UNIT-VI
Role of state in agricultural development
Role of state can bring big difference in agricultural productivity, Proper management of credit and farming teachings by states can lead agriculture in good way. So, Following are the credits given to state
Post Nationalization of the banks ,PM Indira Gandhi took varied different steps to increase role of state in key areas of economic management in agricultural personal wholesale traders came vulnerable as a result of , because of their speculative motives ,they were considered accountable for fluctuations in food product provides and costs .Thus in 1973-74 the govt. took over the wholesale exchange wheat grain, that proved to be unfortunate and thus it absolutely was presently abandoned. Wheat procure was obstructs by restricted offer ensuing from disasters like drought in many states in later 1972-73.
India has faced food problem since long time. The term green revolution was first used by William Gaud and Norman Borlaug is the Father of the Green Revolution. In the year 1965, the government of India launched the Green Revolution with the help of (father of the Green revolution (India)) M.S. Swaminathan. The movement of green revolution was a great success and changed the country's status from a food-deficient economy to one of the world's leading agricultural nations and self-sufficient nation. It started from 1967 and lasted till 1978.The Green Revolution within India led to rise agricultural production, especially in Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Punjab.
Aspects of Green Revolution in India
- High Yielding Varieties (HYV)
- Mechanization of Agriculture
- Use of Chemical Fertilizers and Pesticides
- Irrigation
Green Revolution
The Green Revolution is known as the process of increasing agricultural production by incorporating modern equipment’s and techniques. Green Revolution is related with agricultural production. It is the time when agriculture of the country was converted into an industrial system due to the adoption of modern methods and techniques like the use of high yielding variety seeds, irrigation facilities, tractors, pesticides, and fertilizers.
Until 1967, the government mostly concentrated on expansion of the farming areas. But the rapidly increasing population than the food production called for a drastic and immediate action to increase yield which came in the form of Green Revolution.
The method of green revolution stressed on three basic elements, that are:
- Using High Yielding Variety seeds.
- Doubling crops in the existing farmland and,
- Continue expansion of farming areas
Schemes Under Green Revolution (India)
Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the Umbrella Scheme Green Revolution - 'Krishonnati Yojana' from 2017 to 2020 with the Central Share of Rs. 33,269.976 crore in agricultural sector.
The Umbrella scheme Green revolution- Krishonnati Yojana comprises 11 Schemes under it and all these schemes look to develop the agriculture and allied sector in a scientific and holistic manner so as to increase the income of farmers by increasing productivity, production, and better returns on produce, strengthening production infrastructure, reducing cost of production and marketing of agriculture and allied produce. The 11 schemes that work under the Umbrella Schemes under Green revolution are:
1. MIDH - Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture aiming to encourage the comprehensive growth of horticulture sector, enhance the production of the sector, improve nutritional security and increase income support to household farms.
2. NFSM - National Food Security Mission - This includes NMOOP - National Mission on Oil Seeds and Oil Palm aiming to increase the production of wheat, rice pulses, coarse cereals and commercial crops, increasing productivity and area expansion in a suitable manner, enhancing farm level economy, restoring soil fertility and productivity at the individual farm level. It aims to reduce imports and increase the availability of vegetable oils and edible oils in the country.
3.National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) has been beginning out for growing agricultural productiveness specially in rainfed regions specializing in incorporated farming, soil fitness control water use efficiency, and synergizing aid conservation.
4. SMAE - Submission on Agriculture Extension aims to strengthen the extension mechanism of State Governments, local bodies, etc. and use of electronic and print media, interpersonal communication, and ICT tools, etc.
5. SMSP - Sub-Mission on Seeds and Planting Material aims to increase the production of quality seed, to upgrade the quality of farm-saved seeds and increase SRR, strengthening seed multiplication chain and encourage new methods and technologies in seed production, processing, testing, etc., to strengthen and modernize infrastructure for seed production, storage, quality, and certification, etc.
6. SMPPQ - Sub Mission on Plant Protection and Plan Quarantine aims to maintain quality and yield of agricultural crops from insects, pests, weeds, etc., to protect our agricultural bio-security from attacks and spread of alien species.
7. ISACES - Integrated Scheme on Agriculture Census, Economics and Statistics aims to undertake the agriculture census, research studies on ago-economic problems of the country, fund conferences, study the cost of cultivation of principal crops, workshops and seminars involving eminent agricultural scientists, economists, experts, to bring out papers to conduct short term studies.
