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MATHS I


UNIT 3


MULTIVARIABLE CALCULUS (DIFFERENTIATION)


Function of two variables- R denotes the set of real numbers. Let’s D is a collection of pairs of real numbers (x, y), which means D is a subset of R × R.

Then a real valued function of two variables of f is a rule that assign to each point (x,y) in D a unique real number denoted by f(x,y).

The set D is called the domain of f.

The set [ f(x,y) : (x,y) belongs to D ], which is the set of values the function f takes, is called range of f.

Here we generally use the letter z to denote the value that a function of two variables takes,

Then we will have,

z = f(x, y)

Here we will call that z is the dependent variable and x and y are independent variables.

Example-1: The area of a rectangular figure whose length is l and breadth is b, given by l × b.

Here independent variables are l and b, but dependent variable is area.

 

Example-2: the volume of a cylinder is given by πr²h, where r is the radius and h is the height of the cylinder.

In which radius and height are independent variables and volume is dependent.

 

Example-3:  the volume of cuboid is given by l × b× h. Where l, b and h are the length, breadth and height respectively.

L, b and h are independent variable and volume of cuboid is dependent variable.

 


 

Limits-

The function f(x,y) is said to tend to limit ‘l’ , as x a and  yb Iff the limit is dependent on point (x,y) as  x a and  yb

We can write this as,

 

Example-1: evaluate the

Sol. We can simply find the solution as follows,

 

Example-2:  evaluate

Sol.

-6.

 

Example-3: evaluate

Sol.

 

Conitinuity –

At point (a,b) , a function f(x,y) is said to be continuous if,

Working rule for continuity-

Step-1: f(a,b) should be well defined.

Step-2: should exist.

Step-3:

Example-1: Test the continuity of the following function-

Sol. (1) the function is well defined at (0,0)

(2) check for the second step,

That means the limit exists at (0,0)

Now check step-3:

 

So that the function is continuous at origin.

Example-2: check for the continuity of the following function at origin,

Sol. (1) Here the function is well defined at (0,0)

(2) Check for second step-

 

Limit f is not unique for different values of m

So that the limit does not exists.

Therefore the function is not continuous at origin.

Steps to check for existence of limit-

Step-1: find the value of f(x,y) along x a and yb

Step-2: find the value of f(x,y) along x b and  ya

Note- if the values in step -1 and step-2 are same then we can say that the limits exist otherwise not.

Step-3: if a 0 and b0 then find the limit along y =mx, if the value does not contain m then limit exist, If it contains m then the limit does not exist.

Note-1- put x = 0 and y = 0 in f, then find f1

2 - Put y = 0 and x = 0 In f then find x2

If f1 and f2 are equal then limit exist otherwise not.

3- put y = mx  then find f3

If f1 = f2 f3, limit does not exist.

4- put y = mx² and find f4,

If f1 = f2 = f3 f4, limit does not exist

If f1 = f2 = f3 = f4, limit exist.

 

Example-1:  Evaluate 

Sol . 1.     

 

2.

Here f1 = f2

3. Now put y = mx, we get

Here f1 = f2 = f3

Now put y = mx²

4.

Therefore,

F1 = f2 = f3 =f4

We can say that the limit exists with 0.

 

Example-2: evaluate the following-

Sol.  First we will calculate f1 –

Here we see that f1 = 0

Now find f2,

Here , f1 = f2

Therefore the limit exists with value 0.

 


First order partial differentiation-

Let f(x, y) be a function of two variables. Then the partial derivative of this function with respect to x can be written as and defined as follows:

=

 

Now the partial derivative of f with respect to f can be written as and defined as follows:

=

Note: a. While calculating partial derivatives treat all independent variables, other than the variable with respect to which we are differentiating, as constant.

b. We apply all differentiation rules.

Higher order partial differentiation-

Let f(x , y) be a function of two variables. Then its second-order partial derivatives, third order partial derivatives and so on are referred as higher order partial derivatives.

These are second order four partial derivatives:

(a)     =            

(b)  =                 

(c)   =                 

(d)     =

b and c are known as mixed partial derivatives.

Similarly we can find the other higher order derivatives.

Example-1: - Calculate    and   for the following function

f(x , y) = 3x³-5y²+2xy-8x+4y-20

Sol. To calculate   treat the variable y as a constant, then differentiate f(x,y) with respect to x by using differentiation rules,

= [3x³-5y²+2xy-8x+4y-20]

= 3x³] - 5y²] + [2xy] -8x] +4y] - 20]

= 9x² - 0 + 2y – 8 + 0 – 0

= 9x² + 2y – 8

Similarly partial derivative of f(x,y) with respect to y is:

= [3x³-5y²+2xy-8x+4y-20]

= 3x³] - 5y²] + [2xy] -8x] +4y] - 20]

= 0 – 10y + 2x – 0 + 4 – 0

= 2x – 10y +4.

