyes, deep breaths. Your dialogue shouldn’t be completely on the nose, and explain exactly what the character is feeling. Body language is a crucial aspect of dialogue, and must be written into every scene. It gives the reader important clues that they’ll use to recreate the scene in their mind.
9. Avoid Speeches and Soliloquies: Most people, in conversation form, don't have the privilege of extended speech. Long speeches will distract the readers from the content of what the writer intends and hence must be avoided.
10. Read it Aloud: During the editing process, you must always read your manuscript aloud, but do pay special attention to your dialogue. If the dialogue doesn’t seem to flow, or you’re tripping over your words, it’s not about to sound correct to the reader. Even though you’re not capturing every aspect of a conversation in your dialogue, everything that’s written should sound like an actual person said it. If not, it’s time to erase and take a look at again.

Key Takeaways

1. Dialogue is usually a conversation between two or more people in a narrative work.
2. As a literary technique, dialogue serves several purposes. It can advance the plot, reveal a character's thoughts or feelings, or show how characters react in the moment.
3. Dialogue is written using quotation marks encapsulating the speaker's exact words. These quotation marks are meant to keep the dialogue aside from the narration, which is written as standard text.
4. Outer dialogue is when a character talks to a different character within the story or play.
5. Inner (internal) dialogue is when a character talks or thinks something to themselves like an inner monologue.
6. The best dialogue is brief. You don’t have to get into lengthy exchanges to reveal a crucial truth about the characters, their motivations, and the way they view the world.
7. Dialogues should be concise and to the point. If the character already knows, then there is no need for another character to repeat the same information.
8. During the editing process, you must always read your manuscript aloud, but do pay special attention to your dialogue.

1.5 Formal/Business Letters

Writing letters is an art and a strategy. The latter can be followed by following formal meetings; the former must be nurtured with the care and deepest interest of man. The letters are generally divided into the following four categories: friendly or informal letters, business letters; invitations and responses, as well as the use of functions.

Importance of a Business Letter

1. Promotional Function: By promoting new products and providing better services to business organizations, improving and enhancing the quality of their products. Customers should be informed through these developments. Business organizations have to expand their market by tapping new areas. All-round expansion is possible only if the organization continues to be well-informed by letters to those people and letters promoting them.
2. Informational work: Business letters provide valuable data about previous policies, transactions and all other activities of the organization. Modern businesses cannot depend on memory like the old days. If they are available then the letters are ready reference. New policies can be developed by studying earlier. Not only is it necessary to maintain good correspondence, but it is also more necessary to make them available in the files.
3. Legal work: Business letters can provide evidence in legal disputes, if any, which is in a transaction. They are useful as legal documents in quotes and offers.
4. Goodwill work: Business letters promote goodwill among business parties that trade. They make a good rapport between the parties in business transactions.
5. Convey information: The fundamental reason for any business letter is to pass on information in regards to practice business exercises. Information can be transmitted through the business letter to clients, providers, indebted individuals, government experts, monetary organizations, bank, and insurance agencies and to any different gatherings related to the business.
6. Conclude exchange: One of the particular functions of a business letter is to finish up an exchange. In finished exchanges business letter are as often as possible utilized.
7. Creation of markets: Business letter are particularly significant for creating interest for new products and services and market creation.
8. Creation of generosity: In this electronic period, messages can be sent inside a couple of moments through electronic media however a very much beautified business letter has its own significance in creating a positive picture of the company.

Features of business letters

1. Knowing What to Say:
   Nothing is more harmful to good communication than muddle-headedness resulting in not being able to make one's point. Before writing a letter one should be sure of what one wants to say and accordingly one should be in command of all the necessary facts and information arranged logically and systematically.

2.     Clarity:
Knowing what one wants to say is not enough unless one says it in as clear a Language as possible. Here comes the importance of the right word and the right expression put in a sentence constructed neatly and with precision. It should, however, be remembered that right words and write expressions become relevant only when they occur in the right place. Thus, emotional and even flowery language may be apposite to a personal Letter but it will be completely out of place in a business letter.

