Unit - 4

Leadership

4.1 Concept and Styles, Modern Theory of Leadership

Concept

Good leaders are created, not born. If you have dedication, will and willpower, you can be a good leader. It guides you on your journey.

There are certain things you need to do, know, and have to do to inspire workers to a higher level of teamwork. These rarely occur naturally, but are acquired through ongoing work and research. Good leaders continue to work and study to improve their leadership skills.

Leadership factors

Leadership has four main components (US Army, 1983).

1. Leader

You need to possess an honest understanding of who you’re, what you recognize, and what you'll do. Also, keep in mind that it is the followers who determine the success of the leader, not the leader or anyone else. If they don't trust their leaders or lack confidence, they won't be inspired. To be successful, you need to convince your followers, not yourself or your boss, that it's worth following.

b.    Follower

Different people need different styles of leadership. For example, new employees require more supervision than experienced employees. Unmotivated people need a different approach than highly motivated people. You need to know your people!  You must know the existence of your employees, know their attributes, and become acquainted with them.

c.     Communication

You guide through two-way communication. Many are non-verbal. For example, "set an example" tells people not to ask them to do what they don't want to do. What you tell and how you build or hurt your relationship with your followers.

d.    Status

All situations are different. What you are doing in one situation doesn't always add another. You must use your own judgment to determine the best course of action and leadership style required for each situation. For example, you may need to confront an employee about improper behaviour, but if the confrontation is too late or too early, too harsh or too weak, the results may prove ineffective.

Also, keep in mind that situations usually have a greater impact on leader behaviour than on leader characteristics. This is because the trait may have impressive stability over a period of time, but there is little consistency between situations (Michel, 1968). This is why many leadership scholars consider the process theory of leadership to be more accurate than the trait theory of leadership.

Different forces influence these four factors. An example of force is:

1. Relationship with seniors
2. Follower skills
3. Informal leader in the organization
4. How the organization is organized

Leadership Principles

Follow these 11 leadership principles to help you become, know, and act (US Army, 1983). The remaining chapters of this Leadership Guide extend these principles and provide tools for implementing them.

1. Know yourself and seek self-improvement-To know yourself; you need to understand the attributes of your existence, knowledge, and behaviour. Seeking self-improvement means continuously strengthening your attributes. This can be achieved through self-study, formal classes, reflections and interaction with others.

2. Technically skilled-As a leader, you need to know your job and be familiar with the work of your employees.

3. Take responsibility and take responsibility for action-find ways to take your organization to new heights. And when things go wrong, don't blame others, as they tend to happen sooner or later. Analyze things, take corrective action and advance to subsequent challenge.

4. Make sound and timely decisions-use good problem-solving, decision-making, and planning tools.

5. Set up an example-a good example for employees. They need to see as well as hear what they are expected to do. Mahatma Gandhi said that if "We have to be the change we want to see." --

6. Get to know your people and be aware of their well-being-know the human nature and the importance of caring for your workers in good faith.

7. Stay informed to employees-Understand how to communicate with employees as well as seniors and other key people.

8. Make sure the task is understood, supervised and accomplished-communication is the key to this responsibility.

9. Train as a Team-Many so-called leaders refer to organizations, departments, sections, etc. as teams. They aren't really a team. They're just a group of people doing their job.

10. Use the full capabilities of your organization-By developing a team spirit, you can hire and start your organization. Make the most of department, section, etc.

Styles:

In cutting-edge complicated enterprise world, leaders want to be organized to apply distinctive management patterns to correctly control their groups primarily based totally at the desires in their company. You frequently want to apply more than one management patterns, relying on which fashion your enterprise chief is presently facing.

1. Visionary

Visionary management is the correct control fashion for enterprise leaders to apply after they want to introduce new principles and guidelines to their modern body of workers. Using this technique, enterprise leaders can encourage their personnel via way of means of imparting them with sturdy and revolutionary destiny prospects. To be triumphant this way, leaders want to construct sturdy connections and commitments with their crew. This may be done via way of means of constructing harmony and that specialize in how essential the crew is to assist the company obtain new agendas or guidelines.

2. Coaching

Leadership steerage entails growing the man or woman abilities of our body of workers and growing their revel in and information withinside the enterprise and discipline. In this technique, the chief's aim is to perceive key competencies of personnel and instil expertise on the way to assist them similarly broaden their careers. To achieve success with this technique, leaders want to have a stable expertise of the strengths and weaknesses of every crew member, in addition to their proposal and motivation. This may be done via way of means of taking the time to get to recognise the body of workers and ask strategic questions surrounding their perceived strengths and what they sense they want to be triumphant.

3. Affiliate

Affiliate management is used to foster place of work morale and assist body of workers reconnect with groups and colleagues. This management fashion specializes in the organization as a unit. However, it's miles essential to be responsible for every employee's position withinside the crew rebuilding process. When morale is low, a few people want extra motivation than others to inspire them to make investments their minds in rebuilding place of work relationships.

4. Democracy

The fashion of democratic management entails searching for the evaluations of the organization to assist locate answers to hard issues. A democratic management fashion aggregates body of workers evaluations on feasible answers and offers them to the management of the company that makes the very last decision. When enterprise leaders consist of body of workers withinside the decision-making process, they're much more likely to truly help the time table due to the fact they helped broaden the plan. Democratic management patterns aren't appropriate for coping with enterprise emergencies.

5. Pace setting

The pacing technique calls for you to set overall performance standards and keep crew individuals accountable for accomplishing the ones goals. Performance may be measured primarily based totally on quantifiable metrics, however it's miles specifically essential for leaders the usage of the pacing technique to recognize and take into account all of the elements that could have an effect on overall performance. In addition, pacing strategies ought to know no longer be overused as they are able to demoralize body of workers in the event that they fail to attain their goals.

6. Dictatorship

The automobile management fashion is mainly a conventional boss-employee structure, in which control makes maximum of the selections and people do what they're requested to do. The benefit of this approach is that businesses and groups can execute their imaginative and prescient in a green and powerful way. A proper instance of in which this management fashion is suitable is if you have a completely complicated undertaking, together with construction, in which you want to be match for employee protection and undertaking completion. However, flawed use of the autocratic management fashion could make people very pissed off and sense that they provide very little value.

7. Conducting

The military-modelled command management fashion is just like the independent management fashion, however does now no longer consist of enter from subordinates. Leadership command strategies have lengthy been called the fashion utilized in instances of disaster while management does now no longer have time to provide an explanation for what's happening, however calls for on the spot action. In the regular place of work, that is the least powerful fashion of management. Daily crises are rare, and people experience expertise what they're doing and speak me in work-associated initiatives and situations.

8. Laissez-faire

The laissez-faire management fashion consists of management that empowers body of workers with minimum instructions. In this fashion, leaders frequently offer body of workers with the gear they want to finish their work, permitting them to clear up issues themselves while needed. While this approach offers the best task satisfaction, fashion achievement is fairly depending on crew composition and may be particular to fairly professional and prompted body of workers.

9. Bureaucrats

The style of bureaucratic leadership provides a clear overview of responsibilities, rules, and regulations within an organization, depending on the position that an individual holds within the organization or company. The advantage of this leadership style is that it is very efficient and easy to control. This is due to the fact that bureaucratic leadership can be thought of as a system with several levels of control, each reporting to a higher level. The disadvantage of this style is that it is very hierarchical and low-level workers or managers often have to move through vast chains of management, thus expressing good ideas and inputs to personnel. It's hard to do.

10. Servant

In employee leadership, people are the most important business component and their needs are an important priority. This leadership style focuses on the concept that a satisfied team produces a good job and works best when combined with other, more prestigious leadership styles. When using servant leadership, it is important to consider whether this style is appropriate for your organization's corporate culture.

Depending on the circumstances that your business leaders are dealing with, you need to incorporate different leadership styles to move your organization forward, especially if your organization is becoming more complex and facing continuous change. Whatever style your business leader uses, remember to apply the right style to the right situation to boost employee performance and morale.

Modern Theory of Leadership

The developing hobby in management psychology over the past one hundred years has brought about the creation of diverse management theories to give an explanation for precisely how and why sure humans are proper leaders.

What makes you an awesome chief? Do sure persona trends make humans extra appropriate for management roles, or do situational trends cause them to much more likely to be in charge? Looking on the leaders round us, whether or not employers or presidents, we might also additionally surprise why those people excel in one of these positions.

People have lengthy been interested by management for the duration of human history, however a few formal management theories have emerged rather recently. Interest in management grew at the start of the 20th century.

Early management theories targeted at the features that distinguish leaders from followers, at the same time as later theories targeted on different variables inclusive of situational elements and ability levels. Many distinct management theories have emerged, maximum of which may be classified as certainly considered one among 8 important types.

1. "Great guy idea"

Have you ever heard of a person who's stated to be "born to lead"? From this perspective, an awesome chief is handiest born with the inner traits had to be a clearly born chief, inclusive of charisma, self-confidence, intelligence, and social skills.

The super guy idea assumes that management capabilities are essential. In different words, super leaders are born, now no longer born. These theories regularly describe super leaders as heroic, mythical, and destined to grow to be leaders whilst needed. The term "Great Man" changed into used due to the fact on the time management changed into typically taken into consideration in phrases of male features, especially navy management.