Example-2: Calculate    and   for the following function

f( x, y) = sin(y²x + 5x – 8)

Sol. To calculate   treat the variable y as a constant, then differentiate f(x,y) with respect to x by using differentiation rules,

[sin(y²x + 5x – 8)]

= cos(y²x + 5x – 8)(y²x + 5x – 8)

= (y² + 50) cos(y²x + 5x – 8)

Similarly partial derivative of f(x,y) with respect to y is,

[sin(y²x + 5x – 8)]

= cos(y²x + 5x – 8)(y²x + 5x – 8)

= 2xy cos(y²x + 5x – 8)

 

Example-3: Obtain all the second order partial derivative of the function:

f( x, y) = ( x³y² - xy)

Sol.    3x²y² - y,      2x³y – 5xy,

  = = 6xy²

  = 2x³ - 20xy³

= = 6x²y – 5y    

= = 6x²y -   5y

 

Example-4: Find

Sol.  First we will differentiate partially with repsect to r,

Now differentiate partially with respect to θ, we get

Example-5:  if,

Then find.

 

Sol-

 

Example-6: if , then show that-

Sol. Here we have,

u =     …………………..(1)

Now partially differentiate eq.(1) w.r to x and y , we get

=

Or

                   ………………..(2)

And now,

=

         ………………….(3)

Adding eq. (1) and (3) , we get

  =  0

Hence proved.

 


When we measure the rate of change of the dependent variable owing to any change in a variable on which it depends, when none of the variable is assumed to be constant.

Let the function,     u = f( x, y),  such that    x = g(t)  ,     y = h(t)

  Then we can write,

=

=

This is the total derivative of u with respect to t.

Change of variable-

If w = f (x, y) has continuous partial variables fx and fy and if x = x (t), y = y (t) are

Differentiable functions of t, then the composite function w = f (x (t), y (t)) is a

Differentiable function of t.

In this case, we get,

fx (x (t), y (t)) x’ (t) +  fy (x(t), y (t)) y’ (t).

 

Example-:1 let q = 4x + 3y      and    x = t³ + t² + 1    , y = t³ - t² - t

Then find  .

Sol. :            . =

Where, f1 =         ,  f2 = 

 

In this example f1 = 4    ,      f2 = 3

Also,              3t² + 2t    ,                      

4(3t² + 2t) + 3(

=  21t² + 2t – 3

 

Example-2: Find      if u = x³y⁴    where   x = t³     and    y = t².

 

Sol. As we know that by definition,    =

3x²y3t² + 4x³y³2t = 17t¹⁶.

 

Example-3: if w = x² + y – z + sint and  x + y = t, find

 

(a)    y,z

 

(b)   t, z  

 

Sol. With x, y, z independent, we have

t = x + y, w = + y - z + sin (x + y).

Therefore,

y,z = 2x + cos(x+y)(x+y)

=  2x + cos (x + y)

With x, t, z independent, we have

Y = t-x,   w=  x² + (t-x) + sin t

Thus     t, z   =  2x - 1

 

Example-4: If u = u( y – z , z - x , x – y)  then prove that  = 0

 

Sol. Let,

 

 

Then,

 

 

By adding all these equations we get,

= 0    hence proved.

 

Example-5:   if φ( cx – az ,  cy – bz) = 0 then show that ap + bq = c

Where p =      q = 

 

Sol.  We have,

φ( cx – az ,  cy – bz) = 0   

φ( r , s) = 0

Where,

 

We know that,

 

Again we do,

 

By adding the two results, we get

 

 

Example-6: If z is the function of x and y , and x =   , y = , then prove that,

 

Sol. Here , it is given that,  z is the function of x and y & x , y are the functions of u and v.

So that,

  ……………….(1)

And,

     ………………..(2)

 

Also there is,

 

x =   and  y = ,

Now,

 

   ,       ,      ,    

 

From equation(1) , we get

 

  ……………….(3)

 

And from eq. (2) , we get

 

      …………..(4)

Subtracting eq. (4) from (3), we get

 

= ) – ( 

 

= x

Hence proved.

 

Differentiability-

Let f(x) be a single valued function of the variable x, then,

f’(x) =

Provided that the limit exists and is dependent of the path along which

 

Example: suppose that the function,

f(z) = 4x + y + i( -x + 4y)

Discuss df/dz.