8. ISAC - Integrated Scheme on Agricultural Cooperation aims to provide financial assistance for improving the economic conditions of cooperatives, to speed up cooperative development in agricultural processing, storage, marketing, remove regional imbalances, computerization and weaker section programs; ensuring supply of quality yarn at reasonable rates to the decentralized weavers and help cotton growers fetch remunerative price for their produce through value addition.
9. ISAM - Integrated Scheme on Agricultural Marketing aims to Development of agricultural marketing infrastructure; to promote innovative technologies and competitive alternatives in agriculture marketing infrastructure; and to provide infrastructure facilities for grading.
10. And, Nag-A - National e-Governance Plan aims to bring farmer-centric & service-oriented programs; to improve access of farmers to information and services throughout crop-cycle and enhance reach and impact of extension services.
Green Revolution - Features
- High Yielding Variety seeds were introduced in Indian agriculture.
- The HYV seeds proved to be very effective in fields with rich irrigation facilities and gave better results with the wheat crop.
- The high yielding variety seeds were provided to other states (other than Punjab, Haryana, U.P and MP) and other crops were also included into the plan, in second phase.
- The most essential requirement for the high yielding variety seeds is proper irrigation. Crops grown from HYV seeds require sufficient amounts of water supply and farmers could not depend on rainfall. Hence, Green Revolution has also upgraded the irrigation systems around farms in India.
- Cash crops and Commercial crops such as cotton, oilseeds, jute etc. were not a part of the plan. Green revolution in India mainly emphasized on food grains such as wheat and rice.
- To enhance farm productivity green revolution enhanced the availability and use of fertilizers, weedicides and pesticides to reduce chances of any damage or loss to the crops.
- It also enhanced Productivity of commercial crops in the country with the introduction of machinery and technology like harvesters, drills, tractors, etc.
Impact of Green Revolution in India
- Green Revolution has risen Agricultural Production.
- . The biggest beneficiary of the revolution was to the Wheat Grain. The production rise to 55 million tons in the early stage of the plan itself.
- Not just agricultural output the revolution also increased efficiency of lands (per Acre yield).
- Green revolution made India to reach its way to self-sufficiency and was less dependent on imports. The production in the country was sufficient to meet the demand of rising population and to stock it for emergencies. Rather than depending on import of food grains from other countries India started exporting its agricultural produce.
- The revolution inhibited a fear among the masses that commercial cropping farmers became unemployed and left a lot of the labor force jobless. But the result was totally different there was an increase in rural employment. The tertiary sector industries such as transportation, irrigation, food processing, marketing etc. created employment opportunities for the workforce.
A series of tragic political and natural circumstances increased foreign food dependency. After two wars with Pakistan and China, India found itself in deadlock because large amounts of resources had to be channelized to meet defense need, and as a result, rural investment were widely sacrificed.
Three phases of Green revolution:
The First phase (1966-1972):
To end its dependence on P.L.480, India ,prompted by the minister of agriculture at that time .The strategy to boost grain Production accompanied by remunerative support price for farmers .In initial months of 1965, the Agricultural Price Commission was set up to recommend a Maximum support price ,followed by Food corporation of India (FCI) to take charge of procuring major agricultural commodities .In the same year ,India took a hold step by allowing the introduction of new high -yielding seed Varieties of wheat from Mexico created by CIMMYT ,an international institute for research on maize and wheat .The new seeds could more that double of that old seeds.
Firstly, there was large opposition to import of large quantities to HYV seeds, owing to potential inequalities they could make in agriculture. With the support of
PM Lal bahadur shastri at first and Indira Gandhi later, Subramaniam overcame resistance of public. In 1966 India imported 18000 tons of HYV seeds and were distributed in well irrigated areas, like Punjab, western UP and MP and Haryana, where past irrigation had given rich gain. The widespread of HYV seeds was supported by farmers in Fertilizers, credit, irrigation and power. The outcome of the experiment was Miraculous.
Amount of harvested food grains increased from 74 million tons to 105 million tons in mid-60’s and 70’s. In 1971-72, India became self-sufficient, declining grain import to nearly zero.
In view of strategic importance of inputs like canal, water, fertilizer, power and credit, it was responsibility of government to make sure that farmers are able to afford them. Subsidies thus become essential part in agricultural policies. Role of credit become more important after Nationalization of banks in 1969.
Improved agricultural production concluded from modern technology and other inputs “trickled down “ to the poor and resulted in rise in farmer’s income, while in output increased grain supplies caused a decline in real food grain prices, benefitting the poor thus, rural poverty, declined significantly in this phase , from 64% in 1961 to 56% in 1973.Several government antipoverty programmed were also introduced during the IV five year plan in early 1970’s.