3.     Brevity:
A few generations ago, when man enjoyed unlimited space and time, prolixity in language would not have been unwelcome, at Least in certain kinds of correspondence. In the modern age, however, addition of even one extra word cost time and energy most people will like to avoid. It is all the more the business correspondence. It means that all redundancy, be it a quotation illustration, an elaboration, in short, padding of any kind, must be avoided at all costs.

4.     Accuracy:
Avoidance of redundant helps achieve accuracy of statement. For much unwanted language in letters is the direct result of inaccurate and inconsistent thoughts and statements. A little care, particularly habitual revision of what one has written, will go a long way towards making writing accurate.

5.     Courtesy:
As remarked earlier, a letter reveals its writer's personality and character. Since there is always a 'you' in every letter, it is necessary that this 'you' or the addressee be shown all the courtesy and respect that language can express. Even when a complaint is lodged or a statement or application rejected, care should be taken that it is couched in polite and civilized language. It is worth remembering that while courtesy costs nothing, there is hardly anything more abrasive than impolite language.

6.     Good Looks:
Finally, a letter must be a visual attraction to the reader. It can displease either through wrong spelling and punctuation or bad writing and typing. These are not matters merely of form as even a well-thought out-letter, rich in ideas and having all the qualities of clarity, brevity, accuracy and courtesy may not only fail to make proper impact on the reader, but may even defeat its purpose by causing him unnecessary annoyance.

Parts of a business letter

The following parts usually constitute the structure of a business letter:

• Heading
• Date
• Inside Address
• Attention line
• Salutation
• Subject
• Reference
• Body
• Complimentary close
• Signature
• Enclosure

1. Heading: Many business organisations use printed letter head for business correspondence. The letterhead contains the name, the address, the line of business, telegraphic address, telephone numbers, telex numbers, e-mail address etc.

2. Date: The date should be indicated within the upper right corner of the letter sheet. It's generally written two or three spaces below the last line of the letterhead. There are two methods of indicating the date:

• In the order of day, month and year — 10 July 1999.
• In the order of month, day and year — July 10, 1999. Both methods are acceptable.

It is advisable to write down the names of the month fully.

3. Inside Address: The inside address consists of the names and address of the person or firm to whom the letter is written. It's generally written two spaces above the attention line and two spaces below the extent of date. If there's no attention line it's given above the salutation within the left margin. The complete address, i.e., the name of the person, firm, street, road etc. should be written as indicated in the source you bought the address from. The details shouldn't be abbreviated.  While addressing a firm, ‘Messrs’ is employed before the name. If the firm bears personal title, Messrs should be used. If the letter is addressed to a politician by name, write Mr. Or Shri before the name. If the officer is an unmarried woman, add Miss and if married, Mrs. Or Smt. Before her name.

4. Attention Line: When a letter is addressed to a company in order that it should reach a specific office by name or a specific department, then attention line is typed below the within address. This line is usually underlined.

5. Salutation: Salutation means greetings. It shows the respect or affection or politeness which you introduce during a letter. The selection of salutation depends upon the personal relationship between the author and the reader. It's placed two spaces below attention line or two spaces below the within address. While addressing a firm, company or a club, etc. use ‘Dear Sirs’.

6. Subject: The purpose of subject line is to let the reader know immediately what the message is about. By seeing this the reader can understand at a look what the letter is about. The standard practice is to type this line during a double space between the salutation and the first line of the body.

Dear Sirs,

Subj.: Payment of Bill.

7. Reference: In a reply to an earlier letter reference numbers, date etc. is also mentioned below the topic. Subject and reference must be separate and must stand out clearly to get the attention of the reader.

8. Body of the letter: The body is the most vital a part of a letter. The aim of this part is to convey the message and to produce an appropriate response in the reader. It is, therefore, important to organise and arrange the material very carefully.

Generally, the body consists of the following:

• Opening paragraph.
• Main paragraph.
• Closing paragraph.