 

Sol. Here,

 

Example-2: if

Then df/dz , z = 0.

 

Sol.

 


A composite function is a composition / combination of the functions. In this value of one function depends on the value of another function. A composite function is created when one function is put in another.

Let

i.e

To differentiate composite function chain rule is used:

Chain rule:

  1. If where x,y,z are all the function of t then

 

 

2.     If be an implicit relation between x and y .

Differentiating with respect to x we get

 

We get           

Example 1 : If where then find the value of ?

Given  

Where 

By chain rule

Now substituting the value of x ,y,z we get

-6

8

Example2 :If then calculate

Given

By Chain Rule

Putting the value of u =

Again partially differentiating z with respect to y

By Chain Rule

by substituting value

Example 3 :If .

Show that   

Given

Partially differentiating u with respect to x and using chain rule

………(i)

Partially differentiating z with respect to y and using chain rule

=   ………..(ii)

Partially differentiating z with respect to t and using chain rule

Using (i) and (ii) we get

Hence   

Example4 : If where the relation is .

Find the value of

Let the given relation is denoted by

We know that

Differentiating u with respect to x and using chain rule

Example5 : If and the relation is . Find

Given relation can be rewrite as

.

We know that

Differentiating u with respect to x and using chain rule

 

Implicit differentiation-

Let f(x,y) = 0

Where y = (x)

By the chain rule , with x = x and y = (x), we get

 

Here we assume that y is a differentiable funtion of x.

 

Example-1: if is a differentiable function such that y = (x) satisfies the equation

x³ + y³ +sin xy = 0 then find .

 

Sol.  Suppose      f(x,y) =  x³ + y³ +sin xy

Then,

f =  3x² + y cos xy

Fy = 2y +  x cos xy

So ,

 

Example-2:

 

Sol.  Take partial derivative on both side w.r. t. x, treat y as constant

Example-3:  if x²y³ + cos y cos z  =  x² cos x sin y, then find       

Sol. Differentiate partially w.r.t. x and treat y as constant,

 


Let us suppose we have,

z = f(x , y)

Where,            x = g(u , v)

And      y = h(u , v)

Then,

And

 

Let’s do some examples-

 

Example-1: If u = u(), then prove that .

 

Sol. We are given that,

u = u () = u( r , s)

Where r = and s =

Or we can write as-

r =     and s =

Differentiate them partially with respect to x , y and z. , we get

As we know that-

Then,

Adding all these results, we get

.

 

Example-2: If u = x³ + y³ where x  = a cos t and y = b sint , then find du/dt.

 

Sol. Given,

u = x³ + y³

x = a cost  and y = b sint

 

= (3x²)(-a sint) + (3y²) (b cost)

= -3a³cos²t sint + 3b³sin²t cost

 


If u and v are functions of the two independent variables  x and y , then the determinant,

Is known as the jacobian of u and v with respect to x and y, and it can be written as,

Suppose there are three functions u , v and w of three independent variables x , y and z then,

The Jacobian can be defined as,

 

Important properties of the Jacobians-

Property-1-

If u and v are the functions of x and y , then

Proof-  Suppose u = u(x,y) and v = v(x,y) , so that u and v are the functions of x and y,

Now,

Interchange the rows and columns of the second determinant, we get

=

=    ………….(1)

 

Differentiate u = u(x,y) and v= v(x,y) partially w.r.t. u and v, we get

Putting these values in eq.(1) , we get

 

                   hence proved.

 

Property-2:

Suppose u and v are the functions of r and s, where r,s are the fuctions of x , y, then,

 

Proof:                   = 

Interchange the rows and columns in second determinant

We get,

=

=

Similarly we can prove for three variables.

 

Property-3

If u,v,w are the functions of three independent variables x,y,z are not independent , then,

 

Proof: here u,v,w are independent , then f(u,v,w) = 0  ……………….(1)

Differentiate (1), w.r.t. x, y and z , we get

    …………(2)

  ………………(3)

………………..(4)

 

Eliminate    from 2,3,4  , we get

Interchanging rows and columns, we get

                                                                = 0

So that,

 

Example-1:  If x = r sin , y = r sin , z = r cos, then show that

sin  also find 

 

Sol.  We know that,

=

=

=      (on solving the determinant)

Now using first property of Jacobians, we get

 

Example-2: If u = x + y + z , uv = y + z , uvw = z ,  find

 

Sol.  Here we have,

x = u – uv = u(1-v)

y = uv – uvw = uv( 1- w)

