Unit – 1

Introduction to C++

1.1 Object Oriented Technology, Advantages of OOP

Fig. Structure of Object Oriented Programming

Fig shows how objects can communicate with other objects with the help of functions. Here data is not accessible to external functions which ensure data security.

Advantages of OOP

1.2 Input- output in C++

Input/output functions allow to take input from user using console and prints the output of program on the screen respectively.

Cout

Output: Hello World – This is the string.

Cin

Cerr

Output – Error.

Clog

Output – Error.

1.3 Tokens

1.4           Keywords

1.5 Identifiers

1.5           Data Types C++

In C++, data types are declarations for variables. This determines the type and size of data associated with variables.

For example,

int age = 13;

Here, age is a variable of type int. Meaning, the variable can only store integers of either 2 or 4 bytes.

C++ Fundamental Data Types

The table below shows the fundamental data types, their meaning, and their sizes (in bytes):

Data Type  Meaning     Size (in Bytes)

int   Integer     2 or 4

float   Floating-point    4

double  Double Floating-point   8

char   Character     1

wchar_t  Wide Character    2

bool   Boolean     1

void   Empty      0

1. int

The int keyword is used to indicate integers.

Its size is usually 4 bytes. Meaning, it can store values from -2147483648 to 214748647.

For example,

int salary = 85000;

2.  float and double

float and double are used to store floating-point numbers (decimals and exponentials).

The size of float is 4 bytes and the size of double is 8 bytes. Hence, double has two times the precision of float. To learn more, visit C++ float and double.

For example,

float area = 64.74;

double volume = 134.64534;

As mentioned above, these two data types are also used for exponentials. For example,

double distance = 45E12    // 45E12 is equal to 45*10^12

3. char

Keyword char is used for characters.

Its size is 1 byte.

Characters in C++ are enclosed inside single quotes ' '.

For example,

char test = 'h';

Note: In C++, an integer value is stored in a char variable rather than the character itself. To learn more, visit C++ characters.

4.  wchar_t

Wide character wchar_t is similar to the char data type, except its size is 2 bytes instead of 1.

It is used to represent characters that require more memory to represent them than a single char.

For example,

wchar_t test = L'ם'  // storing Hebrew character;

1.7 Derives data types

Derived Data types

1.8           The void data type

Void data type is used for value les entity. It is used for function  which do not return any value.

1.9 Type Modifiers

1.10                  Typecasting

Implicit type casting.

              Explicit type casting.

Converting by assignment

In this required type is defined explicitly in front of the expression. It is a forceful casting.

Conversion using cast operator

Unary operator is the cast operator it forces one data type to get converted into another.

1.11 Constant

1.12 Operator

1.13 Precedence of Operators,

1.14 Strings

The string is actually a one-dimensional array of characters which is terminated by a null character '\0'. Thus a null-terminated string contains the characters that comprise the string followed by a null.

The following declaration and initialization create a string consisting of the word "Hello". To hold the null character at the end of the array, the size of the character array containing the string is one more than the number of characters in the word "Hello."

char greeting[6] = {'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '\0'};

Following is the memory presentation of above defined string in C/C++ −

String Presentation in C/C++

The C++ compiler automatically places the '\0' at the end of the string when it initializes the array.

Example:

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main () {

   char greeting[6] = {'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '\0'};

   cout << "Greeting message: ";

   cout << greeting << endl;

   return 0;

}

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result −

Greeting message: Hello

C++ supports a wide range of functions that manipulate null-terminated strings −

Sr.No Function & Purpose

1                strcpy(s1, s2);    Copies string s2 into string s1.

2  strcat(s1, s2);   Concatenates string s2 onto the end of string s1.

3  strlen(s1);   Returns the length of string s1.

4  strcmp(s1, s2);                 Returns 0 if s1 and s2 are the same;       

                                                                 less than 0 if s1<s2; greater than 0 if s1>s2.

5              strchr(s1, ch);Returns a pointer to the first occurrence of character ch in string s1.

6                 strstr(s1, s2); Returns a pointer to the first occurrence of string s2 in string s1.

Example:

#include <iostream>

#include <cstring>

using namespace std;

int main () {

   char str1[10] = "Hello";

   char str2[10] = "World";

   char str3[10];

   int  len ;

   // copy str1 into str3

   strcpy( str3, str1);

   cout << "strcpy( str3, str1) : " << str3 << endl;

   // concatenates str1 and str2

   strcat( str1, str2);

   cout << "strcat( str1, str2): " << str1 << endl;

   // total lenghth of str1 after concatenation

   len = strlen(str1);

   cout << "strlen(str1) : " << len << endl;

   return 0;

}

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces result something as follows −

strcpy( str3, str1) : Hello

strcat( str1, str2): HelloWorld

strlen(str1) : 10

Reference Books

1. The C++ Programming language 3/e by Bjarne Stroustrup, Pearson Education.

2. C++, How to Programme, 4e, by Deitel, Pearson Education.

3. Big C++ by Cay Horstmann, Wiley India.

4. C++ Primer, 3e by Stanley B. Lippmann, JoseeLajoie, Pearson Education.

5. C++ and Object Oriented Programming Paradigm, 2e by Debasish Jana, PHI.

6. Programming with C++, 2/e by Ravichandran, Tata McGraw Hill.

7. C++ Programming Black Book by Steven Holzner, Dreamtech Press.