The opening paragraph should be written in such how that it attracts the attention of the reader and makes him go through the letter.

The main paragraph contains the topic matter. It should cover all the relevant points which the author wants to convey. It should be written in simple, clear and unambiguous terms.

The closing paragraph should indicate the expectations, intentions and desires of the sender.

9. Complimentary close: The complimentary close may be a polite way of ending a letter. It's typed two spaces below the last line of the body of the letter.

10. Signature: Signature is that the assent of the writer to the subject-matter of the letter. It's placed below the complementary close.

11. Enclosure: Sometimes, papers like price list, catalogue, draft could also be attached to the letter. This is often indicated after the signature and at the left margin. Generally, the abbreviated form “End.” is typed against which the amount of enclosures is indicated.

Layout of a Business Letter

1. Font and Margins

Before writing an official letter, it must be kept in mind that the letter should not only be simple to understand but easy to read as well. Set your margins to be one or one and a half inches per each side of the document, this will help your letter look professional. Using simple fonts like Verdana, Arial, Calibri or Times New Roman with a 12-point size will give your official letter a clean look as well.

2. Heading and Subject

Once your fonts are set, you can begin addressing your letter. First, write your name in the top left-hand corner of the page. Include your name, address and the current date. You can also include your phone number and email if you are requesting further contact.

While writing the recipient's address information, remember to put it directly beneath yours. Write their name, title of their organization if they are representing one, followed by the address. Review the name and address of your recipient more than once to ensure you've written the correct address and spelled their name right.

3. Salutation

You can now professionally greet your reader. A common salutation used in official letters is, "Dear Ms. Or Mr. Last name". If you know both their first name or last name, you can include that in the salutation. For example, you can write, "Dear Alex Smith". If you know their gender, you can write, "Dear Mr. Alex Smith" or "Dear Ms. Alex Smith". If you're unaware of the name of the recipient, you can write, "Dear Sir or Madam".

4. The Body

The body paragraphs are where you can capture your main points and professionally explain your concerns, opinions or other information to your recipient. This is the part where your introduction and the purpose of the letter comes in. You can use verbiage such as, "I am writing to you today because..."

Once you've explained what the recipient will read, you can expand further throughout the next paragraph. Include details that support your first statement. For example, if you were writing a recommendation letter, you could expand on the skills of the person your recommending by saying, "Avery's time-management and organizational skills have improved the efficiency of my business by 12% since the beginning of the quarter."

You can continue giving examples until you believe your point has been clearly understood by the reader. Keep your sentences short, simple and easy for the reader to understand.

5. Conclusion and Signature

After finishing the body of the letter, the conclusion should be written. This paragraph can be short and will finalize the document by repeating your main point, explaining any possible next steps or thanking the recipient for taking the time to read your letter.

After closing the letter, you can provide your closing signature at the end of the document. Examples of common letter signatures are:

• Sincerely
• Sincerely yours
• With appreciation
• Thank you
• Regards
• Yours truly
• Respectfully yours

Carefully select your closing signature as per the requirements and input name at the bottom of the letter.

6. Enclosures

Enclosures are additional materials added to your letter to support your document, similar to when you attach a file to an email. If you're attaching a document to complement your letter, you should mention it near the end of your letter. To inform the reader that an additional document is attached, you can include the word "enclosure" at the end of the letter after your name. You can also shorten the word by writing, "encl."

Write your name and address in the top left-hand corner of the envelope followed by the recipient's name and address in the middle. Now your letter is ready to be sent to the recipient.

Full Block Format

Full block style business letters are appropriate for business correspondence and have a formal appearance, however they may be utilized in informal business situations additionally as formal ones. The most commonly used business letters are typically in full block format. All parts of these letters are left-justified. The main advantage here is usually a fuss-free and efficient preparation of the letter.

Full block format works a single format that may be used in any situation. Block format features all elements of the letter aligned to the left margin of the page. It has a neat and simple appearance. Paragraphs are separated by a double line space.

