UNIT 2
State
The most important subject of the study of political science is the ‘state’. In other words we can say that Political science begins and ends with the state. The term 'state' in the study of political science has been used in a broader sense. Under this, the state means a community of individuals who lives in a certain region, organized politically, uses the supreme power for the accomplishment of their internal works and independent of the control of an external power.
Thus, only the people who organized to live a peaceful life in a certain area, called as state.
Result: - It has been given many definitions by many leading political scholars of the world. Some of these are prominent.
1. Arastu :- "The state is a group of villages and families that aims to achieve the highest interests of the individual.”
2. Garner :- “The state is often a community of many people who are permanently resides in a certain territory. Which is completely or often independent of the control of an external power and there should be a well-organized government, whose orders are usually followed by all the people of that land.”
3. Loskey: - “The state is a regional society. This is divided into government and people and which has supreme power over all institutions under a definite geographical area.”
Element: - The major elements of the state are as follows: -
1. Population:-
This is a major element of the state. The reason for this is that the organization of human beings is called state. In other words, the state is an honorable institution, for which a certain population is very much necessary. Several prominent scholars have determined the population of the state. For example as per Plato, The population of the state should be 5040. But this concept is not compatible with the present times. Because today, countries like China and India have a population of more than one billion.
In short, we can say that the population of the state should not be more and not less also. There should be proper population according to the resources and area available in the state.
2. Fixed Terrain: -
Another important element of the state is the terrain. Without this, we cannot imagine the state. In fact, population is the individual basis of the state. A fixed terrain is required for the population to stay and live their life happily.
In this connection also, we can say that the terrain must be such that the state's population can easily stay there, their life can easily be habitat and their all round development can be possible.
3. Government:
It is also a major element of the state. Without the government, we cannot even imagine a state. Because the governance and it’s operation of any state is done by the government. By government we mean machinery by which the state fulfills its obligations and fulfills its objectives. There is no state to the people settled in a certain area, unless it is organized by political point of view. Thus, with the establishment of the government, the state is also established. Hence the government is called the 'soul of the state'. Government can also be a monarchy, dictatorship and democracy system. It has three major parts.
a) Administrator: Its function is to enact laws for the conduct of the affairs of the state.
b) Executive: The executive functions according to the law, governing the governance of the state.
c) Judiciary: The job of the judiciary is to explain the law and control the executive's unfair work.
4. Sovereignty:
Sovereignty is also a major element of the state. Without this, we cannot even imagine the state. Sovereignty refers to a supreme power that provides the freedom to take decisions in internal and external matters of the state. So that the governance and operation of the states run smoothly.
As a conclusion, we can say that the most important theme of politics is the state and its four elements are important, we cannot even imagine the existence of a state without any one of them.
As far as the question of the interpretation of the nature of the state is concerned, it is clear from the study of political science that in elaborate interpretation of the nature of the state, Based on the various things that have been said by various political scholars, we determine its nature. We can explain this by dividing the following demands.
1. Means of development of the people of the state
The state as we know it is a political organization. In relation to its nature, we can say that the state is the main means of development of all the people living within its borders. It is not related to any particular class or party but is related to the development of the people of the entire nation. The entire development of the people depends on the development of the state. If the state starts doing the partiality, then the development of all the people is blocked. We need a state which is the greatest organization and whose principles are based on our interests, which can pave the way for the defense and development of our rights. Aristotle etc. scholars are supporters of such a state and are also the basis of the present democratic system.
2. Symbol of state power
Power is a major aspect of the political organization of society that we call the state. In order to develop the personality of a human being, it is necessary that a favorable environment and means are available for his development and all obstacles on his development path should be removed. For this, it is necessary to have a strong state. If the state is the brain of man, then the body and other organs are power. The state empowers the citizens of its country. The state's physical and power-rich physical form is one of its important elements.
Thus it is clear that power is a major aspect of the state.
3. State man's form of intelligence and desire
Nature has made man a social living being. He considers himself incomplete without society. According to Arastu :-The person who remains separate from the state or the person whose power is separate from the state is either God or some wild animal. Human desires, whether spiritual or physical, do not achieve perfection in a developed and mature way without a state. Therefore, whatever is our objective, the state also wants. The state is a form of our desires. This is the measure of our entire development.
4. State Symbol of morality
The leading scholar Arastu believes that "The state removes obstacles to the moral development of humans and encourages their moral progress”. The state creates an environment in society, so that it is entirely dependent on human beings to use or not to use the facilities given by the state which are necessary for moral development. Because this is a subject on which perfection cannot be done by putting pressure. Ethics relates to man's own inner forms. The state can only do so much in this regard to solve the problems that come in the way of its morality. He cannot use more power than this.
Therefore, it is clear that the state also shows the nature of morality.
