Unit 4

Non-verbal aspects of Communication

4.1 Non-verbal aspects of Communication: Body language. Kinesics, Proxemics, Para language

When we talk about "communication," we often mean "what we say": the word we use. However, interpersonal communication is more than the clear meaning of words and the information and messages they convey. It also includes implicit messages expressed through nonverbal behavior, whether intentional or not.

Nonverbal communication includes facial expressions, voice tones and pitches, body language gestures (kinesics), and physical distance between communicators (proxemics).

These nonverbal signals can provide clues and additional information and meaning in addition to spoken (oral) communication. Indeed, some estimates suggest that about 70-80% of communication is nonverbal!

Body language or body movement (Kinesics)

Body movements include gestures, postures, head and hand movements, or whole-body movements.

Body movements can be used to reinforce or emphasize what a person is saying, and can also be used to provide information about a person's emotions and attitudes. However, it can also be inconsistent with what is said about body movements.

Skilled observers may be able to detect such behavioural discrepancies and use them as clues to what someone is actually feeling or thinking.

There are several different categories of body movements, including:

Emblem

Gestures that perform the same function as words are called emblems.

For example, a signal that means "OK", "Come here!", Or a hand movement used during hitchhiking. However, keep in mind that while some emblems are internationally recognized, others may need to be interpreted in a cultural context.

Illustrator

Gestures with words to explain verbal messages are known as illustrators.

For example, the common circular hand movements that accompany the phrase "over and over," or nod in a particular direction when you say "over there."

Regulatory authority

Gestures used to provide feedback during a conversation are called regulators.

Examples of "regulators" include head nods, short sounds such as "hmm" and "mm-mm", and expressions of interest or boredom. Regulators allow others to adapt their speeches to reflect the level of interest and consensus. Many people find it difficult to maintain a conversation without receiving feedback. However, again, it may vary depending on the cultural background.

Adapter

Adapters are non-verbal behaviours that meet physical needs. Adapters include actions such as scratching or adjusting unpleasant glasses, or represent psychological needs such as biting your nails when you are nervous.

Usually subconscious, adapters are more likely to be detained in public places than in the private world of the unnoticed individual. Adaptive behavior is often accompanied by feelings of anxiety and hostility.

Posture

Postures can reflect emotions, attitudes, and intentions.

Research has identified various postural signals and their meanings, including:

Open and closed postures

Two forms of posture have been identified: "open" and "closed". This may reflect an individual's self-confidence, status, or receptivity to others.

A person sitting in a closed position may have his arms crossed, his legs crossed, or placed at a slight angle from the person interacting with him. In an open position, you might expect to see someone lift your hand on the arm of the chair and face you directly. An open posture can be used to convey openness, interest, and readiness to someone, but a closed posture can mean discomfort or indifference.

Mirroring

Be aware of how your beloved couples relate to each other. You may want to observe the close relationship directly or on TV. You can see that the attitudes of the partners match, as if one partner is a mirror image of the other. For example, if one partner hangs his arm behind the chair, this can be duplicated in the other person's position. When one partner frowns, it can be reflected in the other partner's facial expression. This "mirroring" shows interest and approval among people.

Closeness and personal space (Proxemics)

All cultures have different levels of physical intimacy that are suitable for different types of relationships, and individuals learn these distances from the society in which they grew up.

The study of personal space is called proxemics.

In today's multicultural societies, it is important to consider the range of nonverbal codes expressed by different ethnic groups. People may feel uncomfortable or defensive when someone violates the "appropriate" distance. Their actions can be misleading.

In Western society, four distances are defined by the relationships of the parties involved.

Para language

Every parent with a small child is familiar with the phrase "don't". The tone of that voice with me. This is a perfect example of how paralanguage (a non-verbal voice aspect) affects your message. The most obvious example is irony, where the tone of what is being said conveys the opposite of the message. Those who draw "Grree eattt" in a concise tone may not be very excited about what is being presented. Para-languages   that are less obvious include speaking speed, volume, and pitch. For example, a presentation tweeted too early suggests that the salesman is at best nervous or, at worst, dishonest. Be aware of your speaking speed and try to speak loudly and clearly as you can hear it. But be careful not to be too noisy, as this will come off as warlike and unpleasant.

Key takeaways:

1. When we talk about "communication," we often mean "what we say": the word we use.
2. However, interpersonal communication is more than the clear meaning of words and the information and messages they convey.
3. Body movements include gestures, postures, head and hand movements, or whole-body movements.
4. Gestures that perform the same function as words are called emblems.
5. Every parent with a small child is familiar with the phrase "don't". The tone of that voice with me.

Be aware of how your beloved couples relate to each other. You may want to observe the close relationship directly or on TV

4.2 Effective listening, Factors affecting Listening Exercises; Oral, Written and Video Sessions; Interviewing skills: Appearing in Interviews, Conducting Interviews, Writing Resume and Letter of Application.

Effective listening, Factors affecting Listening Exercises; Oral, Written and Video Sessions

Effective Listening: Its Principles & Exercises

Listening is the ability to accurately receive and interpret messages within the communication process.

1. Listening is vital to all or any effective communication. Without the ability to listen effectively, messages are easily misunderstood. As a result, communication breaks down and therefore the sender of the message can easily become frustrated or irritated.
2. If there's one communication skill you ought to aim to master, then listening is it.
3. Listening is so important that a lot of top employers provide listening skills training for his or her employees. This is often not surprising once you consider that good listening skills can cause better customer satisfaction, greater productivity with fewer mistakes, and increased sharing of data that in turn can cause more creative and innovative work.
4. Many successful leaders and entrepreneurs credit their success to effective listening skills. Richard Branson frequently quotes listening together of the most factors behind the success of Virgin.

Good listening skills even have benefits in our personal lives, including:

A greater number of friends and social networks, improved self-esteem and confidence, higher grades at college and in academic work, and even better health and general well-being.

Studies have shown that, whereas speaking raises blood pressure, attentive listening can bring it down.

Listening isn't the same as Hearing

Hearing refers to the sounds that enter your ears. It's a physical process that, provided you are doing not have any hearing problems, happens automatically.

Listening, however, requires quite that: it requires focus and concentrated effort, both mental and sometimes physical also.

Listening means paying attention not only to the story, but how it's told, the use of language and voice, and the way the opposite person uses his or her body. In other words, it means being attentive to both verbal and non-verbal messages.

Your ability to concentrate effectively depends on the degree to which you perceive and understand these messages.

Listening isn't a passive process. In fact, the listener can, and will , be a minimum of as engaged within the process because the speaker. The phrase ‘active listening’ is employed to explain this process of being fully involved.

We Spend plenty of time Listening

Adults spend a mean of 70% of their time engaged in some kind of communication.

Of this, research shows that a mean of 45% is spent listening compared to 30% speaking, 16% reading and 9% writing. (Adler, R. Et al. 2001). That is, by any standards, plenty of time listening. It's worthwhile, therefore, taking a touch of additional time to ensure that you listen effectively.

The Purpose of Listening

There is no doubt that effective listening is a particularly important life skill. Why is listening so important?

Listening serves variety of possible purposes, and the purpose of listening will depend upon things and the nature of the communication.

1. To specifically specialize in the messages being communicated, avoiding distractions and preconceptions.

2. To realize a full and accurate understanding into the speaker’s point of view and concepts.

3. To critically assess what's being said. (See our page on Critical Thinking for more).

4. To look at the non-verbal signals accompanying what's being said to enhance understanding.

5. To point out interest, concern and concentration.

6. To encourage the speaker to speak fully, openly and honestly.

7. To develop a selflessness approach, putting the speaker first.

8. To reach a shared and agreed understanding and acceptance of each side views.

Barriers to Effective Listening

To improve the method of effective listening, it is often helpful to show the problem on its head and look at barriers to effective listening, or ineffective listening.

For example, one common problem is that rather than listening closely to what someone is saying, we frequently get distracted after a sentence or two and instead start to think about what we are going to say in reply or think about unrelated things. This suggests that we do not fully hear the rest of the speaker’s message.