Below is an example of a Full Block business letter:

Modified Block Format

These letters are considerably less formal than full block style letters. Modified Block letters are useful if one is corresponding with someone they already have a good working relationship with. Modified block is different from block style as the date, sign off, and signature lines begin at the centre point of the page line. The beginning of every paragraph is indented five spaces, in conjunction with the subject line, if used. Depending on the length of the letter, paragraphs can be separated by a single or double-line space. Elements of the letter such as the date, complimentary closing and signature are aligned towards the right of the centre of the page. Paragraphs begin from the left margin. It gives a more balanced feel and creates a visually attractive layout because the alignment of the three parts mentioned above covers what would otherwise have been blank spaces.

Below is an example of a Modified Block business letter:

Semi-Block Format

The semi-block format business letter is comparatively less formal than the block format letter and more formal than the modified block format letter. Semi-block business letters differ from most others therein the first line of every paragraph is indented. Semi-block is comparable to block letters but feature a more informal appearance. All elements are left-aligned, aside from the beginning of every paragraph, which is indented five spaces. Paragraphs are separated by a double line space. This format is more conventional for informal personal letters within which one would like to exude a warm, relaxed and friendly correspondence style.

Below is an example of a Semi-Block letter:

Key Takeaways

1. A business letters promotes products and services, provides information, provides evidence in legal disputes, promotes goodwill, conveys information, creates markets for new products etc.
2. Parts of a business letter include: Heading, Date, Inside Address, Attention line, Salutation, Subject, Reference, Body, Complimentary close, Signature, Enclosure.
3. Layout of a business letter incorporates font and margins, subject, salutation, the body of the letter, conclusion, signature and enclosures.
4. Full block style business letters are appropriate for business correspondence and have a formal appearance, they are left justified.
5. Modified Block letters are useful if one is corresponding with someone they already have a good working relationship with. Modified block is different from block style as the date, sign off, and signature lines begin at the centre point of the page line.
6. Semi-block business letters differ from most others therein the first line of every paragraph is indented.
7. A business letters promotes products and services, provides information, provides evidence in legal disputes, promotes goodwill, conveys information, creates markets for new products etc.

1.6 Job Applications

The application process for internships, internships, and graduate / professional programs usually requires a personal statement or application letter. This type of writing invites writers to present their skills with confidence and accuracy, which can be challenging.

Although the requirements are different in application and application, the purpose of this type of writing is to represent your goals, experiences and qualifications in the best possible light, and to demonstrate your writing ability. Your personal statement or request letter to present to your potential employer or program manager, so it's important that you take enough time to write a piece of creative writing.

Below is the application writing procedure:

• Prepare your materials:
  Before you sit down and write, prepare something to prevent frustration during the writing process itself. Obtain copies of documents such as transcript, resumes and original application form; keeping them in front of you will make your writing career a lot easier. Make a list of important information, with specific names and specific topics for employers and directors, job titles you have worked on, dates for relevant work or volunteer experiences, jobs involved etc. This way, you will be able to look at these materials while writing to include as much detail as possible.

• Write a first draft:
  After you've compiled and reviewed these materials, it's time to start writing. The following is a list of concerns that authors should keep in mind when writing a personal statement / request letter.

Below is an example of a job application letter which can be used as a template for your letters:

1.7 Biodata/ Resume/ Curriculum Vitae

Bio Data

Although resumes and CVs are the most typical documents to use in the hiring process, you may have an occasion to use a biodata instead. A biodata can be called a very thorough resume, which you can use in a variety of employment situations. Since biodata forms are most common in India and South Asian countries, you may need some guidance to get started.

Biodata, short for biographical data, is a one- to three-page document you use when applying for a job. A biodata summarizes most aspects of your life, including personal details, education, skills and work experience. Although the biodata format is less popular than the common resume in the United States, but still features prominently in other countries, such as Pakistan or India.

Biodata vs. Resume

Biodata and resumes serve a similar function, but they have their differences. Resumes are the most common document used when applying for a job in the United States, and they summarize your professional life. It will include details about where you’ve worked, the skills you have, and your education. It’s usually only one page long and is intended as an overview of your career.