Such theories endorse that human cannot truly discover ways to grow to be sturdy leaders. It's both you had been born or now no longer. Explaining management is a totally herbal approach (in preference to nurturing).

b.    Characteristic idea

Like the Great Man Theory in a few respects, trait idea presupposes inheriting sure features and trends that make humans extra appropriate for management. Characteristic theories regularly become aware of particular persona and behavioral trends shared via way of means of leaders. For example, trends inclusive of extroversion, self-confidence, and braveness are all trends that could result in proper leaders.

If sure trends are vital characteristic of management, how do you describe humans who've the ones feature however aren't leaders? This query is one of the problems of the use of trait idea to give an explanation for management.

Many humans have management-associated personalities, however lots of them in no way are trying to find management status. Although missing a number of the important thing trends regularly related to powerful management, a few are nevertheless advanced withinside the important groups.

c.     Contingency idea

Leadership contingency idea makes a speciality of particular environment-associated variables that can decide which unique fashion of management is great applicable to the state of affairs. According to this idea, there's no most appropriate management fashion in all conditions.

Leadership researchers White and Hodgson endorse that virtually powerful management isn't always pretty much chief features, however approximately the proper stability among conduct, desires and context2.

Good leaders can check the desires in their followers, recognize the state of affairs, and regulate their conduct accordingly. Success relies upon on many elements, along with management fashion, follower features, and contextual aspects.

d.    Situation idea

Situation idea shows that leaders select the great route of motion primarily based totally on state of affairs variables. Different kinds of management can be extra suitable for sure forms of selection making.

For example, in conditions in which the chief is the maximum informed and skilled member of the institution, the authoritarian fashion can be maximum suitable. In different instances in which the individuals of the institution are professional professionals, the democratic fashion is extra powerful.

e.     Behaviour idea

Leadership conduct idea is primarily based totally at the notion that super leaders are created, now no longer born. Think of it because the turn aspect of the super guy idea. Rooted in activism, this management idea makes a speciality of chief conduct in preference to intellectual features or inner states. According to this idea, humans can discover ways to grow to be leaders thru schooling and observation.

f.       Participatory idea

Participatory management idea shows that the correct management fashion takes under consideration the critiques of others. These leaders inspire participation and contribution from institution individuals and assist institution individuals experience extra applicable and dedicated withinside the selection-making process. However, in participatory idea, the chief reserves the proper to permit others to enter.

g.    Management concept

Management concept, additionally called transaction concept, specializes in the position of supervision, organization, and institution overall performance. These theories offer management primarily based totally on a gadget of rewards and punishments. Business concept is regularly utilized in business. Employees may be rewarded in the event that they be triumphant and may be disciplined or punished in the event that they fail.

h.    Relationship concept

Relationship concept, additionally called transformation concept, specializes in the connections fashioned among leaders and followers. Transformational leaders inspire and encourage humans with the aid of using assisting institution participants apprehend the significance and better advantages in their tasks.

These leaders consciousness at the overall performance of institution participants, however additionally they need every person to attain their potential. Leaders of this fashion regularly have excessive moral and ethical standards.

Key takeaways:

1. Good leaders are created, not born.
2. There are certain things you need to do, know, and have to do to inspire workers to a higher level of teamwork.
3. Different people need different styles of leadership.
4. As a leader, you need to know your job and be familiar with the work of your employees.
5. In cutting-edge complicated enterprise world, leaders want to be organized to apply distinctive management patterns to correctly control their groups primarily based totally at the desires in their company.
6. Leadership steerage entails growing the man or woman abilities of our body of workers and growing their revel in and information withinside the enterprise and discipline.
7. Affiliate management is used to foster place of work morale and assist body of workers reconnect with groups and colleagues
8. The automobile management fashion is mainly a conventional boss-employee structure, in which control makes maximum of the selections and people do what they're requested to do.
9. The laissez-faire management fashion consists of management that empowers body of workers with minimum instructions.
10. In employee leadership, people are the most important business component and their needs are an important priority.
11. The developing hobby in management psychology over the past one hundred years has brought about the creation of diverse management theories to give an explanation for precisely how and why sure humans are proper leaders.
12. Early management theories targeted at the features that distinguish leaders from followers, at the same time as later theories targeted on different variables inclusive of situational elements and ability levels.
13. Like the Great Man Theory in a few respects, trait idea presupposes inheriting sure features and trends that make humans extra appropriate for management.
14. Leadership contingency idea makes a speciality of particular environment-associated variables that can decide which unique fashion of management is great applicable to the state of affairs.
15. Leadership conduct idea is primarily based totally at the notion that super leaders are created, now no longer born.
16. Management concept, additionally called transaction concept, specializes in the position of supervision, organization, and institution overall performance.

4.2 Motivation: Concept and Importance, Maslow Need Hierarchy Theory, Herzberg Two Factors Theory

Concept

Motivation is a basic psychological process. No one would deny that it is the most important process in a more microscopic approach to organizational behaviour. Many people equate the cause of behaviour with motive. The causes of behaviour are far broader and more complex than motives alone can explain. Therefore, do not underestimate your motivation. Motivation, along with perception, personality, and learning, is a very important process in understanding behaviour. It should be remembered that motivation should not be taken for granted as the only explanation for action. It works and interacts with other intermediary processes and environments. As with any mediation process or environment, you should also keep in mind that you are not motivated. I don't see any motivation. What you can see is action. Motivation is a fictitious construct used to describe behaviour. Therefore, it should never be equated with action. Meaning of

Motivation: -Today, virtually everyone, including amateurs and scholars, has its own definition of motivation that includes one or more of the following terms: The technical motivation comes from the Latin word "Movere" which means "move".

Definition: -A motivation is an internal state that directs or guides an action toward a goal, energizes, activates, activates, or moves (and thus motivates) an action.

Basic Motivational Process: Needs ================== Drive ===================== Goals (Derivation) (Deprivation of direction) (Reduction of drive)

Needs: -The word needs mean “deficiency." In the sense of stability, needs are wanted whenever there is a physiological or psychological breakdown. For example, it is necessary when cells in the body are deprived of food and water, or when the human character is deprived of other people who work as friends or associates. (Hunger, thirst, company)

Drive: -With a few exceptions, the drive or motivation (these two terms are used interchangeably) is set to mitigate your needs. Drives can easily be defined as lack of directionality. Drives are action-oriented and provide the impetus to inspire you to reach your goals. An example of the need for food and water translates into the urge to be hungry and thirsty, and the need for friends becomes the urge to belong.

Goal: -There is a goal at the end of the motivation cycle. The goal of the motivation cycle can be defined as reducing needs and returning them to the drive. Therefore, achieving the goal tends to restore physiological and psychological balance, reducing or blocking drive.

Types of motivation

Key Motivations: -Psychologists do not fully agree on how to clarify different human motives, but admit that some motives are unlearned and based on physiology. Such motives are variously referred to as physiological, biological, unlearned, or major. The last term, primary, is used here because it is more comprehensive than the other terms. The use of the term "primary motive" does not mean that the aforementioned motive group always takes precedence over the "general" and "secondary" motive groups. The priority of primary motivation is implied in some motivational theories, but there are many situations in which general and secondary motivations dominate over primary motives. Common examples include single priests and fasting for religious, social, or political reasons. In both of these cases, the learned secondary motivation is stronger than the unlearned primary motivation. In order for motives to be included in the primary classification, the criteria must be met. That is, the motive must be unlearned and based on physiology. The most commonly recognized main motives thus defined include hunger, thirst, sleep, and pain avoidance, gender and material concerns.

General Motivation: -Individual classification of general motivation is not always given. However, there are some motives in the gray area between the primary and secondary classifications that made such a category necessary. Motivation must be unlearned, but not physiologic, in order to be included in the general category. Although not all psychologists agree, abilities, curiosity, manipulation, activity, and affection motives seem to best meet the criteria for the above classification. Understanding these general motivations is very important, especially for the study of human behaviour in organizations. These are more related to organizational behaviour than key motives.

Ability Motivation: -Robert W White is most closely associated with Ability Motivation. While building the entire theory of ability motives, he was convinced that people were striving to control or have the ability in their environment. People need to know what they are driving to make things happen. White decided that his critic

The period of development is always between the ages of 6 and 9. During this period, the children cut the laces and step into the world on their own. They cross the streets themselves, ride bicycles, play baseball, roller skates, and develop the need to read. These needs are represented by their ability to the environment or their willingness to become proficient. The experience of success and failure that young people encounter during times of crisis has a lasting impact on the strength of their abilities. This motivation has an interesting impact on the design of an organization's work. It suggests that people may be motivated by the challenge of trying to master the job or trying to be competent at the job. However, as soon as highly specialized work is mastered in a modern organization, the motivation for ability disappears.

Secondary Motivations: -These motivations are clearly tied to the concept of learning. You need to learn the motivations involved in the secondary classification. Many important human motives meet this criterion. Some of the more important are power, achievement, and affiliation, which are commonly referred to as Pow, Ach & Aff. In addition, security and status are also important secondary motives, especially in relation to organizational behaviour.