This problem is attributed, in part, to the difference between average speech rate and average processing rate. Average speech rates are between 125 and 175 words a minute whereas we will process on the average between 400 and 800 words a minute. It's a common habit for the listener to use the spare time while taking note of daydream or believe other things, instead of focusing on what the speaker is saying.

Of course, the clarity of what the speaker is saying also can affect how well we listen. Generally we discover it easier to focus if the speaker is fluent in their speech, has a familiar accent, and speaks at an appropriate loudness for things. It's more difficult, for instance, to focus on somebody who is speaking very fast and very quietly, especially if they're conveying complex information.

We can also get distracted by the speaker’s personal appearance or by what somebody else is saying, which sounds more interesting.

These issues not only affect you, but you're likely to show your lack of attention in your body language.

Generally, we discover it much harder to regulate our body language, and you're likely to point out your distraction and/or lack of interest by lack of eye contact, or posture. The speaker will detect the matter, and probably stop talking at the best. At worse, they'll be very offended or upset.

Principles of Effective Listening

1. Stop Talking

Don't talk, listen.

When somebody else is talking hear what they're saying, don't interrupt, hash out them or finish their sentences for them. Stop, just listen.

When the opposite person has finished talking you may need to clarify to confirm you have received their message accurately.

2. Prepare yourself to listen

Relax.

Focus on the speaker. Put other things out of mind. The human mind is definitely distracted by other thoughts – what’s for lunch, what time do i want to leave to catch my train, is it getting to rain – attempt to put other thoughts out of mind and consider the messages that are being communicated.

3. Put the Speaker at ease

Help the speaker to feel free to talk.

Remember their needs and concerns. Nod or use other gestures or words to encourage them to continue.

Maintain eye contact but don’t stare – show you're listening and understanding what's being said.

4. Remove Distractions

Focus on what's being said.

Don’t doodle, shuffle papers, look out the window, pick your fingernails or similar. Avoid unnecessary interruptions. These behaviors disrupt the listening process and send messages to the speaker that you simply are bored or distracted.

5. Empathize

Try to understand the opposite person’s point of view.

Look at issues from their perspective. Let go of preconceived ideas. By having an open mind, we will more fully empathize with the speaker. If the speaker says something that you simply disagree with then wait and construct an argument to counter what's said but keep an open mind to the views and opinions of others.

6. Be patient

A pause, even an extended pause, doesn't necessarily mean that the speaker has finished.

Be patient and let the speaker continue in their own time, sometimes it takes time to formulate what to say and how to say it. Never interrupt or finish a sentence for somebody.

7. Avoid Personal Prejudice

Try to be impartial.

Don't become irritated and do not let the person’s habits or mannerisms distract you from what the speaker is basically saying.

Everybody features a different way of speaking - some people are for instance more nervous or shy than others, some have regional accents or make excessive arm movements, some people wish to pace whilst talking - others like to sit still.

8. Listen to the Tone

Volume and tone both boost what someone is saying.

A good speaker will use both volume and tone to their advantage to stay an audience attentive; everybody will use pitch, tone and volume of voice in certain situations – let these assist you to understand the emphasis of what's being said.

9. Listen for Ideas – Not Just Words

You need to urge the entire picture, not just isolated bits and pieces.

Maybe one among the foremost difficult aspects of listening is that the ability to link together pieces of data to reveal the ideas of others. With proper concentration, letting go of distractions, and focus this becomes easier.

10. Wait and watch for Non-Verbal Communication

Gestures, facial expressions, and eye-movements can all be important.

We don’t just listen with our ears but also with our eyes – watch and pick up the extra information being transmitted via non-verbal communication

Interviewing Skills: Appearing in Interviews, Conducting Interviews

What should I bring for the interview?

Make sure you bring your portfolio with you in the interview. The portfolio should include resumes, certificates, answer sheets, passport-sized photos, and a spare copy of other company-specified documents (if any). On the day of the interview, you will arrive at the designated venue with your portfolio on time.

What should I do for the interview?

Make sure you dress properly and according to company requirements. Some companies may require employees and interviewees to wear formal wear, while others do not. The type of clothes you should wear also depends on the job you are applying for. Jobs like sales may need to be formally dressed up, but jobs like print journalists may not.

Feel free to ask the appropriate authorities the day before about the dress code you should follow for your interview. If nothing is specified, wear comfortable clothing.

Any tips?

Please be honest during the interview. Honesty is the best way to look confident. These may be clichés, but they make a big difference in the interviewer's perception of you. Be yourself and answer all your questions honestly.

Always keep an eye – keep in touch with the interviewer, keep your body straight and pay attention.

Answer all questions to the best of your ability, but resist sticking to only your prepared answers. Interviewers can ask any question, so be prepared to answer the question on the spot and with confidence. This can only happen if you are mentally keyed up.

If you ask the interviewer about your organization, you can do so when the interview is over.

What if I don't know the answer to my question? How can I handle it?

During the interview, you may be asked questions that you do not know the answer to. This mainly happens with knowledge-based questions where the interviewer is testing knowledge about the subject or industry.

In these situations, stay calm and honestly tell the interviewer that you don't know the answer, rather than being tense and affecting the rest of the interview. You tell the interviewer whatever you know about the topic and guarantee them that you are more than able to acquire this knowledge / skill in a short period of time.

Remember that the interview is not an exam and the interviewer will check your academic knowledge as well as your overall personality and suitability for the job. The main way to test academic knowledge is to use marks, which cannot be changed at this time.

The wrong answer to a knowledge-based question is far more harmful than what you cause yourself by having the answer affect you mentally and then losing confidence and rest for the rest of the interview. There will be few.

How do you deal with unprepared questions?

Most candidates misunderstand that they are well prepared for the interview. The fact of the matter is that the interviewer can ask you anything, and you have to be more than ready to answer the question you are thinking on your feet.

To be honest, if you have prepared answers to 20 questions that the interviewer may ask, but the interviewer ends up asking a question you never thought of about you or your previous career. And say what you believe to be the best answer you can. At that time. Recall that you have only reached this stage, as the interviewer liked your resume. Therefore, there is no problem in expressing your opinion.

Do not use preparations to answer questions. Use your dynamism, spontaneity, and your thoughts at the moment to answer your questions with confidence.

It is important that the prepared answers only guide you through the interview and that they do not limit your thinking and spontaneity.

How do you deal with less friendly interviewers?

You attend the interview, get all dressed and ready, and confidently and calmly answer your questions. Suddenly, your interviewer begins to disagree with your opinion, refutes your claim, and appears very angry.

In these situations, it is very important to realize that the interviewer does not have a personal dislike of you. In most cases, it's just a technique to see how it reacts when pressure is applied. The interviewer just wants to see if this calm and calm behavior you are portraying is really you, or just what you are doing for the interview. It is your job to assure him / her that this is genuine.

Under no circumstances should you be restless and start a discussion with the interviewer. If you calm down and feel right, stick to your point. Please state your opinions and points clearly in a polite and polite tone.

Don't let the fear of losing your chances of being hired affect you. There are 1000 interviews waiting for you, but only when you pass

This. Focus on what the interviewer is saying and try to give him / her a positive spin on what he / she is saying.

For example, if you are criticized for not participating in many projects, thank the interviewer for feedback, look up what the interviewer is saying, and ensure that you correct your mistakes. State why you were unable to participate in past projects, and if you are hired, ensure that you participate in the project at work and even take the initiative to start the project. Talk about how some of your strengths can help you excel while doing these projects.

How do you handle the interviewer's panel?

You step into the interview hall hoping for one, and you see five interviewers staring at your face waiting to bake you. I hope this does not affect you mentally and all interviewers are confident. Keep in mind that this will give you the opportunity to reach out and inspire more interviewers and increase your chances of finding a job.

Keep an eye on the interview. We will contact all interviewers, but primarily the interviewer who asked the current question. If two interviewers ask questions at the same time, decide which question to answer first and politely tell the other interviewers to return to the question as soon as they have answered the first question.

Don't scare you with images of the five interviewers you are interviewing. They want to meet candidates who impress them, so confidently grant them their wishes.