Biodata summarizes more than a resume, besides providing details of your personal life. On a biodata sheet, you would include things like your gender, religion, mailing address and hobbies, along with all your professional details. Therefore, biodata documents are a much more comprehensive summary of you as a person and not just your career. They are typically longer than a page.

When to Use Biodata Format

Although biodata sheets are quite uncommon in this day and age, you may find some employers who request a one to supplement your resume.

Outside the United States, you are more likely to encounter biodata documents. South Asian countries in particular prefer the biodata format, so if you are applying for a job in any of the following countries, submit a biodata:

• Bangladesh
• India
• Pakistan
• Sri Lanka

Formatting Your Biodata Document

To create a biodata document, include the following categories of information.

1. Objective: Start by stating why you are submitting your biodata document. List your career and life goals and how this position factors in. Also include why you should be considered for the job or what makes you the perfect fit.

2.     Personal details: A biodata document will include basic details such as your name, gender, date of birth, address, the names of your parents and your email address. You’ll also want to include information about your hobbies, passions, what you’re good at and anything else you think the employer might need to understand you as a person.

3.     Work experience: Your work experience will form another major section in your bio-data. You should list each job you’ve had in chronological order, even if that job does not relate to the job you’re applying for. When listing the details of each experience, put down any awards you’ve won, skills you obtained or other accomplishments you achieved while there. Also list your key responsibilities and day-to-day activities.

4.     Skills: This section must be dedicated to describing any skills you have. If you possess any certifications, are familiar with any software packages or can speak any other languages, list them here. If the skill relates to the job you’re applying for, make sure it’s listed in a prominent place.

5.     Education: Finally, describe your educational background. This also should be listed in chronological order. Try to include any awards or other accomplishments you had while in school, especially if they relate to the job. This is a good place to list things like clubs you were in, your grade point average or anything else that stands out.

Resume

A resume is a short document used to summarize the job search and qualifications of the prospective employer. The resume includes contact details for the job seeker, work experience, education, and the appropriate skills to support the job application.
 

Your renegotiation is a critical part of today's job application process. Writing a good resume is more important than ever now that online job posts tend to attract hundreds if not thousands of applicants. A refurbished, ready-to-start application will increase your chances of getting an interview while poorly written resumes may be lost at sea of ​​applicants.
 

Resume vs. CV
Sometimes you will see the words go on and the CV is used interchangeably. They are not the same. The resume is a short documentary designed to market your professional skills while the cv contains an informative list of your expertise, of your courses, and other information.
C.V stands for curriculum ("course of life"). CVS are separate by design. Think of them as an encyclopaedia version of your professional life, taking your career history, education, credentials, relationships, publication and professionalism. They can extend well over three or four pages.
In the united states, CV’s are usually limited to professions with general positions where deep expertise is critical, such as academics, science and medicine. These CV’s are filled with extended education categories, work history, internships, gigs talk, teaching appointments, magazine publishing and other information that establishes trust.
Re-use across many industries and very short on just one or two pages. That's because the resume is not intended to capture all the details of your previous experience. Your resume should be designed and updated based on the details of each activity you use. Negative jobs in past jobs can be eliminated to save space and attract more attention to your used and accessible skills.

How to write the resume:

• Select the resume format and the categories you need
• Always include contact details, work experience, and education
• Use traditional topics for high compliance
• Apply practical skills directly to the job description
• Replace basic tasks with impactful performance
• Do not include an old goal statement or reference section
• Preview and double-check what you wrote
• Save as docx file (optional) or pdf.

If you think you are done, ask someone else to take care of you. Alternatively, take it to job scan for a quick answer.