5. Statutory form
According to the classical theory of law, the state has been considered as an institution that constructs and interprets and transforms it into work. According to this only those things which are valid by the law of the state and the courts of the state can act in this regard. Its principal proponents are Garner, Giryak, Bluntshali, Jellyneck Arti.
6. Possible form
Under this, the state is considered the form of the body. According to this, the way body has different organs and it consists of them. Under this, the state is considered the form of the body. According to it, just as different parts of the body are made up of them, they form different parts of the state and they consist of them. The main proponents of this ideology are the plato, Herbat and Spencer etc. Austin's creation, Leshiathan, simply means the giant Jallian gene.
Conclusion: We can say that the nature of the state has many perspectives, which symbolize the different views of different scholars, there is no doubt about it.
The main theme of political science is the state. When we study political science, we find that a question comes to us in the form of a dispute that the state is feasible, or a means. We can describe it in the following sections.
It has been proposed by many scholars that the state is the highest goal of human life and in itself is practicable. This is especially the thinking of idealists. Platt's view is that the best life of individuals can only be possible in the state and cannot imagine the interest of the state. The Platt's believe that the state is a large form of the human mind. Its wide-ranging Platt's have made its creation under the Republic.
According to Benyam, "the state is the instrument and the individual is practicable." The state has been organized by individuals to serve their interests. " Mill also shared the same fact
In support, it is written that “All social system is done only for the fulfilment of benevolent interests. The purpose of social institutions is to bring maximum happiness to the individual. Institutions means other people are practicable.
The concept of common will has been propounded by the Russians. That too indicates that the state is self-sustaining. The Russians make no distinction between state and society, and in practice they represent the will of the state. Scholars like McMavalli, while giving the state the highest position, have emphasized the fact that the state is practicable. Their principal states are practicable, this has been raised in the most prominent form in Hegal, Bose and the idealistic ideology propounded by them. According to them, the state is not an artificial institution but a natural and spontaneous institution, which can be called an expression of the inner mind of man. The state being the manifest and widespread form of the inner mind of man, there can be no conflict between the state and the individual. The predominant rendering of idealism leads the haunting of the Hegal state to its climax. Hegal considers the state to be an expression of 'real persona, persecution and faith'. According to Hegel, there is no other institution that has significant higher education in the state. Austin etc. scholars also consider the state as the highest institution.
The hanging and anti-Nazist concept also supports this fact. Hitler and Mussolani, the pioneer, are also supportive of the fact that the state is a universal institution.
The state means: - The main proponent of this is opposed to the earlier idea. Utilitarian thinkers may be included in these. According to the ancient Indian ideology, the main task of the state is to work according to the interests of the individual and the emphasis has been on establishing a public welfare state. Which considers the state as the only means.
Anarchist, liberal view, pluralistic approach is the main supporter of the fact that the state is merely a means. In this, scholars like Green, Loskey, McIver etc. can be kept. The liberal system considers the state as an artificial institution, not a natural institution. According to whose purpose, according to the welfare of the individual, the work is only to do according to which the state is for the individual, that person is for the state.
Individualism, based on the importance of the individual, emphasizes that it is not the individual, society and the state, but society and the state is for the individual. According to pluralists Lausky etc., then the different communities that individuals form for their social life. Political community or state is one of them. The existence of other communities confounds the persecution of the state. Gandhi ji considers the state as both feasible and means.
It is clear from the study of the above facts that neither of the two concepts can be different right. Because if the state is to be considered supreme, it can happen that the dictatorial system will expand. On the other hand, only by giving priority to the person, people can oppose the state on small matters, which can cause problems of maintaining chaos and lawlessness. Therefore, concluding the dispute between the means and the means, it should be recognized that the state is both the means and the means. Only then can the state discharge its obligations properly. Which is particularly compatible with today's democratic system. This is the appropriate difference.
In the liberal system: - On studying the liberal system, it is clear that “Liberalism as a political principle is a mixture of two separate elements. One of these is democracy and the other is individualism but this is not the true meaning of liberalism. Two types of ideologies have so far been presented on the subject of interpersonal relations between the individual and the state. One type of ideologies considers the state to be the center of all human life and a doable in it. But other types of ideologies demonstrate that the person and the person in the state are the only ones. Liberalism is a group of twofold ideologies that emphasize the point that the individual is the centre of all human order. The state, society and other institutions are only means for the welfare of this person. And all political, economic and social order should be determined by considering the person as the centre.