Conducting Interviews

The ability of an individual employer to communicate or talk face-to-face with a job seeker in a formal way is known as the skill of conducting a job interview. The purpose of developing these skills is to be able to assess the suitability of candidates to be interviewed for a particular job.

Job interviews are usually two-way interactions. During such an encounter with a candidate, your ability to delve into his skills, qualifications, knowledge, background, career objectives, attitudes and interests and answer his questions about the company and work is a job interview. Your skill to do is average.

Why it's important to have a job interview

Interviews are one of the most important steps in the hiring process. Therefore, the skills to conduct a job interview are essential, especially for HR professionals, to successfully complete this step.

The importance of conducting a job interview revolves around the fact that employers have the opportunity to review everything in a candidate's job application and gather additional information through discussions and direct questions. Doing. Interviews can also be a great public relations tool. Therefore, ideal skills for job interviews can help enhance your employer's image and enhance the credibility of your company as a whole.

How to improve your skills in job interviews

Below are some suggestions for improving your skills in job interviews.

1. Perform job analysis.

Before you start preparing for an interview, you should consult an expert on the subject and ask them to generate a list of the most important features of the job and the skills and qualifications needed to do it effectively. That way, you'll be well prepared to make the interview as relevant to your job as possible.

2.     Make a note of the question in advance.

Questions must be prepared in advance to properly organize the interview. The uniformity of the questions you ask makes it easier for you to compare the answers of the candidates. However, you need to be prepared to show some flexibility. If the candidate does not provide enough information to answer your question, you may need to ask a follow-up question to gather all the information you need.

3.     Create an interviewer panel.

If you have multiple interviewers, the process of conducting the interview is much more reliable. You can ask an expert on the subject to join you, or even the head of a department where the position is to be fulfilled. In this way, you will have someone hide your shortcomings on your behalf.

Writing Resume and Letter of Application

The resume or bio-data may be a brief record of the applicant’s personal details, educational qualifications, specialized training, experiences, references and the other relevant information. It's a summary of one’s personal and academic accounts. A resume is considered as a formal advertisement of a person’s qualifications.

According to Bovee, thill and Schatzman, “a resume may be a structured, written summary of a person’s education, employment background and job qualifications.”

Murphy and Hildebrandt said, “curriculum vitae are a document labeling one’s qualifications and career path.”

Locker defined, “a resume may be a persuasive summary of one’s qualifications for employment.”

So, a resume is brief description of one’s personal, educational and employment qualifications. The aim of the resume is to get an interview, not to tell readers everything about you. In fact, it's a sort of advertising. Now-a-days, it becomes almost traditional to send a resume with the job application letter.

The Contents of a Resume

The bio-data must be properly arranged under some heading or sub-headings. It includes information a few people in various areas. Usually, the knowledge is presented during a bio-data under the subsequent heading-

Personal Information:

This section includes complete name, address both temporary and permanent, telephone number, date-of-birth, parent’s names, marital status, nationality, religion and cast in some cases etc.

Career Objectives:

Clearly state your objective or future plan in your career. Tell what you're interested to try to and what level of responsibility you want to hold. So, short term and future target of your career must be mentioned here.

Educational Qualifications:

An entire record of the academic qualifications should be given during this section. It includes the name of degrees obtained, the name of the institution attended, year of passing, board or university form where degree is obtained and the division or grade or class obtained etc.

Experience:

This section includes the applicant’s previous experience relevant to the work applied for. Details to be included here are- the period of time or length of previous or current job the joining and therefore the leveling dates, the name of the organization, position held and a quick description of the duties or nature of work or tasks done on the job.

Honors and Awards:

Honors and awards are given for outstanding work. This section includes fellowships and scholarship or honorary scholarship, awards given by professional associations and civic groups.

Extra-Curricular Activities:

The applicant’s extra-curricular activities like membership in various organizations, participation in several seminar and workshops, prizes won in cultural functions etc. are to be mentioned here.

References:

Names and addresses of the persons who known the applicant and may express a private opinion about his abilities and qualities must tend in this section. It customary to offer three references sort of a teacher, an employer and a friend of the family with high social or professional status. But if the number of referees isn't dictated by the prospective employer, it's better to mention the names and addresses of at least two references. The name, title, complete address and phone number of the referees must tend and it's preferable to point their social relationship to the applicant. The applicant should take permission from the referees to give their names or a minimum of inform them immediately after, with details of the job applied for.

Signature of the Applicant:

At the end of the resume, the applicant should put his signature and date with the left margin. Below the signature, there must be enough space for typing the complete name of the applicant.

In concluding note, we will say that a resume must include everything relevant to the post or job applied for and must exclude irrelevant things. If the employer invites only resume, sometimes it's better to attach a recent photograph with it.

Types of Resumes

Job Application Letter

Job application could also be the first important business letter after during a person has got graduation from a university or university. There’s always though competition within the job market and the prospective employers will from their first impression about the job seeker from his application. Job application letter is a letter which is written by the job seeker to a prospective employer for a position is his organization. In fact, employment application letter is written to sell one’s qualities and services to an employer.”

Types of Job Applications Letters

There are two sorts of job application letter, like Solicited application letters and unsolicited application letter-

Solicited Application Letter:

Solicited application letters are written in response to an advertisement for hiring or recruitment. Here the job seeker knows the vacancy and may tailor his application as per the wants of the said post. If you’re sending a solicited application letter, you'll usually know what qualifications the organization is seeking. During this case, highlight the chief qualifications and mirror the requirements specified in the advertisement. You ought to grab the attention by that specialize in the phase Proven Skills, sometimes utilized in the advertisement.

Unsolicited Application Letter:

Unsolicited applications letters are written at the writer’s own initiative to the organization. Who has not advertised for recruitment? Unsolicited application letter is additionally called prospecting letter. But just in case of writing an unsolicited letter, you've got a better chance of being read and receiving individualized attention. You'll gain attention by that specialize in the needs of the employers and how they're going to be gained by employing you.

A job application letter (also referred to as a cover letter) may be a letter you send with your resume to provide information on your skills and experience. This letter is your chance to “sell” yourself to an employer, explaining why you're an ideal candidate for a position.

When you write your job application letter, it’s essential to pay close attention to formatting. There’s a right way to format a cover letter; deviate from the quality guidelines and hiring managers may drop you from consideration.

In fact, anything that creates your job application letter appear less than professional can prevent hiring managers from taking you seriously as a candidate. Check that your cover letter is formatted properly and is free from errors before you send.

Tips for writing a job Application Letter

Do not copy your resume. a cover letter is a sales pitch. The aim of this letter is to convince the hiring manager that you’re a powerful candidate and to highlight your relevant experience and skills. Your application letter should show how exactly your background makes you a good fit for a specific position. In contrast, your resume may be a general record of your experience, education, and accomplishments.1

Tailor each application letter to the work.

As mentioned above, emphasize in your letter why you're a perfect candidate for the specific job. This requires that you simply personalize each letter to suit the company and position. Match your qualifications to the work posting by highlighting the skills, experience, and requirements listed within the description.

Be professional

Application letters have a fairly rigid format—as hiring managers read your letter, they will expect to ascertain certain information included in set areas. You have freedom within the structure to be personable, but it's important to stay to a certain level of formality. Pay particular attention to the professionalism of your salutation. You would not, as an example, want to ask the letter's recipient by their first name unless specifically requested.

Carefully proofread. Employers are likely to overlook an application with tons of errors. Therefore, read through your cover letter, and even consider asking a friend or career counsellor to read the letter. Proofread for grammar and spelling errors. Be particularly mindful to spell the letter recipient's name correctly, as well as the company name.

Follow letter format

Use letter format when writing your letter. If you’re sending a typed hard-copy letter, be sure to lead with a paragraph containing your address, followed by the date, followed by the address of the recipient. If you’re sending an email, you'll omit the address and date sections.2

Decide whether to send a hard copy or email. The most difference in formatting an email application letter is that you simply got to include a subject line that clearly lays out your purpose for writing, e.g., “Graphic Designer—Joe Smith.” And, rather than placing your contact information at the top of the letter, as you would during a text, you'll include it below your signature.