Contents of a Good Resume
At the very least, your start-up should include your contact details, work experience, and education. Additional job summary sections, skills, volunteer work, and additional qualifications can be added when related to the job you work for.
The work ethic here is "worth it." remember that your resume is intended to quickly highlight the reasons why you are well prepared for the job. It is not intended to explain all the tasks you have done. Instead of simply listing your daily obligations from past activities, read the job listing and try to find the answer to each of the requirements listed. This is likely to get the attention of an employer who can only look at your return for a few seconds. It also broadens your application tracking system to apply to algorithms that help companies identify top candidates.
Below you will find out which parts of the restart to include in your start-up and how to adapt to the job you are looking for.

Elements of a Resume

Contact information:
The title of your start-up should include the following information:

• Name
• Phone number
• Location (city, country, zip code)
• Email address
• Linked profile url
  It may seem obvious, but job seekers sometimes forget an important piece of contact information in this section. Double check and make it as easy as possible for employers to contact you for job interviews.

Phone number:
Enter a personal phone number, not a work number. Enter your city, state, and zip code (e.g. “Seattle, WA 98104”). This is important as other applicant tracking systems allow employers to filter the candidates based on location. Employers will always start with local selectors first. If you are traveling from somewhere, write down your current location and your future location.

Email address:
Use a valid email address. An email address based around your name is correct, such as jackieromano12@email.com. Your "happy" email address may work well in your life, but the terms "beersnob88" or "biebersuperfan" may not be so clear. Even using a seemingly outdated email client - such as AOL or Hotmail - can harm your prospects. Consider creating a free Gmail account for your search.

Linked Profile url:
If the employer is surprised by your qualifications, they will look at your online profiles. All job seekers should create a strong LinkedIn profile and include a url in their resume. This will make the life of the employer a little easier and help them to cross-check the claims on your resume.

Work experience:
Part of the work experience is the heart of your resume. Separate this category from a clear, existing topic, such as "work experience," "work experience," or "employment history." this will help guide employers towards your resume and ensure that the applicant tracking system (ats) is well defined.

Under the main heading, list each activity in chronological order. Each function should have its own sub-heading that includes the following information:

• Company
• Workplace
• Your job title
• Start and end dates

For example:

• Abc corporation, settle
• Distribution manager (01/2017-present)
  The first things an employer looks for in your resume are the topics of the work you hold and the number of companies you've worked with. This format not only makes it easy for them to access that information, but our research has found that this sequence also provides greater ats compatibility.

Under each subheading, include responsibilities and measurable outputs that are relevant to the job you are working on. Remember, you don't have to include all the activities that were part of your daily routine. Use your available space to highlight the skills and knowledge requested in the job description. Jobscan helps you decide exactly what skills are requested and whether or not you have highlighted them.

Education:
When you have a few years into your career, your education level may also be reduced under your resume. Unless you're using a profession that places more emphasis on education (such as academics, law, or medicine), most job seekers can escape by simply providing the following information on their resume:

• Agency name
• Stem
• School location
• Years visited

If you have just graduated from college, your education level surpasses your professional experience and includes many details. Skills developed in school are real skills that are important in the professional world. Recent rooms can include appropriate coursework, communities, organizations, and extracurriculars that strengthen their identity.

Activities:
98% of fortune 500 companies use applicant tracking systems (ats) to filter, filter, and enter applicants. Other ats’s, such as taleo, can automatically add your own content to the job description, allowing employers to focus only on the best "applicants". Employers are also looking at their application site to find keywords, such as "customer service," "accounts available," or "adobe photoshop."

Overloading or coming up as a search result is about adding complex skills and keywords to your resume. A good way to identify key skills in a list and search algorithms is to identify which skills are most prominent in the job description. Aligning these skills to your resume, where applicable, increases your chances of being selected for an interview

Strong skills should apply to all your resume capabilities. Entering the skills category for your start-up is not a prerequisite, but it can help you have a natural place to list the essential skills in the job you work for. The dedicated skills section also makes your resume much easier for employers trying to quickly find out if you meet their needs.

If you are using the skills section, remember that the list of skills and keywords is not enough. Add context to these skills to your full potential so employers can believe. This includes factors such as projects you have used in skills, the number of years of experience in a given skill, or the level of your expertise.

