UNIT 2
OUR COUNTRY N ECONOMY
Our country is that the second most populated country within the world with nearly a fifth of the world's population. As per to the 2019 revision of the planet Population Prospects population stood at 1,352,642,280.During 1975–2010, the population doubled to 1.2 billion. The Our countryn population reached the billion mark in 1998.
Our country is projected to be the world's most populous country by 2024, crossing the population of China. It's expected to become the primary political entity in history to be home to quite 1.5 billion people by 2030, and its population is about to succeed in 1.7 billion by 2050. Its increase rate is 1.13percent, ranking 112th within the world in 2017.
Our country has quite 50percent of its population below the age of 25 and quite 65percent below the age of 35. It's expected that, in 2020, the typical age of an Our country are going to be 29 years, compared to 37 for China and 48 for Japan; and, by 2030, Our country's dependency ratio should be just over 0.4.
Our country has quite two thousand ethnic groups, and each major religion is represented, as are four major families of languages (Indo-European, Dravidian, Austroasiatic and Sino-Tibetan languages) also as two language isolates (the Nihali language spoken in parts of Maharashtra and therefore the Burushaski language spoken in parts of Jammu and Kashmir (Kashmir).
Over the second half century the population of the planet has exploded. At the time of writing there are seven billion people on the earth and this number is projected to grow during a short period of your time .
Of all of the environmental issues facing the earth today overpopulation is one that sometimes slips under the radar. Issues like pollution, global climate change and water shortages all seem to require precedence, but overpopulation is one among the most contributors to several other environmental issues.
Overpopulation will place great demands on resources and land, major to widespread environmental issues additionally to impacting global economies and standards of living.
The issue is compounded by the problem in providing solutions for this problem and misunderstanding of the causes and effects of overpopulation.
Here we'll cover both causes and effects of overpopulation so as for you to possess a more informed view of the risks that accompany it.
The Causes
There are variety of things that contribute to overpopulation. These are the main causes:
Poverty
Poverty is believed to be the important explanation for overpopulation. a scarcity of educational resources, including high death rates major to higher birth rates, end in poor areas seeing large booms in population.
The effect is so extensive that the UN has predicted that the forty-eight poorest countries within the world also are likely to be the most important contributors to increase . Their estimates state that the combined population of those countries is probably going to balloon to 1.7 billion in 2050, from 850 million in 2010.
Poor Contraceptive Use
Though the supply of contraceptives is widespread in developed countries, poor planning on both partners’ parts can cause unexpected pregnancies. Statistics have shown that in Great Britain 76percent of girls aged between 16 and 49 used a minimum of one sort of contraceptive, leaving 1 / 4 hospitable unexpected pregnancies.
This issue is exacerbated in underdeveloped areas. A study by the planet Health Organization (WHO) shows that this usage figure drops to 43percent in countries that are blighted by issues like poverty, which results in higher birth rates.
Child Labor
As distressing because it could also be to listen to , child labor remains used extensively in many parts of the planet . UNICEF estimates that approximately 150 million children are currently working, primarily in countries that have few child labor laws.
This can end in children being seen as a source of income by poor families. Furthermore, children who begin work too young also lose the tutorial opportunities they ought to be granted, when it involves contraception .
Reduced Mortality Rates
Improvement in medical technology has led to lower mortality rates for several serious diseases. Particularly dangerous viruses and ailments like polio, smallpox and measles are practically eradicated by such advances.
While this is often positive news in some ways , it also means people live longer than ever before. This “delay” within the cycle of life and death has led to birth rates outstripping death rates by over two to at least one in times .
Fertility Treatment
Though it only plays alittle role as compared to the opposite causes of overpopulation, improved fertility treatments have made it possible for more people to possess children.
The number of girls using various fertility treatments has been on the increase since their inception. Now most have the choice of conceiving children, albeit they'll not are ready to do so without such treatments.
Immigration
Unchecked immigration into countries may cause overpopulation to the purpose where those countries not have the specified resources for his or her population. This is often particularly problematic in countries where immigration numbers far exceed emigration numbers.