Since your application letter are going to be accompanied by your resume, make sure the letter doesn't duplicate your resume exactly.

Job application letter format

Use this formatting information as a guideline when writing your customized application letters, so you recognize what information goes where.3

1. Contact Information
2. Name
3. Address
4. City, State postal code
5. Phone Number
6. Email Address
7. Date
8. Employer Contact Information (if you've got it)
9. Name
10. Title
11. Company
12. Address
13. City, State postal code
14. Salutation
15. Dear Mr./Ms. Last Name, (leave out if you do not have a contact)

Body of Application Letter

The body of your application letter lets the employer know what position you're applying for, why the employer should select you for an interview, and the way you'll follow up. See below for a paragraph-by-paragraph breakdown of the body of the letter.

First Paragraph

The first paragraph of your letter should include information on why you're writing. Mention the job you're applying for and where you found the work listing. Include the name of a mutual contact, if you've got one. You might conclude by briefly and concisely saying why you think you're a perfect candidate for the job.

Middle Paragraph(s)

The next section of your application letter should describe what you've got to offer the employer.

It can be one paragraph; otherwise, you can break it up into a few of paragraphs.

If the section gets lengthy, you'll use bullet points to break up the text. Remember, you're interpreting your resume, not repeating it.

Mention specifically how your qualifications match the job you're applying for. In this portion of the letter, make your case for your candidacy.

It can be helpful to spend a while researching the company—this knowledge and insight helps you create an informed and persuasive argument for your candidacy.

Use specific examples whenever possible. For instance, if you say that you have many experience working successfully on team projects, provide an example of a time you worked during a group and achieved success.

Final Paragraph

Conclude your application letter by thanking the employer for considering you for the position. Include information on how you'll follow up.

Complimentary Close (examples)

Sincerely,

Signature (for a hard copy letter)

Typed Signature

Job Application Letter Example

Melissa Brown

11 South Street

Harbor View, Maine 04005

555-555-5555

Melissa.brown@email.com

March 5, 2020

Jason Rivera

Human Resources Director

Avery Solutions, Inc.

600 Commerce Way

Harbor View, Maine 04005

Dear Mr. Rivera,

I was excited when my former colleague, Stephanie Taylor, told me that you were hiring for a human Resources Specialist at Avery Solutions.

Stephanie has told me how important teamwork is to your group at Avery, and how much you need an HR Specialist who can slot in with the department and hit the ground running on day one. i believe that i'm the ideal candidate for your team.

In my current job at Smith Group, I created and run our onboarding program, including organizing background checks and new hire orientation. I even have extensive experience in:

1. Data reporting/data entry on HRIS software
2. Recruiting and hiring processes, including creating job descriptions and postings, screening resumes, and scheduling interviews
3. Producing company events, like the annual company-wide picnic (100+ employees from across the country)

I’d like to speak with you about my qualifications and what I can do for your team. I’ve attached my resume for your consideration. Please don’t hesitate to contact me on my cell at 555-555-5555 with questions or to rearrange an interview.

Best regards,

Melissa Brown

Job Application Email Example

Subject Line: George Woo – Editorial Assistant

Dear Ms. Cortez,

I was excited when Ada Wilson told me that you were looking for an editorial assistant with a background in rights and research and a passion for digital media. She suggested that I throw my hat within the ring, and I’d love the chance to inform you more about what I can offer your team.

I’ve interned for Ada’s team for the past three summers, developing extensive experience with the rights and research process. Last year, i used to be instrumental in securing the rights to incorporate Sara Frey’s poems in our digital anthology – a first for an online publisher, according to Ms. Frey’s estate.

I also have:

1. Expertise with most popular content management systems, including WordPress
2. Analytics knowledge, including expert-level facility with Google Analytics
3. A strong work ethic and commitment to meeting deadlines
4. I hope you’ll reach out at your convenience to inform me more about your team’s goals and wishes for the coming year. You’ll reach me on my cell at 555-123-4566 or via email at George.Woo@email.com.

Best regards,

George Woo

4.3 Modern forms of communicating: Fax, E-mail, Video Conferencing etc.

Introduction

Communication is one of the basic elements of business. Customers, partners, and remote employees are people who should be able to stay in touch 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. You can grow your existing enterprise by means of supporting remote team collaboration. In particular, you can open new branches, find new clients and expand their reach (both domestic and international).

A few years ago, the capabilities provided by the introduction of IP telephony were seen as the best opportunity in the field of business communications. Today, advanced technology has advanced to allow interlocutors located hundreds of thousands of kilometres to feel the true effect of their presence. They can feel like they are sitting in the same room. This article describes which communication trends are leading the way towards 2020.

Importance of Technology in Business:

1. Technology improves business' communication.

Businesses rely on several aspects of technology for communication like email, Skype, instant messaging, business phones, video conferencing technology, etc. Communication breakdowns can result in disasters for businesses and employees. Technology can assist in ensuring that you simply are prepared for even the most difficult communication obstacles.

2. Technology increases efficiency.

It's no secret that there are some awesome technological advancements in recent years. Advancements like Lifesize's video conferencing technology and Zulty's VOIP phone cloud solution are strategically designed to enhance efficiency and reduce lay time within the office.

3. New innovations protect important assets.

Cyber-attacks are growing at an alarming rate. So too are the amazing cyber-security defences like Sophos' Deep learning technology. In an age where most important business assets are stored within the cloud or on endpoints, it's imperative that businesses employ security technology to protect those assets.

4. Employees demand it.

The role of technology in business isn't new, but it's expanding. Employees expect their employers to provide them with the latest and greatest technology which can, in turn, help them be successful in fulfilling their job responsibilities. It's hard to compete against businesses that fully employ technology advancements when your own business is lagging in their technology.

5. With technology, there are no limitations.

We know this principle is true from first-hand experience. We are a company that has 20 employees stationed in 10 different locations across the North-western us. If it wasn't for technology, we simply wouldn't achieve success in coordinating all of the workers. Businesses across the state are diverse in needs, culture, and education. Advances in technology can help businesses address these differences unlike ever before. There’s no limit to what are often accomplished by a business that employs a successful technology plan.

6. Technology keeps employees engaged.

Technology keeps employees engaged in many different ways. It allows employees to telecommute to work. It encourages collaboration between co-workers in businesses through tools like file sharing. It improves communication. It reduces stress by allowing you to schedule important deadlines and meetings on your electronic calendar. It also gives employees flexibility to perform work functions on your mobile device.

7. Tons of new resources exist which will improve your business.

Technology is growing fast, prices are dropping, and new innovations are being rolled out constantly. If you haven't been consistently looking out for new technology to help your business, chances are that you have missed something. For instance, the Comfort Company implemented video conferencing technology that saved them time and costs while improving relationships and communication. Savage Public Schools discovered the necessity to totally revamp their technology and have since enjoyed an improved school system. There certainly are technology solutions out there which will improve your business.

8. Technology is important to succeed.

Whether you like it or not, technology is important to business success. Employees believe it for day-to-day operations. Outside companies, clients, and prospective clients evaluate you on your use of technology. HR relies on technology to coach and develop employees. Accounting employees rely on technology to complete payroll and execute necessary monetary management functions. Management relies on technology to communicate with those they supervise. Without technology, companies would almost certainly fail to accomplish all that there's to try to do.

9. Technology increases the capacity of businesses.

Technology allows businesses to succeed in more people in less time. For instance, here at Pine Cove, we use a spread of technology mediums to speak with our clients, potential clients, and experts within the industry. We use technology to host monthly webinars, to send e-newsletters, and publish news and blogs. Technology also increases the capacity of businesses to work together through technology like CRM's.

10. Technology saves time and money

Lastly, technology now performs many of the mundane tasks that employees wont to be expected to perform. This enables employees to focus their time elsewhere on more important duties. This will save money by cutting back on employee expenses and improving productivity.

Internet

While the internet makes some aspects of business easier for both the customer and therefore the company, the element of communication can sometimes be more challenging. Granted, email provides customers with the convenience of typing a message and sending it with the click of the mouse. At the same time, the faceless quality of online communication can create hindrances to companies that do much of their business online. As a result, savvy businesses take the time to consider the various areas of Internet communication to ensure that their customers receive the simplest service available.