Force Motivation: -The main supporter of force motive was Alfred Adler. In 1911, Adler formally broke his close relationship with Sigmund Freud and proposed the opposite theoretical position. Whereas Sigmund Freud emphasized the influence of the past and the motives of the sexual unconscious, Adler replaced the future and overwhelming motivation with power dominance. Adler said: -"Now I'm starting to see clearly that I'm pursuing superiority in all physical phenomena. All our functions follow their instructions and conquer, guarantee, right or wrong. Whatever all our philosophers and psychologists promise to dream of, self-preservation, the pleasure principle, equalization. These are all vague expressions and a great upward motivation. I try to express the basic facts of our lives.

Achievement Motivation: -Howard's renowned psychologist David C. McClelland is most closely associated with the study of achievement motivation. In early 1947, McClellan and thoroughly investigated and wrote about all aspects of achievement motivation. This extensive study reveals a clear profile of the characteristics of high performers. In the simplest way, achievement motivation can be expressed as a desire to perform in terms of excellence or to succeed in a highly competitive situation.

Affiliation Motivation: -Affiliation motivation is very complex, but it plays a very important role in human behaviour. At times, affiliation is equated with social motivation and / or group dynamics. Motivation for affiliation is neither as broad as implied by the definition of social motivation, nor as comprehensive or complex as implied by the definition of group dynamics. According to Hawthorne's research, the importance of affiliation motives in the behaviour of participants in an organization is very clear. Employees, especially those in ranking and files, are very likely to belong to a group and be accepted. The motivation for this affiliation is an important part of group dynamics.

Status or Prestige Motivation: -Dr. Saul W. Gellerman is a well-known psychologist and member of the American Psychological Association. He is the Human Resources Research Manager at IBM World Trade Corporation. In one of his books, "MOTIVATION & PRODUCTIVITY," he states: life. Fame is conferred by society and is not chosen by individuals to suit their tastes. High fame is often a problem for low-ranking people who want to put someone on a pedestal or platform. "

Below are some of the great features of the concept of motivation.

1. Motivation is a personal and inner feeling.

Motivation is a psychological phenomenon that occurs within an individual.

2. Motivation is based on needs:

Without personal needs, the motivation process will fail. This is the concept of behaviour that directs human behaviour to a specific goal.

3. Motivation is an ongoing process.

Motivation is a continuous process, as human desires are unlimited.

4. Motivation can be positive or negative.

Positive motives promote incentives for people, and negative motives threaten the enforcement of impediments.

5. Motivation is a planned process.

Different people have different approaches to responding to the motivational process. The two individuals could not be motivated in exactly the same way. Therefore, motivation is a psychological concept and a complex process.

6. Motivation is different from job satisfaction.

The process of motivation is shown in the figure below.

Figure below shows that employees have the need or urge to be promoted to higher positions. If this need is strong, employees modify their goals and find alternatives to reach them. There are two options: (i) hard work and (ii) strengthening qualifications (such as getting an MBA) and hard work.

Motivation Importance / Importance:

Motivation is an integral part of the orientation process.

Managers need to create and maintain a desire to work for a specified purpose while instructing their subordinates.

1. High efficiency:

A good motivational system frees up a vast undeveloped storehouse of physical and mental abilities. Many studies have shown that motivation plays an important role in determining the level of performance. "Unmotivated people can invalidate the healthiest organizations," Allen said.

By meeting human needs, motivation helps increase productivity. Better use of resources reduces operating costs. Motivation is always goal-oriented. Therefore, the higher the level of motivation, the higher the achievement of the goal.

2. Better image:

Companies that offer opportunities for economic and personal progress have a better image in the job market. People prefer to work for a company because of development opportunities and compassionate prospects. This helps attract qualified staff and simplifies staffing capabilities.

3. Make changes easy.

Effective motivation helps overcome negative attitudes of employees, such as resistance to change and production restrictions. Satisfied workers are more interested in the goals of the new organization and more embracing the changes management wants to make to improve operational efficiency.

4. Relationships:

Effective motivation creates job satisfaction and creates a heartfelt relationship between employers and employees. Labor disputes, absenteeism, and turnover rates are reduced, resulting in profits. Motivation helps solve a central management problem: the effective use of human resources. Without motivation, workers may not make the best effort and seek to satisfy their needs outside the organization.

The success of an organization depends on the optimal use of resources. The use of physical resources depends on the ability to work and the willingness of employees to work. In reality, ability is not an issue, but it lacks the will needed to work. Motivation is the primary tool for building such a will. That's why Rensis Likert said, "Motivation is at the core of management." It's the key to running management.

Motivational and non-monetary incentives

Motivational financial / incentive methods:

Financial methods refer to monetary rewards. Incentives are nothing more than incentives provided to employees to motivate them. There is a direct relationship between effort and reward, and monetary reward must be valuable and equal to others.

Low-paying staff will send you a message that your company does not value their work. Money is not the main motivation, but it should not be seen as a signal to reward employees poorly or unfairly.

The financial incentives are:

1. Wages and allowances:

This includes base salary, grade salary, and dear allowance. Business trip allowance, salary increase, etc. Appropriate salaries and allowances help organizations retain and attract talented people.

But good wages and allowances do not have to motivate everyone, especially those who enjoy the safety of work in government agencies and those whose corruption is their way of life.

Some of the other issues are related to bad attitudes, dissatisfaction, absenteeism, turnover, poor organizational citizenship, and adverse effects on the mental and physical health of employees.

2. Incentive payment:

The incentive compensation plan aims to increase the amount of production that can be measured quantitatively. When it comes to incentive plan goals, employees need to be confident that they can reach them.

3. Profit sharing:

This is a reward system where team members get bonuses for increasing productivity or reducing waste. For the sake of explanation, if the waste is reduced from 5%, the profit may be shared equally with the team.

4. Profit sharing:

This means sharing profits with employees through the distribution of bonuses. Profit sharing plans have their drawbacks. One is that it is functioning regularly in the government sector regardless of performance, and the other is that it may not be related to individual efforts.

5. Stock options:

Many companies use employee stock option plans to indemnify, retain, and attract employees. These plans are contracts between a company and its employees, giving employees the right to purchase a certain number of shares of the company at a fixed price within a certain period of time.

Employees who have been granted stock options want to benefit from exercising their options at a higher price than when they were granted. In India, stock options have primarily been used as a tool for retaining more selective employee groups.

6. Retirement benefits:

This includes accumulated fund, tips, vacation cashing, and pensions. Providing final benefits provides a guarantee to employees

During your service for their future

Non-monetary incentives / techniques:

Non-monetary incentives do not include monetary payments. These are also important for motivating employees as they bring psychological and emotional satisfaction to them.

These include a great many techniques. People work for money, but they work more for the meaning of life. In fact, they work to have fun.

Important non-monetary incentives include:

1. Employment security:

Nothing is more motivating than providing employment security to temporarily appointed workers. Lack of employment security will always be a threat, even if temporary workers work harder. If such a worker were given employment security, he would be more committed to the organization.

2. Rewarding work:

Workers who are dynamic in nature do not like their daily work. They are always ready to accept rewarding work and can pose challenges through mentoring, work redesign, or job expansion and job fulfilment. Understand the abilities of every individual in the organization and assign him a job accordingly.

3. Recognition:

It is important that the employer acknowledges diligence. Even a thank-you note from him will motivate employees to maintain or even improve their performance at the same level. The employee ranked personal "thank you" as the most sought-after form of perception, followed by a handwritten thank-you note from his boss.

4. Better job title:

Job title is important. Employees prefer specific designations. For example, a salesman is appointed as a sales executive and a sweeper is appointed as a sanitary inspector.

5. Opportunity for progress:

Employees do not become a stagnation point during the peak of their careers. Employers always need to provide employees with the opportunity to perform well and move up the hierarchy.

6. Empowerment:

Inspiring an employee is his involvement in certain important decisions. For example, if a manager decides to buy a new machine for a factory, he can get a worker's perspective before making the final decision. Management should avoid unilateral decisions on such issues.

7. Competition:

Management can promote healthy competition between employees. This will certainly motivate them to prove their abilities. Management can also rank employees according to performance. Employees who perform very well may be given a certificate of merit.

8. Job rotation:

Job rotation means that employees are exposed to different types of work. This will certainly break the monotony of employees. For example, in a bank, an employee may be placed in the cash section after working in the savings bank section for some time. These changes not only motivate employees, but also prepare them for versatility.

9. Set an example and lead — be passionate and energetic.

Leaders need to show the attitudes, values, behaviours and ideas they want from their staff. Leaders are always considered role models.

10. Encourage the use of humour and creativity.

Incorporating humour into the workplace can reduce stress and create a more positive environment for everyone. Strategies for increasing humour include emailing daily comics and jokes to all staff, encouraging laughter, and finding fun times at events that didn't go as planned or expected.

11. Treat your people as humans – neither inferior nor superior:

Show trust and respect, stimulate creativity, create a “safe environment at risk”, inform about relevant developments within the organization, treat it as a learning tool rather than blame mistakes, and defend employees Act as a person, become their visible champion, provide the resources and support staff need to complete their work, facilitate and provide two-way feedback, address stress and burnout, we will implement work-life balance initiatives.