Historical and free:
Some restart forms allow space for some optional components. Only use the category of awards or honors in your resume if it makes sense for the job you work for. Active reputations will improve your credibility while poor prizes simply distract you from your best titles. For example, decide to get a monthly career or get a great customer satisfaction rating for your department, but maybe not if you are a kart race expert in your free time.

Volunteer work and study:
The work you do as an active volunteer can add to your qualifications and skill set as all paid experience. Also, the word "works." highlight the volunteer work of your start-up that uses the skills that apply to the job you work for. Carefully list voluntary organizations or affiliated organizations, such as political or religious organizations.

What you can leave from your view:

• Statement of note:
  The statement of intent has been used as a standard for the restart and appears in other implementation templates. Traditionally, the purposeful statements were a brief introduction to the resume which explains why the submission is returned. For example, "purpose: to secure a position as a communications manager at a leading sales centre."

Including a purpose that you can restart these days can make you appear later. The job summary statement replaced the purpose of today's reboot. Any other information can serve as a cover letter.

While a statement of objectives describes your goals, a concise statement outlines how you can add value to the company.

• Examinations:
  It is not necessary to write your directions in your resume unless otherwise stated in the job description. In addition, it is assumed that you have references, so there is no need to include "references available on request" either. Use the space you save to add additional skills and achievements.
   
• Soft skills:
  When it comes to your resume, soft skills are not nearly as important as technical skills. That is because it is difficult to demonstrate within the context of a restart. For example, an employer will not take your name from you if you say "you work hard" or "you solve a problem." in fact, it looks like it's short.

Instead of simply writing soft skills, find opportunities to show off your interpersonal and behavioural skills. Achievements and measurable results are a great way to do this. For example, instead of saying "hard work," indicate in writing that you have completed x projects that are more than your department average.

• GPA:
  Only list your GPA as part of your continuing education program if you have recently graduated from college and have a good GPA, similar to a 3.5 or better with a 4.0 rating. There are a few exceptions. Some industries, as professionals, are waiting to see your GPA.

Length of your resume:
While a one-page start-up is sometimes considered to be the best, a two-page resume may be required after five or ten years of staffing, especially if all of your experience is relevant to the job you are pursuing. Managers sometimes have three or more pages running.

That said, your resume should not be longer than it should. Short, step-by-step resumes will easily be digested and highlight your most important skills. After writing your resume, try removing the excess fluff and inappropriate content to reduce your page count and draw your attention to your best titles. No matter how many pages you start, try putting your most impressive titles at the top of the first page with a summary or category of skills.

There are several different ways to format your resume. Choosing the right format will make the writing process easier. When choosing a format, consider the function you are using for it. The chronological, compositional, and functional styles of each work serve a specific purpose.

Curriculum Vitae

If you’re pursuing opportunities in academia or looking for work outside India, it’s important to create a Curriculum Vitae (CV). This document will provide employers with a highly detailed account of your professional and educational history to decide whether to move you forward to the next step in the hiring process.

A curriculum vitae, an abbreviation for C.V, is a Latin term meaning “course of life”. It is a detailed professional document highlighting a person’s experience and accomplishments. Employers often require a CV when considering applications. Therefore, a C.V shares an overview of your career history, education, relevant awards and honours, scholarships, grants, research, projects and publications.

A curriculum vitae may also include professional references as well as coursework, fieldwork, hobbies and interests relevant to your profession. While curating a C.V, you might also choose to add a personal profile that lists your skills and positive attributes to ensure employers have a well-rounded view of your personality and achievements.