Fax

Fax (short for Facsimile), that is referred to as telecopy or telefax (the latter stands for Telefax) that connects scanned printed matter (both text and images), to a printer or other output device. It will be sent by phone to the phone number you received. The real document is scanned by a fax machine (or telecopier), the content (text or image) is than processed as a single fixed graphic image which is converted to a bitmap, and then sent in audio format over the telephone system. I will. -Frequency tone. The receiving fax machine interprets the tones, reconstructs the image, and prints a copy of the paper. Early systems converted image darkness directly into audio tones in a continuous or analog way. Since the 1980s, most machines use the digital representation of the page to modulate the transmitted audio frequency. This digital representation is compressed for quick transmission of all white or all black areas.

Almost all modems manufactured today can send and receive fax data. F. Even if the document is text-only, it is treated as a computer-scanned image and sent to the recipient as a bitmap. If the recipient just wants to read the message, faxing the message online can help. However, if you need to edit the document, you will need to convert it to ASCII text with an OCR (Optical Character Recognition) program or manually re-enter it on your computer. A more efficient way to send documents that need to be changed is to use an email system. The email file is already ASCII text, so you can quickly edit it with any text editor or word processing program.

The Internet has come to offer new and cheaper ways to send faxes in some cases. Many free for-profit companies offer arrangements for using the Internet instead of the private telephone system for most or part of the path to the fax point. Some services also offer the ability to broadcast faxes to multiple addresses.

Email

Any company that does business online has an email address for customers to use, and most companies offered several different addresses that enable customers to send the message to the proper department within the company. The question is often not one of email, but rather of what sort of email to possess. While online providers like Google, Yahoo! and Hotmail offer free email, these sorts of services often leave the user with spam issues. Additionally, a number of these services mistakenly block messages to customers. This means that a company should consider investing during a business email provider that gives stronger filters.

Advantages and disadvantages of using email for business

E-mail is a great advantage for businesses because it allows them to send all kinds of electronic data efficiently and effectively.

Benefits of using email

1. Email can improve efficiency, productivity, and business readiness. The use of email in business is as follows:
2. Cheap-Sending an email costs the same regardless of distance or number of recipients
3. Fast-Email should reach recipients in minutes, or at most hours
4. Convenient-Messages are stored until the recipient is ready to read, making it easy to send the same message to a large number of people.
5. Persistent-You can keep a record of your messages and replies, including details of when the message was received.
6. One of the main benefits of email is that you can attach files to email so that you can quickly and easily send electronic files such as text documents, photos and datasheets to multiple contacts at the same time.
7. Check with your Internet service provider to see if there is a limit to the size of email attachments you can send. Some companies may also limit the types and sizes of attachments that they are willing to receive.

You can further benefit and improve efficiency by configuring your email software as follows:

a)     Automatically create entries in the address book for every message you send and receive.

b)    Automatically respond to incoming emails. For example, confirm receipt of an order or let others know that you are on vacation or out of the office.

Disadvantages of using email

Despite its many advantages, there are certain weaknesses in email that need attention:

1. Spam-Unless you install a firewall and anti-spam software, unsolicited email can overwhelm your email system. Other Internet and email security issues can occur, especially if you are using cloud or remote access.
2. Virus-Easy to spread via email attachments. Find out how to detect spam, malware and viruses.
3. Sending Emails by Incorrect-The click of a button can cause an email to be accidentally sent to the wrong person, revealing sensitive data or sensitive business information. Care must be taken to minimize the possibility of business data breaches and theft.
4. Data Storage-Electronic storage space can be an issue, especially if emails with large attachments are widely distributed.
5. The informal nature of email can lead to inadvertent or inadvertent remarks and can be damaging to your business. To minimize these risks, you need to create and implement business email and Internet usage policies.

Gmail account

In March 2020, Google rolled Meet to a private (free) Google account.

Free Meet calls can only have one host and up to 100 participants, compared to the 250-caller limit for Google Workspace users and therefore the 25-participant limit for Hangouts. Unlike business calls using Meet, consumer calls aren't recorded and stored. Google states that Meet's consumer data won't be wont to target ads. Call data is reported not getting used for advertising purposes, but Google reserves the proper to gather data on call duration, participants, and participants' IP addresses, supported an analysis of Meet's privacy policy.

Users need a Google account to start out a call, and like Google Workspace users, anyone with a Google account can start a Meet call from within Gmail.

Starting March 2021, each free meeting is going to be limited to hour.

Online Conference

Web conferencing is used as a general term for various types of online conferencing and collaboration services such as webinars (webinars), webcasts, and web conferencing. It may also be used in the narrower sense of peer-level web conferencing contexts to clarify from other types called collaboration sessions. The terms associated with these technologies are accurate and web conferencing, but there are specific organizational practices for usage to provide references to usage of the terms.

Web conferencing is generally made possible by Internet technologies, especially TCP / IP connections. Services may enable real-time point-to-point communication and multicast communication from one sender to many recipients. It provides a data stream of text-based messages, voice and video chats that are shared simultaneously in geographically dispersed locations. Web conferencing applications include meetings, training events, lectures, or presentations from a web-connected computer to another web-connected computer.

Video conferencing

Video conferencing is a visual communication session between two or more users no matter their location, featuring audio and video content transmission in real time.

For effective video conferencing, business companies or organizations got to set up a profiling conferencing software and hardware solutions for rooms, PCs, mobile devices, and browsers. Video conferencing consists of an endpoint (ranging from an easy PC to a telepresence system), video conferencing server (to run group videoconferencing), peripherals (webcam, microphone, speakerphone, headset, etc.) and software infrastructure (video processing, content transmission, integrations). Video conferencing may be a modern high-tech communication tool for increasing efficiency for businesses, optimizing and accelerating decision-making processes, and cutting customer’s and company staff travel costs.

Video Conferencing Benefits

1. Save your time. You’ll run video meetings with remote colleagues on the run right from your desktop or meeting room. With video meeting solution you don’t waste some time and money on business vacations, cut event management costs, etc.
2. Easy-to-use. You only need to schedule your video meeting, invite your colleagues and begin video conferencing right away! Your conferencing software also will send you a notification to remind you of your meeting. Additionally, video conferencing system interface is extremely user-friendly and doesn't need additional trainings.
3. Collaboration tools. For efficient workflow video conferencing system often features different collaboration tools, like content and screen sharing, slideshow, instant messaging. Collaboration tools allow multiple users to figure on a joint project, share their results and brainstorm ideas.
4. Real-life impressions. As compared to phone talks, video conferencing is far closer to real life because it features visual contact. During a video meeting you'll see user’s emotions and articulation and establish eye contact, which is crucial for social communication and particularly business interactions. Additionally, video conferencing systems don't allow users to distract, making it easier to focus on the communications as during a true meeting.
5. Security. Modern video conferencing systems are based on specialized codecs, proprietary protocols and actively using encryption, which is why security risks can only be caused by a human factor.

Meeting through Zoom App

An American communications technology known as Zoom Video Communications, Inc. (Or simply Zoom) which is headquartered in San Jose, California. It helps people with its video telephony and online chat services via a cloud-based peer-to-peer software platform, used for conference calls, telecommuting, distance learning, and social relations.

Former Cisco engineer and executive Eric Yuan founded Zoom in 2011 and released the software in 2013. [8] Zoom's aggressive revenue growth and recognition of the ease and reliability of its software have made it a "unicorn" company with a valuation of $ 1 billion in 2017. The company first made a profit in 2019 and completed its initial public offering that year. The company participated in the NASDAQ-100 Stock Index on April 30, 2020.

Since the beginning of 2020, Zoom's software usage has increased significantly worldwide with the introduction of quarantine measures adopted in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Its software products face public and media scrutiny related to security and privacy issues. Some of Zoom's employees are based in China, raising concerns about surveillance and censorship.

Google meet App

Google Meet (formerly Hangouts Meet) may be a video communication service developed by Google. It's one among two alternative apps to Google Hangouts, and therefore the other is Google Chat.