Initially, the development of this system originated under the “Charianship” of the 16th and 17th centuries, the revolution movement of the Kingdom of France. Which was initially narrow but in the beginning of the 19th century its area became wider. Thinkers such as” Jonlock”, Green, etc. were its principal proponents. Under this system, special emphasis has been laid on faith in human conscience, support of individual freedoms, opposition to wrong traditions, natural rights to individuals like: - Emphasis on rights of life, liberty and property, democratic system and secular governance system etc. As far as the existence of a liberal system is described under the works of the state, so two things come in front of us: -
1. Traditional Liberalism - Originally liberalism was born against the autocratic rule of the 16th and 17th centuries, which was a supporter of individual liberty. The basic points of this traditional liberalism can be explained as follows:-
(a) Personal Freedom - There has always been a strong emphasis on personal freedom by liberals. Through these, the emphasis has been laid on individual's decision-making within all areas. Under this, the state was banned, emphasizing on freedom of speech and speech, freedom of life, religious freedom, etc., that there should be no interference in the matter of the individual, unless the actions of all the individuals somehow affect the society Do not harm.
(b) Financial Freedom - Arbitrary taxes were imposed on the people many times by the autocratic rulers of the Middle Ages, who were against the interests of the people. Gradually the public became aware that it was determined that the ruler could not tax them wrongly against the will of the people. This change in the financial system was a by-product of this liberalism.
(c) Civil liberties: - As citizens of a country, it was necessary for the citizens to be socially, economically, politically independent. This was not possible without revenge in the dictatorial system of the ruling class. Liberalism proved to be the pioneer of change and civil liberties in this wrong system Happened.
(d) Ethnic Freedom: - Autarkist thinkers used to emphasize on ethnic stagnation. But the objectionable fact was that his idea was confined to the European system.
(e) National and International Security: - Liberalist thinkers were strong supporters of the principle of self-determination of nations and were also strong advocates of national independence under both the geographical and administrative spheres.
In addition, liberalism has been opposed to the use of force by one state against another. According to the view of these people, peace and international cooperation should work.
But criticizing the state's actions of the traditional liberal system, it has been said that opposing the traditions is not justified anywhere. It is not right to endorse the intervention policy of the state in the economic sector.
However, traditional liberalism has a prominent place in promoting democracy and individual democracy. There is no interference in this.
Liberalism continued to function traditionally until the middle of the 19th century, but after this the nature of liberalism changed according to the changed circumstances. By 1860 most believed in the policy of democracy and economic disorganization. This worsened the situation of workers. The social, economic development of the lower level people was being blocked. In this situation, conversion to liberalism was necessary.
Thomas Hill Green should be the messenger of this new liberal system, according to which a person should get freedom to do such things, which are worth doing. According to them, there is a necessary evil in the state. Now the state will have to be completely brought to the ground of democratic facts, only then the path of development of the general public will be paved. It became a facilitator in the development of a new liberal state and new public welfare state system.
Conclusion: We can say that, even though the liberal system is criticized today, at present there is no doubt that this system has contributed a lot in the development of new public welfare states, secular nations and countries like America.
Social and welfare state:
Individualism prevailed during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, but the adoption of this ideology had a very bad effect on social, economic and industrial life. As a result, there was a backlash against individualist ideology, and it was due to this that socialism emerged. At the present time it is popular and every country is trying to adopt one form or the other.
It originates from the English word socialism, which is part of the word 'social'. It means society. It is clear from this that socialism is a centralized and socially based ideology against individualism. Its basic objective is to establish the objective of equality and to do more and more work of the state in social, economic and political spheres, so that the entire society can develop comprehensively. According to this ideology, The work area of the state should be extensive, and all these tasks should be done by the state. All individuals are necessary for the progress of society. Every function of social life comes under the state.
It is generally believed that according to socialist ideology, along with the establishment of the state's security and justice system, public education and health facilities should be managed. There should be an effort to increase production and eliminate discrimination on economic grounds. The arrangement of healthy entertainment for all people, development of people of all ages and the arrangement of national as well as international peace and cooperation should be increased. Social justice should be paved. Garner is a strong supporter of this ideology.
Public welfare state: -
When we try to understand the system of public welfare state, we come to the conclusion that it is a governance system under which the emphasis is on the welfare and development of all the people, rather than emphasizing the development of a particular individual or the people. In India, this system has been seen since ancient times. In which the ruler's responsibility is the welfare and development of all his people. Epic like Manusmriti, Ramayana, Mahabharata etc. are the examples of this type of system.
In the development of a public welfare state, the response against the individual system, the rise of Marxism and the opposition of the capitalist system, the rise of socialism system like developmentist system, paved the way for the development of democracy comprehensively. The "Encyclopedia of Social Science", published in 1918, defines the state as a welfare state, stating that "a welfare state means a state which considers providing minimum standard of living to all its citizens as its obligatory responsibility."
According to Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India- “A welfare state is one which operates its economic system with the objective of more equitable distribution of income. “This 19th century system spread in Europe through the policy of Yadyapyam.
The main highlights of this system: - The system of economic security, employment of all persons, establishment of maximum equality, guarantee of minimum living standards, democratic governance system, political security, increase in the state's work area and the spirit of international cooperation is prominent.