Second phase (1973-1980)
Post Nationalization of the banks ,PM Indira Gandhi took varied different steps to increase role of state in key areas of economic management in agricultural personal wholesale traders came vulnerable as a result of , because of their speculative motives ,they were considered accountable for fluctuations in food product provides and costs .Thus in 1973-74 the govt. took over the wholesale exchange wheat grain, that proved to be unfortunate and thus it absolutely was presently abandoned. Wheat procure was obstructs by restricted offer ensuing from disasters like drought in many states in later 1972-73.
Following 2 sequential droughts in 1972-73 ,grain production declined by 7% and Asian nation fell back to the entice of food grain imports of a median of regarding four million tons p.a. from the u. s. between 1973-1976.
once oil shock the govt. raised farmer’s plant food subsidies to shield decline in consumption following the rise in plant food costs. The retention value theme was introduced for organic compound in 1977, the predominant plant food in Indian agriculture , throughout the 1970’s , different input subsidies grew in importance among the budget and also the subsidies bill excluding fertilizers grew from Rs ten billions at constant value to Rs 33.2 billions or from zero.5% to 4.0 you look after agricultural gross domestic product in 1980’s . additionally throughout this era, well water irrigation hyperbolic in importance with its rising from zero.55% to 19.5% between 1960 and 1975 on account of personal investment in tube wells by farmers World Health Organization reinvested the financial gain from the sooner burst in food product production .As a result power subsidies for water pumping grew dramatically , reaching a quarter mile of the full inputs grant at the beginning of the 1980’s.
The unfold of HYV technology from wheat to rice , favored by development of tube wells , unfold the revolution to new regions marking a brand new innovate enlargement of domestic production .From 1972-73 ,to 1979-80 , Production furthermore as yields of food product showed outstanding growth , at 3.1% and 2.5% , and rural poorness declined from fifty six to five hundredth.
Third phase (1981-1990)
In late 1980’s Asian nation consolidated its standing as a food self sustaining country .Rice Production took off to sixty three.8 million ton in 1986, up from thirty seven.00 million ton in 1964 .Wheat output grew from twelve million ton to forty seven million ton in 1986, a year during which Asian nation had its initial twenty five.4 million ton of grain buffer stock .When in 1987 “worst drought of the century” affected the country, at that point food desires of country can be simply met with none loss of lives.
HYV technology additionally spreader eastward states ( state and West Bengal )during this part, that old surplus in rice with output over 1980’s growing at five.0 and 3.7% . However ,in remaining country , the given revolution ran out of steam by 1985 once the new seed varieties had been wide adopted in main manufacturing areas .Yields for wheat and rice has grownup severally by three.5% and 4.5% each year between 1967-68 and 1984-85 over-involved to two.3% and 2.4% between 1985-86 and 1999- 2000 .With the HYV technology exhausting its impact in middle 1980,s input subsidies were slowly hyperbolic to continue sustaining food grain Production growth. By 1991 ,input subsidies had grownup to seven.2% of agricultural gross domestic product as compound to four.4% in 1980 and a pair of.0% of total gross domestic product from one.5% .
Throughout the revolution , Indian agriculture laborer’s below strictly regulated regime defined by varied restrictions on production through licensing necessities and barriers to entry ,as well as controls on movement , valuation and personal mercantilism of agricultural manufacture.
The high level of protection and management business to provide high industrial costs and adverse terms of Trades for agriculture, decreasing relative profit of primary sector .
the target of this framework were generally browse off by dominant strategy of pre-reform era ,that is food self sufficiency ensuing for domestic supplies going to : guarantee cheap food for client , defend farmer’s incomes from value fluctuations and to stay the balance of payment under control.
- Garmin Bhandaran Yojana
Objective of this Scheme:
- Create scientific storage capability with allied facilities in rural areas.
- To meet the wants of farmers for storing farm turn out, processed farm turns out and agricultural inquire
- Promotion of grading, standardization and internal control of agricultural turn out to enhance their marketability.
- Prevent distress sale instantly once harvest by providing the ability of pledge funding and promoting credit by strengthening agricultural promoting infrastructure within the country.
- Livestock insurance theme
This theme aims to produce protection mechanism to the farmers and oxen readers against any ultimate loss of their animals thanks to death and to demonstrate the good thing about the insurance of placental mammal to the individuals and popularize it with the final word goal of accomplishing qualitative improvement in placental mammal and their product.
- Scheme on Fisheries coaching and Extension
It was launched to produce coaching for workplace sector therefore on assist in endeavor fisheries extension programmed effectively.