The features of Google Meet are:

1. Two-way and multi-directional audio and video calls with resolutions up to 720p
2. Accompanying chat
3. Call encryption between all users
4. Noise cancelling audio filter
5. Video low light mode
6. Ability to hitch a gathering via an internet browser or Android or iOS app
7. Integration with Google Calendar and Google Contacts for one-click conference calls
8. Screen sharing for viewing documents, spreadsheets, presentations, or other browser tabs (if you're employing a browser)
9. Ability to call meetings using US dial-in numbers
10. The host can reject the entry and delete the user during the decision.
11. Google Meet uses a singular protocol for transcoding video, audio, and data. However, Google has partnered with Pexip to supply interoperability between Google Meet and SIP / H.323-based conferencing equipment and software.

Hardware

In May 2020, Asus announced video conferencing hardware designed to be used with Google Meet in room settings. This includes a "Meet Compute System" mini-PC, a fanatical camera and microphone.

On September 15, 2020, Google partnered with Lenovo to announce the Meet Series One. This includes Meet computing systems with Edge TPUs, "smart cameras" with noise reduction, "smart audio bars", and remote or touch screen options. Support Google Assistant

Cisco WebEx Meetings App

Cisco WebEx may be a suite of video conferencing and collaboration products. This cloud-based collaboration suite consists of software like WebEx Meetings, WebEx Teams, and WebEx Devices. The WebEx suite integrates Cisco's WebEx web conferencing platform with the Cisco Spark team collaboration app. The service was rebranded under WebEx in April 2018 to centralize Cisco's collaboration portfolio.

Cisco WebEx products provide features like online conferencing, team messaging, and file sharing. The suite is taken into account the leading collaboration platform within the unified communications space and is meant for both small group collaborations for SMBs and enormous group meetings for enterprise-wide deployments.

Users can join the video conference from the desktop or mobile app. An internet version of WebEx is additionally available, but other versions offer more features. Users also can share files and participate in team messaging features. This service is supported by both the Cisco WebEx Meetings app and therefore the WebEx Teams app.

What does Cisco WebEx offer?

WebEx team

WebEx Teams may be a cloud-based team collaboration application with video conferencing, messaging, file sharing, and a whiteboard. The software provides a permanent virtual meeting room for internal and remote teams to collaborate. WebEx Teams is primarily a cloud-based service, but it also supports hybrid and on-premises systems.

WebEx Teams provides third-party app integration, from project management services like Asana and Pivotal Tracker to customer relationship management like Salesforce and Zendesk. WebEx Teams also provides integration via API through the Cisco WebEx for Developers program. The platform allows developers to create custom apps that reach Teams functionality to everyday workflows.

WebEx meeting

WebEx Meetings is Cisco's cloud-based web and video conferencing service that permits global and virtual teams to collaborate in real time on mobile devices and standards-based video systems. WebEx Meetings includes features like screen sharing, meeting recording, customizable layouts, and meeting broadcasts.

WebEx Meetings is integrated with Slack and Microsoft Teams, so users can start or join WebEx video conferencing directly from either platform. WebEx Meetings provides calendar integration for Outlook, Office 365, Google Calendar and more, and also integrates with IBM Connections and Microsoft OneDrive for file sharing.

WebEx Meetings features a private room that users can customize, schedule meetings, and hold open for unplanned meetings. Users also can schedule meetings from the WebEx team, join WebEx meetings from the team, and continue conversations with the team after the meeting is over.

WebEx Meetings supports large-scale events like webins and virtual training. WebEx events support interactive webins and events for up to three ,000 attendees. WebEx Training supports live or on-demand training sessions with features like testing and automatic scoring for over 1,000 participants. WebEx Webcasting supports large-scale virtual events with over 40,000 participants.

WebEx Meetings also features a customer service called WebEx Support. The service includes features like live chat, video conferencing, remote desktop control, automatic queuing and routing.

WebEx device

Cisco WebEx includes a spread of meeting room devices with WebEx Room Series and WebEx Board. The WebEx Room series includes a kit of devices with cameras, codecs, speakers, and microphones for little and medium-sized conference rooms. The kit integrates with a flat panel display to support cloud and on-premises deployments. The WebEx Room Kit supports meeting rooms which will accommodate up to 7 people, and Room Kit Plus supports meeting rooms which will accommodate up to 14 people.

WebEx Room 55 supports small and medium-sized meeting rooms which will seat 6 to eight people. Includes 55-inch 4K display, camera, codec, microphone and speakers. WebEx Room 70 supports an outsized meeting room which will accommodate up to 14 people and features one or dual 70-inch 4K display, integrated camera, microphone and speakers. Both WebEx Room 55 and WebEx Room 70 are built for cloud and on-premises deployments and offer advanced features like speaker tracking, automatic framing and wakeup.

The WebEx board features a 55-inch or 70-inch interactive whiteboard that gives wireless presentations, audio and video conferencing, and content annotations. Content created on the WebEx Board is stored within the cloud and may be accessed from the associated virtual workspace within the WebEx Teams app.

Key takeaways:

1. Communication is one of the basic elements of business. Customers, partners, and remote employees are people who should be able to stay in touch 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
2. While the internet makes some aspects of business easier for both the customer and therefore the company, the element of communication can sometimes be more challenging.
3. While the internet makes some aspects of business easier for both the customer and therefore the company, the element of communication can sometimes be more challenging.
4. Fax (short for Facsimile), that is referred to as telecopy or telefax (the latter stands for Telefax) that connects scanned printed matter (both text and images), to a printer or other output device.
5. The Internet has come to offer new and cheaper ways to send faxes in some cases.
6. Any company that does business online has an email address for customers to use, and most companies offered several different addresses that enable customers to send the message to the proper department within the company.
7. E-mail is a great advantage for businesses because it allows them to send all kinds of electronic data efficiently and effectively.
8. Free Meet calls can only have one host and up to 100 participants, compared to the 250-caller limit for Google Workspace users and therefore the 25-participant limit for Hangouts.
9. Web conferencing is used as a general term for various types of online conferencing and collaboration services such as webinars (webinars), webcasts, and web conferencing.
10. Video conferencing is a visual communication session between two or more users no matter their location, featuring audio and video content transmission in real time.
11. Google Meet (formerly Hangouts Meet) may be a video communication service developed by Google.
12. Cisco WebEx may be a suite of video conferencing and collaboration products. This cloud-based collaboration suite consists of software like WebEx Meetings, WebEx Teams, and WebEx Devices.
13. WebEx Teams may be a cloud-based team collaboration application with video conferencing, messaging, file sharing, and a whiteboard.
14. WebEx Meetings is Cisco's cloud-based web and video conferencing service that permits global and virtual teams to collaborate in real time on mobile devices and standards-based video systems.
15. Cisco WebEx includes a spread of meeting room devices with WebEx Room Series and WebEx Board.

4.4 International Communication: Cultural Sensitiveness and Cultural Context, Writing and presenting in international situations, Inter-cultural factors in Interactions.

Cultural Sensitiveness

Definition of Cultural Sensitiveness

There are some definitions of cultural sensitivity, but I think this gives the best idea.

Cultural susceptibility recognizes that cultural differences and similarities exist among people without assigning values   such as positive or negative, good or bad, right or wrong.

It simply means that people realize that they are not all the same and that their culture is not better than any other culture. If you ask me, a challenge for members of the dominant culture.

What is cultural sensitivity in the context of dominant culture?

Living and working environments often face situations where there are dominant and secondary cultures. For example, European Americans dominate the United States, but Hispanic, African-American, and Chinese cultures are all secondary cultures.

Cultural sensitivity means that both groups understand and respect each other's characteristics. This is always a challenge, and even more difficult for large companies where a dominant culture is expected to be adopted by their employees.

Can you teach people and their organizations cultural sensitivities?

The simple answer is yes. There is no shortage of programs, books and trainers focused on developing cultural sensitivity skills.

The problem is that they usually come in times of crisis when people are least willing to accept this type of training. It feels more like a punishment for something wrong than an honest attempt to develop true cultural sensitivity.