Hertzberg’s Two-factor Theory

The two-factor theory (also known as Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene Theory) was developed by psychologist Frederick Herzberg, who discovered that job satisfaction and dissatisfaction act independently of each other. Two-factor theory states that while the workplace has certain factors that cause job satisfaction, another set of factors causes dissatisfaction. He called the dissatisfaction factors as follows:

"Hygiene factor". This theory is closely related to Maslow's theory of hierarchy of desires. Hygiene factors are preventative and environmental in nature, much equivalent to "Maslow's low-level needs." Although the motivation for positive satisfaction (e.g., rewarding work, awareness, responsibility) arises from the unique conditions of the job itself, such as awareness, achievement, or personal growth, and hygiene factors that do not provide positive satisfaction. Dissatisfaction arises from their lack (e.g., status, employment security, salary, benefits, etc.) These are extrinsic to the work itself and include aspects such as company policy, supervisory practices, wages / salaries, etc. I will. Basically, hygiene factors are needed to ensure that employees are not dissatisfied. Motivational factors are needed to improve employee performance. Herzberg further categorized our actions and the ways and reasons for doing so. For example, if you perform a work-related action because you need to perform it, it is classified as a movement, but if you perform it because you need to perform a work-related action, it is classified as motivation.

Motivational factors: -

1. Outcome
2. Recognition
3. Work for yourself
4. Responsibility
5. Promotion
6. Growth

Hygiene factors

1. Wages and allowances
2. Company policy and management
3. Relationship with colleagues
4. Physical environment
5. Directed by
6. Status
7. Employment security
8. Salary

Maslow’s Need-Hierarchy Theory;              

Abraham Maslow is documented for proposing the hierarchy of desires theory in 1943. This theory may be a classic depiction of human motivation. This theory is predicated on the idea that every individual features a hierarchy of 5 needs. The urgency of those needs varies. These five needs are:

1. Physiological Needs-These are the essential needs of air, water, food, clothing and shelter. In other words, physiological needs are the essential comfort needs of life.
2. Safety Needs-Safety needs include physical, environmental and emotional safety and protection. For example-work safety, financial safety, animal protection, family safety, health safety, etc.
3. Social Needs-Social needs include the necessity for love, affection, care, belonging, and friendship.
4. Self-esteem Needs-There are two sorts of self-esteem needs: internal self-esteem needs (self-esteem, self-confidence, ability, achievement, freedom) and external self-esteem needs (recognition, power, status, attention, praise). There is.
5. The Need for Self-Actualization-This includes the urge to be what you'll / the urge to be what you’ll. It involves the necessity for growth and complacency. It also includes the will to accumulate more knowledge, community service, creativity and be aesthetic. The necessity for self-actualization isn't completely met. As a private grows psychologically, the opportunities to still grow still increase.

According to Maslow, individuals are motivated by unmet needs. When each of those needs is significantly met, it drives and enforces subsequent need. Maslow categorized five needs into two categories-higher needs and lower needs. Physiological and safety needs constituted lower needs. These lower needs are mainly met externally. Social, respectful and self-fulfilling needs made up the upper needs. These higher needs are generally met internally, that is, within the individual. Therefore, it is often concluded that in the boom period, the subordinate needs of employees are significantly met.

Impact of Maslow's hierarchy of desires on managers

1. As far as physiological needs are concerned, managers got to give employees adequate salaries to get the essential necessities of life. Employees should tend breaks and dining opportunities.
2. As far as safety needs are concerned, managers got to provide and maintain employment security, a secure and hygienic work environment, and retirement benefits for his or her employees.
3. As far as social needs are concerned, management should encourage teamwork and host social events.
4. As far because the needs of self-esteem are concerned, managers can reach their goals, thank and reward employees who exceed them. Management can give the proper employees a better position / position within the organization.
5. As far as self-fulfilling needs are concerned, managers can give employees challenging jobs that take full advantage of their skills additionally, they will tend the chance to grow in order that they will reach their peak.
6. Administrators got to identify the requirements level at which employees reside. That way, those needs are often wont to drive motivation.

The limits of Maslow's theory

It should be noted that not all employees meet an equivalent set of needs. Different individuals are often driven by different needs at an equivalent time. Motivating individuals is usually the strongest unmet need.

The theory isn't empirically supported.

In the case of a hungry artist, this theory isn't applicable because he strives for recognition and achievement, albeit the artist's basic needs aren't met.

Key takeaways:

1. Motivation is a basic psychological process. No one would deny that it is the most important process in a more microscopic approach to organizational behaviour.
2. A motivation is an internal state that directs or guides an action toward a goal, energizes, activates, activates, or moves (and thus motivates) an action.
3. Psychologists do not fully agree on how to clarify different human motives, but admit that some motives are unlearned and based on physiology.
4. Motivation is an integral part of the orientation process.
5. Managers need to create and maintain a desire to work for a specified purpose while instructing their subordinates.
6. Financial methods refer to monetary rewards. Incentives are nothing more than incentives provided to employees to motivate them.
7. Non-monetary incentives do not include monetary payments. These are also important for motivating employees as they bring psychological and emotional satisfaction to them.
8. The two-factor theory (also known as Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene Theory) was developed by psychologist Frederick Herzberg, who discovered that job satisfaction and dissatisfaction act independently of each other.
9. Abraham Maslow is documented for proposing the hierarchy of desires theory in 1943. This theory may be a classic depiction of human motivation.
10. In the case of a hungry artist, this theory isn't applicable because he strives for recognition and achievement, albeit the artist's basic needs aren't met.

4.3 Control: Concept and Process

Concept

Therefore, management can be defined as a management function to ensure that activities within an organization are performed according to plan. Control also ensures the efficient and effective use of organizational resources to achieve goals. Therefore, it is a goal-oriented function.

Control and management control are often considered the same. They both are different from each other. Control is one of the management functions, but management control can be defined as the process that an administrator follows to perform a control function.

Management control refers to setting established standards, comparing actual performance with these standards, and taking corrective actions to ensure that the organization's goals are achieved, if necessary.

Definition of control:

Business management means measuring achievement against standards and correcting deviations to ensure that goals are achieved according to the plan. Koontz and Koontz

Control functions are performed at all levels, top, middle, and supervision levels, at all types of organizations, whether commercial or non-commercial. Therefore, it is a popular feature. Management should not be considered the last function of management.

The control function compares the actual performance with a given standard, finds deviations, and attempts to take corrective action. Ultimately, this process also helps in developing future plans. Therefore, control functions help bring the management cycle back to plan.

Importance of control:

The importance of administrative functions in an organization is as follows:

1. Achievement of organizational goals:

Control helps you compare actual performance to certain criteria, find deviations, and take corrective action to ensure that your activities perform as planned. Therefore, it helps to achieve the goals of the organization.

2. Judgment of standard accuracy:

An efficient control system helps determine standard accuracy. In addition, it helps us review and revise our standards as our organization and environment change.

3. Use resources efficiently:

Management checks the work of employees at all stages of operation. Therefore, you can effectively and efficiently use all resources in your organization while minimizing waste and corruption.

4. Improving employee motivation:

Employees know the criteria by which their performance is judged. A systematic assessment of performance and the resulting rewards in the form of increments, bonuses, promotions, etc. motivate employees to do their best.

5. Ensuring order and discipline:

By managing it, you can closely check the activities of employees. Therefore, it helps reduce fraudulent behaviour of employees and creates order and discipline in the organization.

6. Promote ongoing coordination:

Management helps provide a common direction for all activities and individual efforts of different departments to achieve organizational goals.

Control Process

Its main purpose is to ensure that the activities of the organization are proceeding as planned. The control process that every manager needs to implement consists of several steps. Each of these is equally important and plays a major role in effective management.

The management control process ensures that all activities in the business are driving that goal. This process basically helps managers assess the performance of their organization. By making good use of it, you can decide whether to change the plan or continue.

Process:

The control process consists of the following basic elements and procedures:

1. Establish goals and standards

The task of modifying goals and criteria is done during planning, but it also plays a major role in control. This is because the main purpose of management is to direct business behaviour towards that goal. If members of an organization have a clear understanding of their goals, they will do their utmost to achieve them.

It is very important for managers to communicate their organization's goals, standards and objectives as clearly as possible. There should be no ambiguity among employees in this regard. When everyone works towards a common goal, it helps the organization to thrive.

The goals that administrators need to set and work on are tangible / concrete or intangible / abstract. A tangible goal is a goal that can be easily quantified numerically. For example, achieving sales equivalent to rupees. Within a year, 100 chores are a concrete goal.

Intangible goals, on the other hand, are goals that cannot be quantified numerically. For example, company may be aiming to win a prestigious award for corporate social responsibility activities.

2. Measure actual performance against goals and criteria

Once the manager knows what his goals are, he then needs to measure and compare the actual performance. This step basically helps you know if your plan is working as intended.

After implementing the plans, the administrator should constantly monitor and evaluate them. If things aren't working properly, they should always be ready to take corrective action. To do this, you need to keep comparing actual performance to your ultimate goal.

This step of process control not only helps managers perform corrective actions, but also helps managers anticipate future problems. In this way, they can take immediate action and save their business from loss.

To compare the actual performance, the manager should measure it first. You can do this by measuring the results financially, seeking customer feedback, or appointing a financial expert. This is often difficult when managers want to measure intangible criteria such as labour relations and market reputation.