In some cases, immigrants could also be attempting to flee overpopulation in their own countries, only to contribute to an equivalent issues within the countries they move to. However, data also exists to point out the immigration can bolster economies, with the effect within the UK being particularly pronounced.
Overpopulation may be a problem that potentially stands alongside global climate change together of the most important issues facing humanity today.
Despite this, there's little within the way of education or dialog concerning the difficulty , particularly in schools.If this doesn’t change, the problems highlighted during this article may still grow unabated. If that happens, this one issue could have a consequence which will cause untold problems within the future.
A positive population policy which aims at reducing the birth rate and ultimately stabilising the expansion rate of population. In Our country, where the bulk of individuals are illiterate, fatalist, and custom-ridden, and don't believe birth control , only the government’s initiative can help in controlling increase .
High rate of growth of population has been one among the main problems facing Our country. Our country with only 2.4 per cent of the worldwide area sustains 102.7 crore population which is 16.7 per cent of the planet population, as on March 1, 2001. With the method of development since 1951, the death rate has declined below 8 per thousand whereas the birth rate continues to be around 25 per thousand.Consequently, the increase rate remains at a really high level of about 2 per cent. The addition of 18.1 crore persons to Our country’s population between 1991-2001 was quite the population of Brazil, the fifth most populous country of the planet .
This frightening rate of growth of population has aggravated the issues of poverty, unemployment and inequalities. There has been a gross neglect of social sectors like primary education, basic health and Social Security . Our country’s resources are fast depleting thanks to rising demand. There has been degradation of environment.
The population policy of the govt of Our country has skilled the subsequent phases from time to time:
1. Pre-Independence Period:
Before independence, the Britishers didn't consider increase as a drag . Their attitude towards contraception was one among indifference because they never wanted to interfere with the values, beliefs, customs and traditions of Our country . That's why this phase is named the amount of Indifference. However, the intelligentsia in Our country was conscious of the matter of growing population and did advocate contraception .
Gandhiji also favored contraception but emphasized natural methods like self-control or abstinence and phase rather than artificial methods of contraception
2. The amount of Neutrality, 1947 to 51:
The period following independence and before the start of the design era was one among neutrality. The govt of Our country was busy with the post-independence problems like rehabilitation of the people following the Partition, reorganization of the States and Pakistan’s invasion of Kashmir. However, at one among the meetings of the design Commission in 1949, Nehru laid emphasis on the need for birth control programme in Our country.
3. The amount of Experiment, 1951 to 61:
During the primary decade (1951-61) of planned economic development, birth control as a way of social control was started as a government programme in Our country. The National birth control Programme was launched in 1952 with the intention of “reducing birth rate to the extent necessary to stabilise the population at A level according to the need of the economy .”
This programme was started on an experimental basis with an idea outlay of Rs. 65 lakh within the First Plan and Rs. 5 crore within the Second Plan. It had been supported Clinical Approach to supply service to those that were motivated to go to birth control centres found out by the govt .
4. The Starting of the social control Policy 1961 to 2000:
With the rapid climb of population within the 1961 Census by 21.5 per cent, the Extension Approach to birth control was adopted within the Third Plan. This approach emphasized the adoption of an academic approach to birth control through Panchayat Samitis, Village Development Committees and other groups so on change the attitudes, behaviour and knowledge of the people towards birth control .
The birth control programme was also made target oriented and Rs. 27 crore were allocated during the Plan for this purpose. The target was to scale back the birth rate to 25 per 1000 persons by 1973. To form this programme more popular, Cafeteria Approach was adopted.
Under it, the couples got advice on differing types of birth control methods to be adopted. The selection of a specific method was left to them. For the effective working of the birth control programme, a separate Department of Family Welfare was created within the Ministry of Health and birth control in 1966.
High priority was accorded to the birth control programme during the Fourth Plan by allocating Rs. 330 crore.