This does not mean that one of the most respected professionals in the field, Milton Bennett, cannot help employees go through all the stages identified in the developmental model of intercultural susceptibility. ..

Understand what is cultural susceptibility by the theory of intercultural susceptibility stage

Years ago, Milton Bennett provided a robust framework for understanding the different stages of cultural susceptibility that a person may experience (or what he calls "intercultural susceptibility"). Developed.

He argues that as people become more and more culturally sensitive, they progress from having an ethnocentristic direction to having a more ethnocentristic worldview.

In Bennett's words, "In general, a more ethnocentric direction avoids cultural differences by denying its existence, increasing its defenses against it, or minimizing its importance. It can be seen as a method. A more ethnic worldview is a culture by accepting its importance, adapting its perspective to take it into account, or integrating the whole concept into the definition of identity. Is a way to pursue the difference. "

According to this theory, people who are really interested in accepting cultural sensitivities move from:

1. Ethnocentrism stage
2. Ethnic relative stage

Example 1

Avery Jones, a 55-year-old African-American woman, feels sick. She was new in town and had not yet had the opportunity to establish care with her doctor, so she decided to go to Dr. James Morrison at the recommendation of her friend. At their first meeting, 32-year-old Dr. Morrison introduces himself as a "doctor." Morrison and her are called Avery. Dr. Morrison then assumes she is in Medicaid. Avery Jones confused Dr. Morrison's practice and decided to look for another doctor. Dr. Morrison is clearly confused about her reaction. So what did he make a mistake?

In this example, Dr. Morrison was not culturally sensitive. In many cultures, it is customary to refer to a person by surname, especially if they are older than you. Because Dr. Morrison called his patient "Avery" instead of "Mrs." Jones "She saw it as a sign of contempt. To make matters worse, Dr. Morrison assumed that Avery was using Medicaid based solely on her first impressions. Not only did this upset Mrs. Jones, but she also prevented her from receiving the treatment she needed.

So what does a culturally sensitive approach look like? Instead of calling her "Avery," Dr. Morrison would have asked her how she wanted to deal with it. He was then able to take notes on her charts and find out that all her staff would address her as her "Mrs." Jones. Instead of assuming Mrs. Jones had Medicaid, Dr. Morrison would have asked her if she had her medical insurance and who her insurance company was. Alternatively, he would have avoided all of this subject together, as most practices have a claim department that handles insurance issues.

Cultural Context

What is a cultural context?

1. Cultural background of students and academic advisors. See below for more information. Contextual Factors Forming Student-Supervisor Relationships: Transnational Perspectives.
2. Environments or situations related to cultural beliefs, values   and practices. Learn more: Cultural National Brands as a Proposal for the Formation of the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Cyprus .
3. See the societies in which individuals grew up and how their culture influences their behavior. It incorporates the values   and shared attitudes learned between groups of people. It includes languages, norms, customs, ideas, beliefs, and meanings. Details: Social and Cultural Factors Impact on English Speaking Ability
4. Cultural context is related to the society in which the individual grew up and how culture affects behavior. It incorporates the values   learned and the attitudes shared between groups of people.

It includes beliefs, meanings, customs, thoughts, languages   and norms. For more information, see Immigrants Learning to Become Entrepreneurs: A Case Study of Immigrants in the City of São Paulo, Brazil.

1995, psychologists Betty Hart and Todd R. Risley made a splash with the influential book "Meaningful Differences in the Everyday Experiences of Young American Children." .. In addition, they argued that the number of words children hear early in life could predict later academic performance and contribute to socio-economic educational disparities. Interventions that encourage low-income parents to talk to their children have gained momentum, even at the highest levels of the US government. For example, the Obama administration has launched a campaign to raise awareness about the "30 million word gap."

However, 23 years after the Hart and Lisley book appeared, Douglas E. Sperry (St. Mary of the Woods College), Linda L. Sperry (Indiana State University), and Peggy J Miller (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) , Published an analysis of five studies questioning the existence and size of the "word gap". Using a measurement of the language spoken to the child by Hart and Lisley's primary caregiver, Sperry and colleagues find inconsistent support for the language gap between a more diverse sample of rich and poor families. I did.

This publication has sparked widespread debate. Some criticized the measurements and conclusions of Sperry and his colleagues, while others focused on the limits of the initial study. Since the majority of poor families were black and the majority of rich families were white, many suggested that Hart and Lisley confused race and social class. Others speculate that anxiety about being observed by educated white researchers could make poor black parents speak less to their children than usual, and they Questioned the methodology of. Others argued that Hart and Lisley's focus on what the primary caregiver spoke to the child reflected the cultural norms of the white middle class. Children in other cultural contexts hear many languages   from other parents (brothers, extended families, etc.) and their surroundings, but Hart and Lisley excluded this language. Therefore, in a cultural context where extended families play a major role in parenting, focusing on the language of the primary caregiver can lead to incomplete representations of the richness of the child's linguistic environment. In fact, using a broader measurement of the words children heard at home, Sperry and colleagues found that children in some low-income communities heard more words than wealthy children.

Psychologists certainly have something to learn from both iterations of the "word gap" study, but we can learn as much from the discussion itself. The criticisms raised point to the problems we suggest that result from a lack of interpretation in psychology. Interpretation refers to the ability to understand an individual's experiences and behaviors in relation to their cultural background. It is necessary to understand that cognition, motivation, emotions and behavior are shaped by individual cultural values   and norms. The same behavior has different meanings in different cultural contexts, and different cultural contexts promote different normative reactions to the same event.

To accurately understand human behavior, psychologists need to understand the cultural background in which the behavior occurs and measure it in a culturally appropriate way. When they lack this interpretive power, they run the risk of drawing inaccurate conclusions about psychological processes and therefore building incomplete or false theories.

Interpretation failures take many forms, including:

Even if scientists don't fully understand how to do it, they don't allow culture to shape the psychological process.

Does not consider whether the measure or methodology captures psychological process that develops for the studied population.

Unless otherwise stated, we assume that the findings are generalized to other cultural contexts. When

Researchers do not understand how their own cultural experience shapes their assumptions, decisions and conclusions.

Psychologists can use their interpretive powers to build stronger theories. The burden lies not only on individual researchers, but on the entire field for implementing practices that address cultural influences. We use the Cultural Cycle Framework to describe changes at four major levels of psychology: ideas, institutions, interactions, and individuals. This helps the field build interpretive power.                  

The Culture Cycle Framework (adapted from Markus & Conne)

Writing and presenting in international situations

Step- by- step – internationally presented

What to do and what not to do when presenting to a cross-cultural followership

Strategies for native English speakers

For native English speakers, giving a donation to an overseas or transnational followership presents some special intercultural challenges. Taking into account the ensuing recommendations and proscriptions will ensure that your communication is effectively communicated without confusing, affronting, or offending the different members of your bystander.

What should I do?

1. Speak easily

This means that you can gasp each word you're saying easily so that people can hear and understand it. When speaking to a crowd whose native language isn't English, don't chitter, decelerate down your speech, or speak veritably presto.

2. Speak sluggishly

Slow down to help listeners. Give them time to hear to your words and digest their meaning. Use verbal and non-verbal cues to determine if you're understood. However, get confused, or reply inaptly, If people ask you to repeat what you say. Sluggishly repeat the idea in the same or different words. However, write it down, If everything differently fails.

3. Triangulate the main ideas

This fashion expresses the same idea three times in slightly different ways. It gives your listeners three chances to catch what you're saying. For illustration

4. Use meaningful tempo and accentuation

You can add suggestions to help listeners understand your communication by changing the tone of your voice, changing the tempo, or stressing the areas you want to emphasize.

5. We'll give a signpost on the way

Signposts prepare listeners in advance by informing them of planned directions for conversations and donations, as well as changes along the way. For illustration

“Moment, we will talk about three areas the product request in Canada, the new marketing strategy, and the perpetration schedule for this design.”

" Now that we have completed this section, let's turn our attention to."

6. Use a confirmation circle

Especially in cross-cultural communication, it's important to keep checking if the listener is following your claim. This can be done by the following question

" Do you have any questions?"

"Is everything clear so far?"

" Do you want to explain in detail?"