3. Take corrective action

If there is a discrepancy between actual performance and goals, managers should take immediate corrective action. Timely corrective actions can not only reduce losses, but also prevent them from happening again in the future.

In some cases, the corporate organization develops default corrective actions in the form of policies. However, for complex issues, this can be difficult to do.

In such cases, the administrator must first quantify the defect and prepare a series of actions to fix it. At times, special measures may need to be taken for unpredictable problems.

4. Follow-up of corrective actions

Taking corrective action is not enough. Administrators also need to draw them to logical conclusions. Even this step requires a thorough evaluation and comparison.

Administrators should stick to the issue until it is resolved. If they refer to it to their subordinates, they must stay around and see him complete the task. They may guide him personally so that he can later solve such problems himself.

Key takeaways:

1. Business management means measuring achievement against standards and correcting deviations to ensure that goals are achieved according to the plan.
2. Business management means measuring achievement against standards and correcting deviations to ensure that goals are achieved according to the plan. Koontz and Koontz
3. Control helps you compare actual performance to certain criteria, find deviations, and take corrective action to ensure that your activities perform as planned.
4. Management checks the work of employees at all stages of operation.
5. Management helps provide a common direction for all activities and individual efforts of different departments to achieve organizational goals.
6. The management control process ensures that all activities in the business are driving that goal.
7. The task of modifying goals and criteria is done during planning, but it also plays a major role in control.
8. Once the manager knows what his goals are, he then needs to measure and compare the actual performance.

4.4 Communication: Process and Barriers

Introduction

Meaning, Definition

The word "communication" comes from the Latin word "communis", which suggests something common. Therefore, communication means sharing common ideas. The meaning of a communication dictionary is to convey and exchange information and share ideas.

It is the process by which two or more people communicate or exchange ideas and concepts between themselves. Consistent with W.H. Newman and C.F. Summer, "Communication is the exchange of facts, ideas, opinions, or feelings between two or more people."

Communication is the process of sending information and understanding from one person to another, or from one unit to another, with the goal of getting a given response from the recipient. Through this process, two or more people exchange ideas and understandings and have a specific effect on the behavior of others.

This is a two-way channel for sending ideas, feelings, plans, commands, instructions, reports, and suggestions that affect an organization's attitude toward purpose. The communicator's goal is to convey undistorted meaning and ideas. The success of a leader, and therefore a company, depends on the proper communication.

It is the manager's responsibility to determine and maintain channels where he can communicate his thoughts and policies to his subordinates and receive explanations of his reactions and problems.

Louis A. Allen defines communication in the following ways:

"Communication is the sum of all the items that one person does when he wants to form an understanding in another's mind. It is a bridge of meaning. It is scientific and continuous to convey, hear and understand. Process is included. "

This definition includes two aspects of communication.

First, there are facts, feelings, ideas, etc. that are communicated. This means that you need a recipient to communicate.

Second, the definition emphasizes the comprehension element within the communication process. Understanding can only be shared by someone who understands the destination of the message in the same way that the sender of the message wants him to know.

Therefore, communication involves sending a message, or sending and physically receiving a message. Correct interpretation and understanding of the message are important from the perspective of organizational efficiency. Effective communication itself can be its accurate transmission and reception and its correct understanding.

In their book "Business Communication Today", C. L. Bovee, J. V. Thill, B. E. Schatzman writes: However, communication is effective only when the message is known, when it stimulates behavior or encourages the recipient to think in new ways. "

Communication between people to convey personal information, messages, or thoughts is personal communication. However, the exchange of business data, facts, and concepts is sometimes referred to as "business communication." Business communication refers to communication about commercial activities that propose to provide goods and services to consumers for profit.

This is the process by which information, facts, ideas, orders, advice, decisions, etc. are communicated, transmitted, or exchanged between people involved in the business, or between people. Therefore, communication about trade, law, finance, management, management, etc. of a for-profit company is sometimes called "business communication".

The success of a for-profit company depends heavily on good communication. Effective communication removes obstacles to achieving the goals of a for-profit company. Ineffective communication and communication failures can result in loss of cash, time, energy, opportunities and even business credibility.

In this era of globalization, all for-profit companies, large and small, need proper communication for their existence. Business success depends heavily on communication success.

In an era of speed, complexity and competition, it is very important to send product data to the end consumer. It is impossible for them to contact and purchase a product unless they understand the company's product. Communication plays an important role in this area.

Process

Process of Communication

Communication is a continuous process that involves three main components. Sender, message, and recipient. The elements related to the communication process are explained in detail below.

1. Sender

The sender or communicator generates the message and propagates it to the recipient. He is the source of information and the person who initiates communication

2. Message

Ideas, information, views, facts, emotions, etc. were generated and intended to be communicated by the sender.

3. Encoding

Messages generated by the sender are symbolically encoded in the form of words, images, gestures, etc. before being transmitted.

4. Media

This is how the encoded message is sent. The message is often sent verbally or in writing. Communication media include telephone, internet, mail, fax, and email. The sender decides the medium of choice.

5. Decode

This is the method of converting the symbol encoded by the sender. After decoding, the message is received by the recipient.

6. Receiver

He is the last person in the chain and the person to whom the message was sent by the sender. When the recipient receives the message, understands it from the right perspective, and acts according to the message, the purpose of the communication is successful.

7. Feedback

The process of communication is complete when the recipient confirms that the message has been received and understood by the sender.

8. Noise

This refers to obstacles caused by senders, messages, or recipients during the process of communication. For example, poor phone connections, incorrect encoding, incorrect decoding, careless recipients, poor understanding of messages due to prejudice or improper gestures.

Barriers:

Barriers to communication

1. Physical barrier

If you're shooting closed doors, tall cubic walls, or blocked areas, you're heading in the right direction. Physical barriers are often specific obstacles or boundaries that separate team members.

It's not exactly specific, but keep in mind that distance can also be counted as a barrier in this category.

Communication is further complicated when team members are geographically dispersed and unable to work side-by-side physically (so Buffer's 2020 Remote Work Report shows communication and collaboration when working remotely. Turned out to be the biggest problem, only in loneliness).

How to knock them down:

1. No one says it needs to be converted to an open office floor plan right away (with its own criticism), but to guide the team to avoid the following physical barriers:
2. By providing ample space for collaboration, employees can choose to stay bowed to their work in their workspace or head to a place where more discussion is encouraged.
3. Set basic rules for various communication media for your team (for example, instant messaging is for urgent requests and email is for status updates and summaries).
4. Keep your office door open to stay friendly, or set normal business hours when team members can drop in for questions and feedback.

Language barriers: Barriers created by differences in language, word meaning, and pronunciation can cause confusion among people. Language means related to that language. Semantic means the meaning of a word. The following is

2.     Language / Semantic barrier

Lack of different or common languages   can create communication problems. People who do not understand their mother tongue or even a foreign language cannot communicate well. This is a very difficult situation.

Word diversity: Words have different meanings. The power of words is a gift to humans, but at the same time multiple meanings and spellings of words can cause communication problems.

Words with similar pronunciation but different meanings [homophones] can also cause communication problems. For example. Exceptions-accept, fair fares, council-lawyers, principles [etc.].

Terminology used by professionals such as engineers / doctors or other professionals [Terminology]. Terminology is often used unintentionally. However, the general public and those who do not understand the meaning of these words are facing problems.

By passed instructions: Means that the shortcut is used many times while passing a message. For example. The manager ordered the newly appointed secretary to burn a CD. She literally burned it. He intended to copy the CD

How to knock them down:

Of course, if there is a big difference in language at work, you need to look into translation services to make up for the difference. However, please note the following:

Pay attention to the jargon and encourage team members to explain it as simply as possible. You can also turn it into a fun "jargon alert" type of game to raise awareness when you get into the habit of using complex acronyms and terms.

Also remember your body language. Do not neglect nonverbal communication, as different gestures and postures are viewed differently by different people.

Use visuals, demonstrations, and examples where possible. These help to be much clearer than written or verbal communication.

3.     Socio-cultural barriers:

Culture is a way of life, values, or principles. Cultural differences between people can create barriers. Various religious practices are followed around the world. There are many time differences in culture, which can be misleading in communication.

Globalization and liberalized policies in business allow people around the world to travel and work in multinational corporations and businesses. This has led to a mixture or mixture between people, but due to differences in language, religious practices and dressing styles, people are often confused and unable to understand each other correctly.

This led to a communication failure. Below are examples of socio cultural barriers.

1. The concept of time: Time is not recognized equally among cultures. Time is important in Western culture. In Asian culture, we take time leisurely. The concept of punctuality varies from culture to culture.
2. Assumptions about social stratification or caste system. The caste system has been observed in India. However, in all cultures, there are some types and differences in society in the form of religions, community differences, denominations, and class divisions. We should not always assume someone excellent or inferior due to caste or class system.
3. Etiquette and Mannerism: Different types of Mannerism are observed in all societies and cultures. This includes how to follow rules of conduct and specific codes of conduct. Different forms of address and salute, or different dressing methods [formal or informal wear] are observed. This can be confusing from time to time.
4. The serving and cooking methods are not the same. There are certain expected norms for eating at meetings. These are called meal etiquette.
5. The methods of body language [nonverbal behaviour] around the world are not the same. This can be misleading.
6. Proximity [concept of space] varies from culture to culture. Some cultures do not allow short distances between people. Short distances are acceptable in some cultures.
7. Values   are not the same between cultures. Values, good behavior, or ethical principles guide our lives. However, the methods of these value systems are not the same all over the world.