Contents of a C.V

While a CV should be specific to one background and tailored to the job for which one is applying, there are several steps you can take to ensure you write an effective CV. Most CVs include the following information:

• Contact information
• Academic history
• Professional experience
• Qualifications and skills
• Awards and honours
• Publications
• Professional associations
• Grants and fellowships
• Licenses and certificates
• Volunteer work
• Personal information (optional)
• Hobbies and interests (optional)

CV Template

Below is a basic template you can follow when formulating your CV:

[Your Name]

[Address, phone number, email address]

Professional summary

[Here, introduce yourself, highlight your best qualifications and explain why you’re a fit for the job]

Education

[Title of degree] [GPA] [Dates attended]

[School name]

[Title of dissertation or thesis]

Work experience

[Job title] [Dates of employment]

[Name of employer] [City and state of employer]

[description of your responsibilities and accomplishments]

Skills

[relevant skills]

Personal interests

[Short paragraph on your personal pursuits]

Community service

[Position held or job performed] [Dates of service]

[Organization] [City and state of organization]

[Accomplishment]

Publications

[Authors with your name in bold] [Year of publication] [Title of article] [Publishing journal]

Awards and honours

[Name of award] [year]

Writing a CV

Below are the seven basic steps for writing a CV:

1. Create a header with contact information

The header should be at the top of the page and must always include your name, phone number and email address so employers immediately know who you are and how to reach you.

2. Write a professional summary

Your professional summary must be a short bio that introduces you to the reader. This section should also sum up your highest qualifications and explains your ideal career path.

3. Detail your education

Since a CV is often used for the academic job search process, it’s important to include a section on your educational history. Provide a list of your academic achievements in reverse chronological order, with your most recent degree first. Include both degrees you’ve earned and those you’re pursuing.

4. Provide your work experience

In this section, provide details of all your practical workplace experience so your prospective employer can see your career path, including:

• Full-time and part-time employment
• Internships
• Research projects
• Lab work
• Volunteer work
• Field experience

Try to include the title of your position, the name and location of your employer and employment dates. After this, list two to three bullet points that explain your job duties.

5. List your relevant skills

If you possess any abilities that apply to the potential job, such as foreign languages or a type of software, list them here. Formulate a list of skills that relate to the job description to make yourself a more desirable candidate and include them here.

6. Include additional sections

CVs are typically longer than resumes so you can detail all the achievements relevant to the potential role. Add sections as needed to list all of your accomplishments, including:

• Publications
• Presentation and lectures
• Community service
• Grants, fellowships or scholarships
• Awards and honours
• Professional memberships
• Consulting work
• Fieldwork
• Study abroad experience
• Conferences

7. Describe your personal interests (optional)

You can choose to include a brief description of your hobbies and interests. Adding a few hobbies in this section may help you form a personal connection with the hiring manager.

Key Takeaways

1. Biodata, short for biographical data, is a one- to three-page document you use when applying for a job. A biodata can be called a very thorough resume, which you can use in a variety of employment situations. They are most common in India and South Asian countries.
2. Biodata summarizes more than a resume, besides providing details of your personal life. On a biodata sheet, you would include things like your gender, religion, mailing address and hobbies, along with all your professional details.
3. A biodata must include: Purpose of submitting the biodata, personal details such as contact information, date of birth and address, work experience, skills such as linguistic skills, computer skills etc, and finally education details.
4. A resume is a short document used to summarize the job search and qualifications of the prospective employer.
5. Contents of a good resume include: contact information, phone number, email address, linked profile URL, work experience, education, extracurricular activities and volunteer work and study.
6. A curriculum vitae, an abbreviation for C.V, is a Latin term meaning “course of life” is a detailed professional document highlighting a person’s experience and accomplishments.
7. Contents of a C.V include: Contact information, Academic history, Professional experience, Qualifications and skills, Awards and honours, Publications, Professional associations, Grants and fellowships, Licenses and certificates, Volunteer work.
8. Since a CV is often used for the academic job search process, it’s important to include a section on your educational history.
9. Adding a few hobbies in the C.V. May help you form a personal connection with the hiring manager.

References

1. Oxford Guide to writing and speaking, John Seely, O.U.P
2. A Communicative Grammar of English, Leech, G.N. And Jan Svartvik
3. Better English Pronunciation, J.O O’ Corner, Cambridge.
4. Effective Technical Communication, M.Asraf Rizvi, Tata McGraw Hill
5. Technical Communication Today, Bovea et al. Pearson.