- National theme on Welfare of Fishermen
This theme was launched to produce monetary help to fishers for construction of house, community hall for recreation and customary operating place. It additionally aims to put in tube-wells for water and help throughout lean amount through saving ejaculate relief part.
- Micro Irrigation Fund (MIF)
The government approved an infatuated Rs5,000 large integer fund to bring additional acreage beneath micro-irrigation as a part of its objective to spice up agriculture production and farmers’ financial gain. The fund has been originated beneath NABARD, which is able to give this quantity to states on concessional rate of interest to market micro-irrigation, that presently features a coverage of solely ten million hectares as against the potential of seventy million hectares.
- Vision
To promote uniformity in agriculture promoting by streamlining of procedures across the integrated markets, removing info spatial property between consumers and sellers and promoting real time worth discovery supported actual demand and provide.
- Mission
Integration of APMCs across the country through a standard on-line market platform to facilitate pan India interchange agriculture commodities, providing higher worth discovery through clear auction method supported quality of turn out at the side of timely on-line payment.
- Intensive Agricultural District Programmed (IADP-1960)
The major outcome of the on top of thinking was the formulation of a technique of intensive approach to agricultural production, specially the food grains. a replacement programmed named as IADP was developed that was launched step by step from 1960. The third 5 year arrange (1961-1966) incorporated this programmed into the planned development method.
This programmed was popularly called a "package programmed". This name was given because of the collective and synchronous application of all practices of improved seeds, irrigation, fertilizer, plant protection, implements, credit, etc. This programmed was started in Gregorian calendar month 1960 in seven hand-picked districts in varied states.
They were (I) West Godavari in AP, (ii) Shahabad in state, (iii) Tanjore in province, (iv)Raipur in MP, (v) Ludhiana in Punjab; (vi)Pali in Rajasthan; and (vii) Aligarh in UP. The selections of those districts were done on the premise of their high potentiality for increasing the yield in shorter time. These hand-picked districts had soured facility for irrigation, well
developed cooperatives, smart physical infrastructure and minimum hazards.
- Objectives
(I) to attain speedy increase within the level of agriculture production through a amount of
financial, technical, extension and body resources;
(ii) to attain a self-generating breakthrough in productivity and to boost the assembly
potential by stimulating lathe human and physical method of change; and
(iii) to demonstrate the foremost effective ways in which of accelerating production and so, to provide lessons for extending such intense agricultural production programs to different areas.
Short coming back
1. instructional approach to succeed in farmers was lacking.
2. VLW were found below customary and weren't able to impress farmers.
- Intensive Agricultural space Programmed (IAAP-1964)
During the third 5 year arrange thirty per cent increase in cereal production was achieved through IADP. The intensive promotion of agriculture was very fashionable among policy-makers and directors. As a result of this a Word of IADP with less intensive and therefore less expensive programmed was developed and launched in hand-picked blocks of a hundred and fifty districts.
It was named as IAAP. the chosen blocks were to possess a similar physical condition as within the case of choice of districts for IADP. below this programmed twenty to twenty-five per cent of the cultivated area of the country was brought under the intensive agricultural development.
Implementation of IAAP was accented by Agricultural Production Board and came into being in March 1964. This programmed additionally followed the package approaches of use of improved strategies. The uses of reticulate factors of physical, social and institutional were additionally
followed during a strategic combination principally to supply an effect on agricultural production. The management of those programmed didn't operate as envisaged. there have been several weaknesses of deficiency in inter-agency and inter-personal coordination, inadequate workers motivation, malpractices, non-formulation of native production plans on correct lines and delay in delivery of
inputs to farmers. However, the assembly and productivity were modest. The extremely adverse conditions (droughts) throughout 1966-68 served as a giant blow. The food grains output was still insufficient to satisfy the rising domestic demands. Imports were additionally continuing to supplement the
local production.
- High Yielding selection Programmed (HYVP-1966)
HYVP is launched in 1966, that helped the country achieve independence in
food. The technological development didn't stay confined to the introduction of high yielding crop varieties alone. These were combined with the appliance of high analysis and balanced fertilizer, irrigation, plant protection, improved implements etc., that created a 'green revolution' doable within the country. The pervasive influence of high yielding technology unfolds
to different areas of farm production like animal production, like animal production, fishery, sericulture, social biology etc.
Punjab, Haryana and Western elements of UP were ab initio hand-picked for the phased launching of this strategy. The cultivation of HYV since 1966-67 had resulted during a substantial increase in food grains production. Wheat production was doubled.