How to knock them down:

If there are cultural barriers, you may want to think that it is better to build a homogeneous team. That is not true. We need to find ways to overcome these cultural barriers so that we can communicate well and enjoy the benefits of diverse teams. Here are some ideas:

Invite employees to create guides or "user manuals" that share important information about communication preferences, such as how to work effectively and how to receive praise and feedback.

Celebrate the differences between teams at various events and educational opportunities (they are fun and understandable!).

Use personnel analysis tools such as F4S to measure the work styles and preferred communication styles of each team member, and use culture tools to switch between different cultures to find potential friction points. For example, a slightly lower motivation for Culture A's "reflection and patience" can result in a very low motivation for Culture B and a higher "reflection and patience" score for the average worker. This shows that Culture A team members can feel impatient in a hurry when working with Culture B team members. By recognizing this, you can relieve tension before the start.

4.     Psychological barriers:

Psyche means spirit. Psychological barriers arise in the mind. The human mind is very complicated to understand. We face many conflicts because of the situation and the events around us. Therefore, these barriers always occur. But the real problem is that people don't accept that these barriers exist in their minds. Psychological barriers are created many times due to status, old age, and ego issues. These are difficult to overcome.

Accept that they are facing barriers or lacking the proper understanding to face the world. The following are situations or examples of psychological barriers.

1. Ego: The attitude of "I" means that I feel great and can create a barrier in my mind. Ego barriers cause conflicts in relationships.
2. Prejudice: Prejudice against people based on community, caste, religion, or individual [wrong opinion] is very negative for communication. Prejudice can interfere with communication.
3. Emotions and Emotions: The emotional confusion of the sender or recipient can distort [modify] communication.
4. Halo effect: People's likes and dislikes can produce a halo effect or a horn effect. This can affect communication.
5. Self-image: A positive or negative image of self is a way of seeing the world. Negative self-image can disrupt or interfere with communication. Such people always think negatively and do not look at things or events properly.
6. Message filtering: Messages are intentionally filtered. We always try to protect ourselves or protect ourselves during some problems. Therefore, the message is often modified by the inferior.
7. Closed mind: In most cases, our mind is closed or unable to learn new things. This problem is observed with old age and changes in attitude. This is also a very barrier to communication.
8. Status: Status creates a barrier for employees. High or low status interferes with thinking and mixing with people. Due to status barriers, people keep distance while communicating.
9. Awareness: The way we see the world and attitudes determines our communication strategy. False or negative perceptions can make communication difficult. People who have or think negatively see everything and events
10. Negatively.
11. Inadequate retention: The ability to retain and remember messages is important. But when it is poor, communication becomes difficult.
12. Interests and attitudes: People's interests and attitudes determine communication strategies. Lack of interest or wrong attitude can lead to inadequate communication.
13. Day-Dreaming: Many students have a habit of dreaming or thinking about something else when they are giving a lecture or talking. This interferes with communication and prevents the message from being reached correctly.

How to knock them down?

Psychological Barriers: It is true that it is difficult to overcome or resolve psychological barriers. You have to accept mistakes and restrictions. This leads to an understanding of human life. People do not accept their shortcomings or restrictions. This leads to

Lots of problems. We need to be respectful and humble of others. In many cases, the sender and receiver are not properly prepared. Therefore, this causes communication problems. Misunderstandings, lack of interest, mental and physical disabilities

This can cause problems. Your boss and all reporters need to work hard to overcome the problem.

Key takeaways:

1. The word "communication" comes from the Latin word "communis", which suggests something common
2. Communication between people to convey personal information, messages, or thoughts is personal communication.
3. Communication is a continuous process that involves three main components. Sender, message, and recipient.
4. Messages generated by the sender are symbolically encoded in the form of words, images, gestures, etc. before being transmitted.
5. The process of communication is complete when the recipient confirms that the message has been received and understood by the sender.
6. Communication is further complicated when team members are geographically dispersed and unable to work side-by-side physically (so Buffer's 2020 Remote Work Report shows communication and collaboration when working remotely.
7. Lack of different or common languages   can create communication problems. People who do not understand their mother tongue or even a foreign language cannot communicate well.
8. Culture is a way of life, values, or principles.
9. Globalization and liberalized policies in business allow people around the world to travel and work in multinational corporations and businesses.
10. Psyche means spirit. Psychological barriers arise in the mind. The human mind is very complicated to understand

4.5 Change Management: Resistance to change and strategies to manage change, Conflict levels, causes and resolution

Resistance to change and strategies to manage change

One of the maximum crucial obligations for an administrator is to facilitate adjustments. Change is inevitable; however resistance to trade is likewise inevitable. Keeping strategies and conduct consistent is the primary humanity of human beings. This is wherein trade control is available in handy. If an organisation desires to succeed, it ought to usually try to evolve to trade.

Introducing resistance to trade

Changes are essentially versions of present strategies, customs, and practices. Every organisation works in a dynamic environment, so that you usually should trade yourself to be successful.

Change control consists of numerous techniques which can assist facilitate the clean adoption of such adjustments.

One of the maximum crucial elements of trade control is resistance to trade. Countering trade and retaining the reputation quo is surely human nature.

However, adjustments are unavoidable, and agencies ought to try and enforce them with minimum effort, as opposed to resisting them.

Resistance to trade may be specific or implicit. For example, a worker might also additionally react to a coverage trade with a whole refusal or protest.

They might also additionally even chorus from explicitly disapproving, however they will implicitly achieve this via way of means of now no longer accepting the adjustments. Administrators want to apprehend those troubles and assist personnel easily undertake those adjustments.

Reasons for resistance to trade

To facilitate migration and trade, the supervisor ought to first be capable of become aware of the precise motive for the resistance. Resistance to those adjustments is not unusual place to all agencies. Here are a few not unusual place motives for this:

People typically locate it handy to maintain doing something as usual. It's tough to get them to research something new.

Change usually brings approximately adjustments in one's obligations, powers and influences. Therefore, people who are adversely stricken by such adjustments will usually face up to.

People who stick with retaining conduct as opposed to taking dangers and doing new matters usually face up to trade. This may be resulting from both their tension and loss of creativity and will.

Types of resistance to trade

There are 3 styles of resistance to trade:

a) Logical resistance: This sort of resistance essentially arises from the time human beings really take to evolve and adapt to trade. For example, as computer systems have become greater commonplace, accountants needed to circulate from paper accounting to virtual accounting. This, of course, takes time to evolve.

b) Psychological resistance: In this category, resistance is prompted in basic terms via way of means of mental and mental factors. Individuals regularly face up to trade due to worry of the unknown, decreased tolerance for trade, and aversion to control.

c) Sociological resistance: This resistance is associated with the not unusual place values ​​and conduct of the group, now no longer the individual. Individuals can be inclined to trade, however now no longer due to peer strain from the companies they may be individuals of. For example, while exchange unions protest new control policies, all employees face strain to protest together.

Overcome resistance

Change nearly usually faces resistance; however it's far surely viable to conquer it. Managers want to try to assist personnel adapt to trade and pressure new adjustments in functionality.

First, managers ought to be capable of persuade employees that the adjustments they may be featuring are needed. They want to expose how employees and the organisation itself will gain from those adjustments.

The administrator can then preserve the subsequent concerns in thoughts to make sure a clean implementation of the adjustments:

Changes ought to know no longer be made all at once, as it's far less difficult to enforce them in stages.

The adjustments do now no longer pose a safety problem for the worker.

Administrators ought to recall the reviews of all personnel stricken by the proposed adjustments.

Employees are much less possibly to withstand if managers first specific management via way of means of adapting to trade on their own.

Sufficient pre-education of personnel facilitates them include adjustments with confidence.

Importance of participation

Encouraging worker participation is usually a terrific concept while managers plan adjustments. Changes are meant for personnel and ought to have a say withinside the making plans process. Such participation makes them much less possibly to withstand the implementation of adjustments.

Management can preserve small casual conferences and conferences with personnel for this purpose. The administrator ought to provide an explanation for all of the applicable information of the proposed adjustments. Employees ought to additionally be recommended to offer their reviews.

Change Management Strategies

Organizational extrade is critical for groups that need to adapt and continue to be competitive; however organizational extrade may be noticeably devastating without techniques to manual extrade projects. The best extrade control techniques are the ones that target human behavioural elements. Why? Employees are most usually suffering from organizational adjustments, and the choice to come to be a hire, hold, or suspender of adjustments will have a vast effect at the short-time period and long-time period achievement of a commercial enterprise development project.

Here are 5 powerful extrade control techniques to deal with the human issue of organizational extrade.

1. Propose incentives

Assuming personnel observe their interests, the primary extrade control method is to offer incentives to inspire humans to embody new guidelines withinside the organisation and in the long run get involved.