The aim was to scale back the birth rate to 25 per 1000 persons by 1980-81. For this, efforts were to be directed towards:
(a) Social acceptability for alittle family;
(b) Increasing information and knowledge about birth control methods both in urban and rural areas; and
(c) Making available the varied devices and equipment to the couples.
Another important measure was the mixing of birth control services with health, maternity and child health care and nutrition. Thus the birth control programme was made more broad-based. To form this programme simpler , Selective Approach was adopted under which couples within the reproductive age bracket of 25 to 35 years were persuaded to undergo sterilisation.
The 1971 Census showed a rapid climb in population by 24.6 per cent. To regulate this, the Fifth Plan laid down the ambitious target of reducing the birth rate to 30 per 1000 by the top of the Plan (1978-79) and to 25 per 1000 by 1983-84.
For achieving this, it proposed to guard 33 per cent of couples against conception by 1978-79 against 16-17 per cent at the top of the Fourth Plan. To implement it, monetary benefits was given to couples undergoing sterilization. This was followed by compulsory sterilization under The National Emergency in 1975.
For the primary time, National Population Policy was announced in 1976 to mount “a direct assault on the matter of numbers. Its salient features were:
(1) to extend the age of marriage for women to 18 years and for boys to 21 years;
(2) to require special measures to boost the rise of female education altogether States
(3) Increasing the monetary incentive to persons undergoing sterilization As per to the amount of youngsters within the family
(4) Additional incentives to government employees undergoing sterilization, having upto two children.
Targets of sterilization were fixed altogether the States. As a result, the amount of sterilizations rose from 9.4 lakh in 1973-74 to 82.6 lakh in 1976-77. But this was thanks to the adoption of compulsory sterilization by the bulk of State governments. Taking advantage of the emergency, many nations resorted to unfair and coercive methods to sterilize people of all ages. This led to mass resentment and unrest among the people. As a result, birth control programme became very unpopular.
In the post-emergency period, the Janata Government announced a replacement Population Policy in 1977. The most features of this policy were:
(a) Renaming the birth control programme into family welfare programme;
(b) Fixing the wedding age for women at 18 years and for boys at 21 years. This has been implemented by the kid Marriage Restraint (Amendment) Act, 1978;
(c) Making sterilization voluntary;
(d) Including population education as a part of basic course of study;
(e) Monetary incentive to those that enter for sterilization and tubectomy;
(f) Private companies to be exempted in corporate taxes if they popularize contraception measures among employees;
(g) Use of media for awareness of birth control in rural areas, etc. this policy put an end to compulsory sterilization and laid emphasis on voluntary sterilization. This bogged down the birth control programme. As a result, the amount of sterilizations fell from 82.6 lakh in 1976-77 to 9 lakh in 1977-78.
The Sixth Plan laid down the long-term demographic goal of reducing internet reproduction rate (NRR) to 1 by 2000 by reducing crude birth rate to 21, crude death rate to 9, infant deathrate rate to but 60 per 1000, and couple protection rate (CPR) to 60 per cent.
The goal of achieving NRR of 1 was revised to 2006-11 within the Seventh Plan by reducing crude birth rate to 29, crude death rate to 10.4, infant deathrate rate to 90 per 1000, and couple protection rate to 42 per cent. Further, the Seventh Plan laid emphasis on the two-child family norm. To form it successful, it intensified birth control and maternity and child health programmes .
To achieve the goal of NRR of 1, the Eighth Plan extended it to the amount 2011 -16. The targets laid down during the Plan were crude birth rate at 26, infant deathrate at 70 per 1000 and couple protection rate to 56 per cent.
To achieve these, the govt replaced the sooner social control Approach by the Reproductive and Child Health Approach in October 1997 to stabilize population and improve quality of life. The main target of this approach was on decentralized area specific macro-planning.
References
1. Indian Economy - Rudra Dutt & Sundarram
2. Bhartiya Arthashastra – L. M. Roy
3. Indian Economy – Uma & Kapila