And      z = uvw

So that,

 

 

                              =

 

Apply

=                

Now we get,

=  u²v(1-w) + u²vw

= u²v

 

Example-3: If u = xyz , v = x² + y² + z²  and w = x + y + z, then find   J = 

Sol. Here u ,v and w are explicitly given , so that first we calculate

J’ =

J’ =   =

= yz(2y-2z) – zx(2x – 2z) + xy (2x – 2y)  = 2[yz(y-z)-zx(x-z)+xy(x-y)]

= 2[x²y - x²z - xy² + xz² + y²z - yz²]

= 2[x²(y-z)  - x(y² - z²) + yz (y – z)]

= 2(y – z)(z – x)(y – x)

= -2(x – y)(y – z)(z – x)

By the property,

JJ’ =  1

J =

 


When we differentiate a function depend on more than one independent variable, we differentiate it with respect to one variable keeping other as constant.

A second order partial derivative means differentiating twice

In general are also function of x and y and so these can be further partially differentiated with respect to x and y.

 

 

 

In general

Notation:      

  1.          

 

Generalization:         If

Then the partial derivative of z with respect to is obtained by differentiating z with respect to treating all the other variables as constant and is denoted by

Example1: If . Then prove that

Given 

Partially differentiating z with respect to x keeping y as constant

Again partially differentiating given z with respect to y keeping x as constant

On b.eq(i) +a.eq(ii) we get

Hence proved.

Example2 : If

Show that

Given 

Partially differentiating z with respect to x keeping y as constant

Again partially differentiating z with respect to x keeping y as constant

Partially differentiating z with respect to y keeping x as constant

Again partially differentiating z with respect to y keeping x as constant

From eq(i) and eq(ii) we conclude that

Example3  : Find the value of n so that the equation

Satisfies the relation 

Given   

Partially differentiating V with respect to r keeping as constant

Again partially differentiating given V with respect to keeping r as constant

Now, we are taking the given relation

Substituting values using eq(i) and eq(ii)

On solving we get 

Example 4 : If then show that when

Given 

Taking log on both side we get

Partially differentiating with respect to x we get

  …..(i)

Similarly partially differentiating with respect y we get

    ……(ii)

LHS  :

Substituting value from (ii)

Again substituting value from (i) we get

]        

When

 

=RHS

Hence proved

Example5 :If

Then show that 

Given 

Partially differentiating u with respect to x keeping y and z as constant

Similarly partially differentiating u with respect to y keeping x and z as constant

…….(ii)

Similarly partially differentiating u with respect to z keeping x and y as constant

…….(iii)

 

LHS: 

Hence proved

 


Taylor’s Theorem-

If f(x + h) is a function of h which can be expanded in the ascending powers of h and is differentiable by any number of times with respect to h, then-

+ …….+ + ……..

Which is called Taylor’s theorem.

If we put x = a, we get-

+ …….+ + ……..     (1)

Maclaurin’s Theorem-

If we put a = 0 and h = x then equation(1) becomes-

+ …….

Which is called Maclaurin’s theorem.

 

Note – if we put h = x - a then there will be the expansion of F(x) in powers of (x – a)  

We get-

+ ……. 

 

Example-1: Express the polynomial in powers of (x-2).

 

Sol.  Here we have,

f(x) =

Differentiating the function w.r.t.x-

f’(x) =

f’’(x) = 12x + 14

f’’’(x) = 12

f’’’’(x)=0

Now using Taylor’s theorem-

+ …….     (1)

Here we have, a = 2,

Put x = 2 in the derivatives of f(x), we get-

f(2) = 

f’(2) =

f’’(2) = 12(2)+14 = 38

f’’’(2) = 12   and f’’’’(2) = 0

Now put a = 2 and substitute the above values in equation(1), we get-

 

Taylor’s theorem for functions of two variables-

Suppose f(x , y) be a function of two independent variables x and y. Then,

+ ……………

 

Maclaurin’s series is the special case of Taylor’s series-

When we put a = 0 and b = 0 (about origin) in Taylor’s series, we get-

+ ……………

 

Example-2:  Expand f(x , y) = in powers of x and y about origin.

Sol. Here we have the function-

f(x , y) =

Here , a = 0 and b = 0 then

f(0 , 0) =

Now we will find partial derivatives of the function-

                                    

 

                   

                                      

 

                          

 

                          

 

Now using Taylor’s theorem-

+………

Suppose h = x and k = y , we get

+…….

= +……….

 

Example-3: Find the Taylor’s expansion of about (1 , 1) up to second degree term.