Employee awards applications and rewards tailor-made to unique behaviours and company values ​​offer the "carrots" that a few employees want to shop for extrade. Incentives additionally assist reinforce the behaviours and behaviours senior executives are seeking out on this turbulent era. Finally, this fine version of extrade control indicates that management appreciates personnel at some stage in tough instances of transition.

2. Redefine cultural values

Another manner to sell worker help is to redefine the values ​​of organizational lifestyle. This extrade control method is primarily based totally at the essential assumption that humans, as social beings, "fit" into cultural norms and values ​​and "need to go together with them."

Establishing a lifestyle of non-stop development is one manner to extrade the minds of personnel who're requested to extrade their manner of working. In this example, personnel can be much more likely to embody new methods of working (and new methods of considering work) in the event that they have already embraced thoughts for non-stop development and cataclysms that accompany extrade.

3. Exercise authority

Depending on how extreme they want for extrade is, companies can pick to lessen worker competition and workout the authority to pressure employees to conform to new standards, processes, and cultural norms as quickly as possible.

If the chance is excessive and approaching adjustments are hard to survive, companies won't have time to spend money on incentive applications and cultural extrade projects. A coercive method will be the quickest manner to make a difference: "my street or highway," however a grudge amongst a few personnel that is a hassle withinside the future. And can create competition.

4. Shift the load of extrade

People regularly fast oppose adjustments that they remember specially unwanted or destructive; however they regularly adapt quicker to new environments. Organizations can take gain of this flexibility with the aid of using developing new systems with new processes, workflows, and values ​​to step by step pass personnel from the antique structure.

This method is good for conditions related to radical and transformative organizational adjustments. Instead of burdening senior control with the aid of using seducing or forcing personnel to just accept positive extrade projects, the load of extrade is the hard work of locating themselves step by step (or at once) withinside the new organization. Once there, personnel face the opportunity of adapting to new conditions or being left in the back of to "die withinside the vines" in antique companies.

5. Recruit extrade champions

Fundamental adjustments are regularly situation to excessive resistance; however the odds of achievement may be expanded if the voices helping the extrade belong to employees in addition to senior control. Speed ​​up worker approval, lessen resistance, and gather remarks on deliberate extrade projects with the aid of using hiring front-line personnel to proportion the want (and benefits) of extrade with colleagues. Its capabilities as a mechanism to disseminate information.

When you become aware of the want for extrade inside your organization, Business Enterprise Mapping allows become aware of possibilities for development buried in damaged processes. It also can display how commercial enterprise manner mapping can assist lessen resistance to extrade and lay the muse for essential extrade. Contact us on line or name 480-515-9001 to seek advice from a commercial enterprise manner reengineering expert.

Conflict levels, causes and resolution

(I) Individual level conflict:

Management should keep in mind that all individuals are in conflict within themselves. Whenever an individual's motivation or motivation is hampered or a competing role or goal is faced and a decision cannot be made, conflict arises within the individual.

Factors of individual conflict:

1. Unacceptable:

Every individual has known and acceptable alternatives in terms of his own goals and perceptions. He cannot accept the alternative that the organization prefers because it is not satisfactory for him. Unacceptability is subjective, as alternatives that are unacceptable to one person may be accepted by another individual. If the alternative is unacceptable to the individual, he looks for a new alternative. His quest for acceptable alternatives continues. But sometimes, repeated failures to find acceptable alternatives lead to a redefinition of what is acceptable.

2. Non-comparability:

The individual knows the probability distribution of the alternative, but cannot make a decision because the results cannot be compared. If the results cannot be compared, the decision could not be made. Similarly, individuals cannot properly compare their options. Comparisons require clarity, comparison techniques that include weight assignment to different components, rationality of attitudes and actions, and the ability to perform tasks.

The comparison procedure also depends on the individual's clarity and determination regarding the minimum criteria for achievement. If the individual is not very clear about his expectations, he cannot make a comparison. Incomparable conditions cause a lot of tension and conflict in the individual.

3. Uncertainty:

Individuals are uncertain about the environment inside and outside the organization. A good depiction of the environment ensures that people's behavior regarding the acceptability of alternatives and the effectiveness of alternatives can be ascertained. In uncertainties, individuals feel frustrated, which is ultimately reflected in conflict. Within an individual, there are usually several competing goals and roles.

Types of conflict within myself:

(A) Frustration

(B) Conflict of goals

(C) Role conflict

(A) Frustration:

He becomes frustrated when an individual cannot do what he wants to do. Frustration is the highest level of frustration, which in turn causes conflict for the individual. This typically happens when an individual's motivated drive is blocked before reaching the goal. These blocks can be physical or mental / social psychological. Frustration, in turn, leads to defense mechanisms.

The consequences or reactions of defense mechanisms or frustration are broadly categorized into four heads.

(I) Aggression

(Ii) Withdrawal

(Iii) Fixed

(Iv) Compromise.

For example, an individual is trying to enter a room through a locked door. The door is a physical block. If, despite his best efforts, he is unable to open the door, he will resort to an attack, i.e., kick the door. Another option is the situation, that is, withdrawing from the door. If that doesn't work, he can rely on fixing, a new effort to open the door. Finally, he can compromise. So, if you can't get into the room through the door, try it through the window. That is, because of frustration, he chooses a different course of action than any of the options he chooses.

(B) Goal competition:

A common cause of individual conflict within an organization is the existence of two or more competing goals. This type of competition has both positive and negative characteristics. Goal conflict occurs when two or more motivations block each other. If a goal has positive and negative characteristics, or two or more competing goals make it impossible for an individual to make a decision about the goal to be achieved, it causes many conflicts for the individual. In this regard, three types of goal conflicts have been identified.

They are:

(I) Approach-Competition of approaches

(II) Approach-Avoidance Conflict

(III) Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

(I) Approach-Competition of approaches:

Approach-An approach conflict is a situation that occurs when an individual approaches two or more equally attractive but mutually exclusive goals. He cannot choose which of the two is better. One has to choose between accepting a promotion in the current organization or doing the desired job in another organization. This type of conflict has the least impact on organizational behavior.

Approach-Approach conflicts can be resolved with the help of Leon Festinger's well-known theory of "cognitive dissonance." Dissonance means psychological discomfort or conflict. Individuals can reduce dissonance by recognizing work that is clearly superior to others. He can manipulate information by rationalizing the particular decisions he makes, looking for more lucrative information about the choices made, and avoiding information that causes dissonance.

(II) Approach-Avoidance Conflict:

The approach-avoidance conflict is a situation in which a single goal has both positive and negative characteristics. He is motivated to approach his goal because of his positive traits, but at the same time he is forced to avoid it because of his negative traits. For example, a person may have a much higher salary and status but be offered a promotion away from home.

By examining the gradients of the avoidance and approach elements, you can make decisions to resolve conflicts. If one of them is steep above equilibrium point K, it means that the other is above equilibrium point. Therefore, the goal is acceptable because the approach with positive elements is not so steep and exceeds the avoidance gradient with negative elements.

(III) Avoidance-Avoidance approach:

Avoidance-Avoidance conflicts occur when an individual has to choose between two options, each with its own negative side. Neither option is equally attractive. For example, one person may dislike his current job, but the option of resigning and looking for another may not be equally appealing.

Generally, if both goals are unattractive, it is relatively easy to resolve the conflict by avoiding both. However, in certain situations, both goals may not be circumvented. In such situations, goals with relatively few negative factors may be retained and other goals may be abandoned. Avoidance-Both have negative elements, but avoidance is not an easy task.

In the above conflict situation, the individual will be dissatisfied

The organization because his expectations are not met by the organization. This creates a discrepancy between individual goals and organizational goals. Approach-Conflicts of approach can cause mild distress to an individual, while conflicts of other goals can be very dysfunctional for both the organization and its individual members. A common management approach is to resolve goal conflicts by building compatibility, rather than conflicts between personal and organizational goals.

(C) Role conflict:

Everyone plays many roles in social and organizational situations. All the roles he brings to the organization are related to his behavior, but his organizational role is of paramount importance in the study of organizational behavior. Every individual in an organization is expected to act in a particular way while playing a particular role.

If the expected role is different or opposite to what the individual in that role expects, then there is a role conflict because there is no way to meet one's expectations and reject the other. In an organizational setting, everyone plays the role of boss and subordinate. Conflicts should arise whenever there are different expectations of oneself or one's relationship with others.

Similarly, conflicts can occur whenever two roles played by the same person at the same time overlap. For example, his boss is rebuking his subordinates for revocation, and his boss contacts him in this course. He was so angry with his subordinates that he couldn't leave his role as boss and took on the role of his subordinates, which made him angry. This duplication causes more frequent individual conflicts due to role performance.

There are four types of role conflicts:

(I) Role conflicts within the sender:

Role conflicts within the sender occur when asked to work within the specified limits. This is either he can't do or time and resources aren't enough to get the job done. In this case, the expectations from one member of the role are incompatible.

(II) Role conflicts between senders:

In role conflicts between senders, expectations sent by one sender may conflict with expectations from one or more other senders.

(III) Self-role conflict:

Conflicts in one's role occur when one is asked to do a job that is incompatible with one's values. For example, a manager may be asked to bribe a civil servant to get the job done, but his values ​​and conscience may not allow him to do so.

(IV) Conflicts between roles:

Role conflicts occur when an individual occupies several different roles at the same time and the expectations associated with these different roles are incompatible.