Conclusion: It becomes clear from the study of the above facts that the work of the public welfare state is quite extensive. In other words, if we say, any kind of work is no longer outside the purview of public welfare state. Under the traditional state, work was divided into two parts compulsory and voluntary. But now with the coming of this system, it became necessary for the state to do all kinds of work, because the development of the people of the state depends on it. These functions can be described as follows:-
Arrangement of mutual relations of individuals and relations of state and individuals: -
This is also a major function of the public welfare state. Under this, the state makes laws to control the wrong interests of individuals, through which the state controls the mutual relations of individuals. Apart from this, it has become necessary to regularize the relations between the individual and the state and this work is also done by the state.
Internal well-maintain system and protection from foreign aggression –
This is also a major feature of this type of state. It is the main responsibility of the state to protect the state foreign aggression and maintain the law and order of the state for this, the state makes arrangements for police and Army.
Maintaining the standard of living of the people: -
This is also a major task of the public welfare state. Total development of the people is the main goal of this state. It performs extensive work in the direction of maintaining the high standard of living of the people in the state.
Economic Security: -
This is also a major work of the public welfare state. The main things coming under this are the system of employment and maximum equality. As it is believed that complete equality is not possible, but as much as possible, under this system, there is attempt to make less difference between the minimum and maximum levels of income of the individuals. The work of strengthening the economic security of individuals by regular development of agriculture, trade and development of industries is also done by the public welfare state.
Education and Health related work –
Under this arrangement, it is the endeavor of the state to make education and health related basic facilities widely available to all the people. For this, the management of free education and health is also a major responsibility of the state.
Managing the means of transport –
These are the main responsibilities of the public welfare state. Under this, it is the endeavor of the state to manage high level traffic arrangements. By doing this, rapid development of both the state and the individual is possible.
Conclusion :-
In conclusion, we can say that this law system has been considered to be the antithesis of the individualist system, highly expensive, with errors like arbitrary bureaucratic behavior. But the public welfare state is a major system for the development of the individual and all the people. We should believe in it.
The present state is called the national state. The expansion of these types of states, the state emerged in its present form today, passing through the system of historical system, feudal system, individualist system, and socialist system, democratic and public welfare state.
In the present times, two types of national states have emerged and developed: - Liberal democratic state and All rights state. Generally the non-populous states of America, England, and France etc. are considered as liberal democratic states. In contrast, the communist, fascist, dictatorial or monarchist states have been called the All Rights State. Apart from these, the development of India can be kept under the public welfare state.
- Liberal Democratic State - The liberal state is governed by the people themselves or by the representatives of the people in the interest of the people. In ancient times there was direct democracy in Greek city states. There are indirect democracies in the modern state. At present, there are also mixed states such as Switzerland, where both direct and indirect democracy is found.
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2. Totalitarian State- In the totalitarian state, the entire aspect of human life is under the state. According to Mussolini, "The state is omnipresent and all are within the state." No one can raise voice against the state.
Thus, the kingdom is governed by the dictator's will. This does not mean that the public does not participate in governmental processes. But the decision not to participate also depends on the dictator. Integration of powers is seen here.
3. Voluntary and Public Welfare States: - Apart from these types of states, at the present time, voluntary states and public welfare states also exist. The steward state is called the state which runs according to its own rule. For example, Saudi Arabia and Nigeria etc.
A public welfare state is one where the objectives of the state are not just security and peacekeeping. All-round development of citizens is also seen under this system. It is a mixed state with democracy and socialist principles.
Functions of modern state - We can explain the functions of modern state in two parts.
Essential tasks: - This includes those tasks, which is necessary to maintain the state's existence. It is as follows.
1. Protection from external aggression: - It is an act by which the state protects its borders. On which its existence depends. The state collectively performs this work through the Water, Air and Tall Army.
2. Conducting Foreign Relations: - In order to maintain good relations with other nations, states conduct foreign relations by developing foreign policy according to their own interests, so that they can develop themselves. This work reigns through the states. This work has been ruling from ancient times till today.
3. Maintaining peace system in the internal area- This is also the main responsibility of the state and under it the state works for its development along with the citizens by maintaining internal security, peace. For this, the state continues to maintain law and order and police. In addition, the courts also administer the courts for the operation of judicial system.
Apart from this, under the voluntary work, the present state arranges for education, health and sanitation, provision of means of transport, banking system, development of trade and industries, social reform, entertainment, agriculture and village organization.
Today, the state is constantly trying to develop its all-round development by conducting these tasks properly.
Conclusion:-
In conclusion, we can say that the work of today's states has expanded considerably compared to the interpretation of the ancient state. Without the state, we cannot even envision the development of ordinary citizens. In today's time, the state has acquired a very relevant and important place, in which we should not doubt.