In this way, listeners have the occasion to reveal confusion and misconstructions beforehand on.

7. Sluggishly say figures and dates

Figures are frequently represented in different ways in different corridor of the world, so be especially careful when pertaining to figures, which are a veritably important part of doing business. These include phone figures, prices, quotations, dates, flight figures, exchange rates, zip canons, addresses and further. For illustration

$ 1500 can be represented as 1500 or 1500.

16 may sound like 60, so you need to repeat “it’s 16-16". (The same applies to all “teen" figures.)

December 20th sounds like December 28th.

In India, the terms lakh (representing) and crore () are used and need to be clarified.

8. Write down strange names and slang

Strange or unknown names and terms are stylish written down and displayed on slides or handouts. Repeated use of terms that others don't know or understand can be annoying and unreasonable.

9. Double and triadic check time arrangements

Check time and date related arrangements. One possible approach is to pretend to be forgotten, flip through the paperwork, and say," So we are meeting at. "to see what the other person says.

10. Be careful when using English words in other languages

Remember that English is a cold-blooded language and employs words from other languages. Please note that these espoused words may have different meanings or tones of meaning in other languages.

11. Be honest

Showing honesty and an interest in erecting good connections creates a positive atmosphere that makes business easier. Numerous implicit hurdles can be overcome when both sides shoulder similar good intentions.

12. Keep a good sense of humor

At stylish, artistic miscalculations can be made by both parties. The stylish advice is to relax, maintain a good sense of humor, and appreciate the sweats of all sides working together.

Commodity you can't do

1. Avoid shoptalk

Avoid shoptalk unless the listener has lived in your country for a long time. Also note that the shoptalk may change and the listener may not know what it means now.

When a lately graduated Canadian pupil went to educate English in Japan, she learned this in a delicate way. During her class, one of her scholars told a particularly intriguing yarn. It was a lot of fun for the schoolteacher.

Unfortunately, the schoolteacher laughed and cried, "shoot-up!", She expressed her enthusiasm. With a light voice tone that's characteristic of some North Americans when they hear what they like. The pupil sat down in a president, looked awkward, and said nothing presently. In the alternate half of the same assignment, the scholars.

After another intriguing observation, the schoolteacher formerly again madly replied "Gettttt ouuuuut!" There, a flushing, confused, poor youthful pupil packed up his luggage, got up, got out of the door, and no way came back. Shoptalk can be disastrous.

2. Avoid loss

Loss can blur the sound of words and make it more delicate for you to understand. In some cases, it can be directly confusing. For illustration, if someone says "can" or "cannot" too snappily. In this case, it's recommended to use "can" and "cannot".

3. Avoid expressions

The use of expressions is one of the most common ways to vitiate communication with non-native English speakers. These and colloquial expressions are confusing and confusing. Avoid them for further clarity. Imagine how these expressions sound to newcomers.

a)     See red

b)    Strike out

c)     Call due to illness

d)    Become black

e)     Jump the gun

f)       Blow off the top

g)    Have lunch

h)     To give a cold shoulder

i)       There is a soft corner

4. Avoid double negation

This complex way of speaking can be followed by native speakers, but it is very difficult for non-native speakers. Don't bother them by speaking more directly. For example, instead of saying "not saying it's impossible ...", just say "it's possible ...".

5. Avoid understatement

This way of speaking is culturally sensitive and can be misunderstood in cross-cultural situations. For example, if you say you're a good graphic designer, you may be confused by your own words, even though you're actually very talented.

6. Avoid sarcasm and sarcasm

This is another area where behind-the-scenes cultural information is needed to interpret the message. Do not make ironic comments about yourself or others. Communicate your message in more direct terms.

7. Don't use curse words

Swearing words are often rude and can undermine business relationships, especially when used outside of one's own culture. The best policy is to avoid all words that can be offensive.

8. Pay attention to humor

Humor is one of the most culturally sensitive forms of communication and usually does not work well in cross-cultural situations. Jokes that you find interesting can be considered crude or rude by others. In addition, humor is based on a deep understanding of cultural thinking.

9. Do not speak loudly

Speak at normal volume. It's not difficult for your foreign audience to be deaf or deaf. This is not a problem.

10. Don't assume anything!

Don't assume that this person doesn't speak English well. Also, don't assume that the person doesn't know your native language. Today, many people study widely, travel and live in many different countries. Don't get caught up in a confusing situation due to false assumptions.

Inter-cultural factors in Interactions

Description of each stage of intercultural vulnerability

Let's take a look at the meaning of each of these stages.

Ethnocentrism stage of intercultural perceptivity

These three stages are denial, defense, and minimization.

Denial At this stage of artistic perceptivity, people are ignorant of artistic differences and gests.

They believe that their culture is the only" real" culture and tend to interact in homogeneous groups and conception everyone differently.

Illustration “We're all the same and I do not know why we need to learn about different groups of companies. Why are not they just learning how we do effects in America?

Defense During the defense phase of artistic perceptivity, people fete some differences, but they assume that their culture is the most evolved and the stylish, so they're negative. I consider it.

Illustration “In Latin America, you cannot understand the point and talk about business. They want to tell you their life story. Learn to be more direct and save everyone's time. I do not know why I can't."

Minimization Individualities at this stage of artistic perceptivity are ignorant that they're projecting their artistic values. They consider their values to be good. They suppose it's enough to fete artistic differences.

These people suppose that we're all the same because we're analogous rather than different, and eventually we all have analogous physical, natural, and cerebral requirements. And so on.

They suppose it's great because they see people as people, but they actually deny the influence of culture on everyone's experience.

Illustration Statements similar as "In the end, we all want to be liked", "We're each".

Ethnical Relative Stage of Intercultural Perceptivity

The three ethnical relative stages of intercultural vulnerability are acceptance, adaption, and integration. Let's see what they look like.

Acceptance At this stage of artistic perceptivity, people can change perspectives and understand that the same" normal" geste can have different meanings in different societies. They can identify how their experience is told by their culture.

They may differ with or dislike the differences they observe, but they're interested in chancing and learning different societies.

Example People who approach others with real interest and curiosity about how they witness the same situation. They ask questions similar as "How do Dominicans do it? "Or, "What does your family do in this situation?"

Adaption Individualities at this stage of artistic perceptivity come more competent in their capability to communicate with other societies.

They can assess the geste of others from these people's norms and acclimatize their geste to meet the morals of different societies.

Example People who interact seamlessly with other people in different societies by following the morals of different societies. They feel that they can admire their own values while conforming to the values of other societies with which they interact. They use empathy effectively.

For illustration, someone who curvatures at the right time when interacting with a Japanese customer, or a Mexican guest naturally expects 45 twinkles after the listed launch of the party.

Integration People at this stage of artistic perceptivity can fluently move from one artistic norm to another. They foster empathy for other societies.

Someone who's inversely habituated to one culture and another.

Illustration This stage is easy to see for a fully bilingual/ bicultural existent, and interacting with one group ( similar as a family member) or another group ( similar as an Anglo co-worker) changes utmost of the personality, but both situations.

Adaption Individualities at this stage of artistic perceptivity come more competent in their capability to communicate with other societies.

They can assess the geste of others from these people's norms and acclimatize their geste to meet the morals of different societies.

Example People who interact seamlessly with other people in different societies by following the morals of different societies. They feel that they can admire their own values while conforming to the values of other societies with which they interact. They use empathy effectively.

For illustration, someone who curvatures at the right time when interacting with a Japanese customer, or a Mexican guest naturally expects 45 twinkles after the listed launch of the party.

Integration People at this stage of artistic perceptivity can fluently move from one artistic norm to another. They foster empathy for other societies.

Someone who's inversely habituated to one culture and another.

Illustration This stage is easier to see when a completely bilingual/ bicultural individual changes his or her personality when interacting with one group (similar as a family member) or another group (similar as Angl).

References:

1. Arora, V.N. & Chandra, Lakshmi: Improve your writing

2. Boyee & Shill: Business Communications Today

3. Kaul: Business Communications

4. Kaul: Effective Business Communications

5. Murphy & Peek: Effective Business Communications