(A) Ambiguity of role:

If the expectations associated with a role are unclear or well-defined, it will be difficult for the individual to perform that role. Role ambiguity can be very stressful for an individual. Role ambiguity can occur in two situations: when the job of a subordinate is not properly communicated by the manager, and when the subordinate does not properly understand his or her boss. In both cases, subordinates are not fully prepared for roles and are assigned roles.

(B) Conflict of roles:

Role conflicts occur when role expectations are understood, but for some reason they cannot be adhered to. In this case, the person cannot live up to the expectations of others. Role conflicts are another source of potential tension.

(C) Role overload:

Role overload occurs when too many role expectations are communicated to a person at a particular time. Managers can overload their subordinates if they rely on one-way communication. Without valuable feedback from subordinates, managers cannot know when or why their subordinates are stressed.

Role conflicts depend on the following factors:

(I) Recognition of role conflict

(II) Accepting conflicting work pressures

(III) Ability to withstand stress

(IV) Consists of general personality

Role conflicts can create tensions between individuals and adversely affect their attitudes and behaviors. It can be resolved separately from the factors listed above by individuals by acting according to the norms of belief, justice and justice. He plays a role in relationships with himself and others according to a standardized pattern of objective expectations.

(II) Interpersonal conflict:

Interpersonal conflicts are perhaps the most common and most recognized conflicts, including conflicts between two or more individuals. All conflicts are essentially interpersonal conflicts, as most conflicts involve conflicts between a person in one organization or group and another in another organization or group.

Every individual has an individual acceptable alternative course of action, and different individuals prefer different alternatives. The organization itself creates a situation in which two individuals are placed in conflict. This may include, for example, a conflict between two managers competing for limited capital and human resources.

Another type of interpersonal conflict may be related to disagreements about the goals and objectives of an organization. These conflicts are emphasized when they are based on opinions rather than facts. Opinions are very personal and subjective and can lead to criticism and disagreement. These conflicts are often the result of personality conflicts.

According to Whetten and Cameron, there are four causes of interpersonal conflict.

(1) Individual differences:

Individual differences can be a major source of conflict between individuals. It depends on personal development, cultural and family traditions, family background, educational experience and values.

(2) Insufficient information:

Lack of information can be another source of interpersonal conflict. This type of conflict often results from disruption of communication within the organization.

(3) Role incompatibility:

Another source of interpersonal conflict can be a role in compatibility. In today's interfunctional organizations, many managers have interdependent features and tasks, and the individual roles of these managers may not be compatible.

(4) Environmental stress:

Interpersonal conflicts can also be due to environmental stress. Environmental stress is caused by resource shortages or shrinkage, downsizing, competitive pressure, and a high degree of uncertainty. Interpersonal conflicts tend to be resolved because the opposing parties are not in a position to remain tense for a very long time. Time is a healing factor in these conflicts. If the conflict between individuals is of a persistent nature, it can be resolved through counselling, effective communication, winning negotiations and transaction analysis. Management needs to analyze the reasons for the conflict and resolve it to create an atmosphere of openness and mutual trust in the organization.

(III) Group-level competition:

A group consists of two or more people who interact, have a clear structure of role-status relationships, and have system values ​​and codes of conduct for the smooth working of the group. Groups not only affect the behavior of their members, they also affect other groups and the organization as a whole. In the process of this interaction, two types of conflicts occur: (A) within the group and (B) between the groups.

(A) Competition in the organization:

Conflicts inside a collection arise while there may be a distinction among the participants of the organization. Individuals may also need to live in a collection due to their social wishes, however may also disagree with the organization's method. Conflicts inside a collection can arise in 3 ways.

(I) When the organization faces new problems

(Ii) When new values ​​are imported into the organization from the social environment

(Iii) When the position of a further organization of people conflicts with a position inside that organization.

Conflicts inside a collection are like interpersonal conflicts with the distinction that the human beings concerned withinside the episode of war belong to a not unusual place organization. The purpose is just like the purpose of interpersonal war.

(B) Competition among corporations:

Conflicts among one-of-a-kind corporations inside an enterprise are referred to as intergroup conflicts. Conflicts among corporations can also be defined in phrases of organizational conflicts.

The reasons of conflicts among corporations may be summarized in 4 sections:

(I) Lack of joint decision-making

(II) Differences in dreams

(III) Perception and

(IV) Difference among dreams and perceptions.

(I) Lack of joint decision-making:

The enterprise is made from diverse corporations. Each organization has a pressing want to make sure most percentage with restrained assets and desires to receive their very own time agenda to carry out their tasks. If a collection's needs concerning assets and time schedules are accepted, justice can't be accomplished to different corporations, in the long run main to organizational inefficiencies. Joint decision-making is the handiest option to solve conflicts. Conflicting events can take a seat down collectively and speak their wishes from an enterprise-extensive perspective.

(II) Differences in dreams:

Differences in dreams arise for the subsequent reasons:

(A) Factors that have an effect on commonality inside an enterprise, which include heterogeneity inside a collection

(B) Factors affecting the readability and consistency of the praise structure

(C) Factors that have an effect on the comparison of the praise structure

(III) Difference in notion:

Differences in notion that purpose conflicts among corporations arise for the subsequent reasons:

(A) Members with one-of-a-kind sources

(B) Various techniques for processing information

(C) With one-of-a-kind periods

(D) Differences in dreams.

In a few situations, conflicts among corporations can arise, with one-of-a-kind dreams and perceptions.

Structurally, organizational war may be divided into 4 heads.

(A) Hierarchical war:

Hierarchical conflicts are conflicts that exist among one-of-a-kind stages of an enterprise. For example, intermediate stage control may also war with better or decrease stage control.

(B) Functional war:

When there may be a war among one-of-a-kind useful departments in an enterprise, it's far referred to as a useful war. For example, the manufacturing branch can be competing with the advertising branch.

(C) Line personnel competition:

Line personnel conflicts may be defined as conflicts among line participants and personnel participants. Staff participants are generated due to the fact they do now no longer have authority over human beings in line disputes.

(D) Formal-Informal Conflict:

When a war exists among a proper and casual enterprise, it's far called a proper-casual war.

It can't be absolutely avoided, however it could save you and solve organizational conflicts and boom the effectiveness of the enterprise.

(IV) Organizational stage competition:

All the conflicts defined withinside the preceding dialogue are associated with conflicts to your organizational settings. Inter-organizational stage conflicts arise among agencies which can be someway interdependent. Conflicts on the individual, organization, or intergroup stage are all particular to enterprise-stage conflicts. Organizational conflicts can arise among consumer and vendor agencies, agencies that rent unions and participants, and authorities businesses that modify positive agencies and people tormented by them.

Administrators want to undergo this sort of war. Proper managing of conflicts may be optimistic in attaining results. It can act as a stimulus and can be a mission and motivational pressure to maintain the enterprise moving.

Key takeaways:

1. One of the maximum crucial obligations for an administrator is to facilitate adjustments.
2. Changes are essentially versions of present strategies, customs, and practices.
3. Resistance to trade may be specific or implicit. For example, a worker might also additionally react to a coverage trade with a whole refusal or protest.
4. Change usually brings approximately adjustments in one's obligations, powers and influences.
5. Change nearly usually faces resistance; however it's far surely viable to conquer it. Managers want to try to assist personnel adapt to trade and pressure new adjustments in functionality.
6. Employees are much less possibly to withstand if managers first specific management via way of means of adapting to trade on their own.
7. Encouraging worker participation is usually a terrific concept while managers
8. Plan adjustments
9. Assuming personnel observe their interests, the primary extrade control method is to offer incentives to inspire humans to embody new guidelines withinside the organisation and in the long run get involved.
10. Another manner to sell worker help is to redefine the values ​​of organizational lifestyle.
11. Depending on how extreme they want for extrade is, companies can pick to lessen worker competition and workout the authority to pressure employees to conform to new standards, processes, and cultural norms as quickly as possible.
12. Management should keep in mind that all individuals are in conflict within themselves.
13. Individuals are uncertain about the environment inside and outside the organization.
14. A common cause of individual conflict within an organization is the existence of two or more competing goals.
15. Approach-An approach conflict is a situation that occurs when an individual approaches two or more equally attractive but mutually exclusive goals.
16. Everyone plays many roles in social and organizational situations.
17. Conflicts in one's role occur when one is asked to do a job that is incompatible with one's values.
18. Every individual has an individual acceptable alternative course of action, and different individuals prefer different alternatives.
19. Lack of information can be another source of interpersonal conflict.
20. Conflicts among one-of-a-kind corporations inside an enterprise are referred to as intergroup conflicts.
21. When there may be a war among one-of-a-kind useful departments in an enterprise, it's far referred to as a useful war. For example, the manufacturing branch can be competing with the advertising branch.
22. Administrators want to undergo this sort of war. Proper managing of conflicts may be optimistic in attaining results. It can act as a stimulus and can be a mission and motivational pressure to maintain the enterprise moving.

References:

1. Barry, Jim, Chandler, John Clark, Heather, Organization and Management, Thompson Learning, New Delhi
2. Singh B.P. Chhabra, T.N., Business Organisation and Management, Sun India Publications, New Delhi