Sol. We have,

At (1 , 1)

 

                                    

 

                   

                                      

 

                          

 

                          

 

Now by using Taylor’s theorem-

……

Suppose 1 + h = x  then h =  x – 1

1 + k = y   then k = y - 1

……

 

  =

……..

 


As we know that the value of a function at maximum point is called maximum value of a function. Similarly the value of a function at minimum point is called minimum value of a function.

The maxima and minima of a function is an extreme biggest and extreme smallest point of a function in a given range (interval) or entire region. Pierre de Fermat was the first mathematician to discover general method for calculating maxima and minima of a function. The maxima and minima are complement of each other.

Maxima and Minima of a function of one variables

If  f(x) is a single valued function defined in a region R then

Maxima is a maximum point if and only if

Minima is a minimum point if and only if   

7701_1.jpeg

Maxima and Minima of a function of two independent variables

Let be a defined function of two independent variables.

Then the point is said to be a maximum point of if

Or   =

For all positive and negative values of h and k.

Similarly the point is said to be a minimum point of if

Or   =

For all positive and negative values of h and k.

Saddle point: Critical points of a function of two variables are those points at which both partial derivatives of the function are zero. A critical point of a function of a single variable is either a local maximum, a local minimum, or neither. With functions of two variables there is a fourth possibility - a saddle point.

A point is a saddle point of a function of two variables if

                          2   2    [  2  ] 2
@f-= 0,   @f--= 0,  and  @-f- @-f--  -@-f-   < 0
@x        @y             @x2 @y2    @x @y

At the point.

Stationary Value

The value is said to be a stationary value of if

i.e. the function is a stationary at (a , b).

Rule to find the maximum and minimum values of

  1. Calculate.
  2. Form and solve , we get the value of x and y let it be pairs of values
  3. Calculate the following values :

4.     (a) If

(b) If

(c) If

(d) If

Example1 Find out the maxima and minima of the function

Given     …(i)

Partially differentiating (i) with respect to x we get

    ….(ii)

Partially differentiating (i) with respect to y we get

    ….(iii)

Now, form the equations

Using (ii) and (iii) we get

          using above two equations

Squaring both side we get

Or 

This show that

Also we get

Thus we get the pair of value as

Now, we calculate

Putting above values in

At point (0,0)  we get

So, the point (0,0) is a saddle point.

At point we get

So the point is the minimum point where

In case 

So the point is the maximum point where

Example2 Find the maximum and minimum point of the function

Partially differentiating given equation with respect to and x and y then equate them to zero                 

On solving above we get 

Also

Thus we get the pair of values (0,0), (,0) and (0,

Now, we calculate

At the point (0,0)

So function has saddle point at (0,0).

At the point (

So the function has maxima at this point (.

At the point (0,

So the function has minima at this point (0,.

At the point (

So the function has an saddle point at (

Example3 Find the maximum and minimum value of

Let

Partially differentiating given function with respect to x and y and equate it to zero

  ..(i)

    ..(ii)

On solving (i) and (ii) we get

Thus pair of values are

Now, we calculate

At the point (0,0)

So further investigation is required

On the x  axis y  = 0  , f(x,0)=0

On the line y=x,

At the point

So that the given function has maximum value at

Therefore maximum value of given function

At the point

So that the given function has minimum value at

Therefore minimum value of the given function

 


Let be a function of x, y, z which to be discussed for stationary value.

Let be a relation in x, y, z

for stationary values we have,

i.e.    … (1)

Also from we have

    … (2)

Let ‘’ be undetermined multiplier then multiplying equation (2) by and adding in equation (1) we get,

     … (3)

     … (4)

      … (5)

Solving equation (3), (4) (5) & we get values of x, y, z and .

 

  1. Decampere a positive number ‘a’ in to three parts, so their product is maximum

Solution:

Let x, y, z be the three parts of ‘a’ then we get.

    … (1)

Here we have to maximize the product

i.e.

By Lagrange’s undetermined multiplier, we get,

       … (2)

       … (3)

        … (4)

i.e.

        … (2)’

        … (3)’

        … (4)

And

From (1)

Thus .

Hence their maximum product is  .

 

2.     Find the point on plane nearest to the point (1, 1, 1) using Lagrange’s method of multipliers.

Solution:

Let be the point on sphere which is nearest to the point . Then shortest distance.

Let

Under the condition    … (1)

By method of Lagrange’s undetermined multipliers we have

       … (2)

       … (3)

i.e. &

       … (4)

From (2) we get

From (3) we get

From (4) we get

Equation (1) becomes

i.e.

y = 2

 


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