UNIT 1

Introduction to Estimates and Related Terms

1.1 Definition of Estimate 

• The process of estimate calculating the quantities and costs of various item required in proposed work
• Estimate is prepared by calculating the quantities form the drawing like plan, section ,elevation etc .for various items required to complete the work of project and multiplied by unit cost of item concerned. 

1.2 Definition of Valuation: -

• It is the process of estimating the cost of property depends on its present condition. 
• The property may be immovable properties like land, Building, Mines tress quarries etc, and movable properties such as coal, oil, steel, cement, sand etc. 

1.3 Purpose of Estimating: -

• To know the amount of money required to complete the proposed work. 
• To calculate the total requirements quantities of materials. 
• To calculate number of different categories of worker that is to be employed to complete the work within scheduled time of completion. 
• To calculate labour requirement as well as tools and equipment requirements. 
• To draw up the construction schedule and program and also to arrange funds required according to the programming. 
• To fix up the completion period from volume of work involved in the estimate. 
• For inviting tenders and prepare bills for payment. 
• An estimate for existing property is required for valuation. 
• For technical sanction of the project. 
• Estimation helps in arbitration. 

1.4 Types of Estimates: -

The estimates are broadly classified as, 

A)  Approximate Estimate: -

1)  Preliminary / approximate /Rough estimate. 

2)  Plinth area estimate. 

3)  Cubic content method. 

4)  Approximate quantity method. 

B)  Detailed estimate: -

1)  Detailed estimate/ item rate estimate. 

2)  Revised estimate. 

3)  Supplementary estimate. 

4)  Supplementary and revised estimate. 

5)  Annual repairs/ annual maintenance estimate. 

A)  Approximate Estimate: 

• It gives the approximate cost of the work and is prepared on the basis of cost of                                   similar works carried out in past. 
• This estimate is preliminary study of various aspect of work or project for short time. 
• This estimate is prepared for administrative approval. 
• Eg. Approximate cost 100 bed hospital at 50.000 per bed comes to be 50,00,000.

B)   Detailed estimate: 

• It is prepared after its complete set of drawings are required for our work. 
• To find out the detailed cost with the help of specification. 
• Detailed estimate is prepared for technical sanction from competent authority for arranging contacts, inviting the tenders and for execution of work. 

1)  Preliminary / approximate / Rough estimate.;-

• It is an approximate estimate to find out an approximate cost in short time of           proposed project.  
• Preliminary estimate is often based on practical experience and information from past projects and their rates. 
• If in case of commercial projects works like irrigation, residential building, power project work that earn revenue the probable income also mentioned and investment in project work is also justify. 
• If project is non – commercial have the no direct return, it’s utility, prospectus in future and availability of final are considered before final decision is taken, this is done in approximate estimate. 
• This estimate is prepared for administration approval. 
• It is quick and hence approximate estimate is useful for checking. 
• Approximate estimate help to decide planning of proposed project. 

2)  Plinth area estimate: -

• Plinth area estimate is calculated by finding plinth area of building and multiplying plinth area rate in that particular area. 
• Plinth area of proposed building is calculated for covered I.e. roofed portion by measuring outer dimensions at plinth level. 
• Plinth area must not include the area of courtyard, open passage. 
• This is method is simple and usually adopted in practice. 
• This is less accurate method. 
• Approximate cost = plinth area of proposed building  x  rate of plinth area in similar location. 
  • Evrn if plan of proposed building is not ready the floor areas of different rooms are calculated from users requirements and about 35℅ of it is added for thickness of wall circulation and waste to obtain approximate total plinth area. 

3) Cubic content method;-

• In this method the volume or cubic content of proposed building is worked out and multiply by the rate per cubic volume. 
• To calculate cubic content of building the length, breadth, are measured as external dimensions at floor level and height of building is measured from floor level to top of flat slab. 
• As per IS 3861 the foundation and plinth and parapet above roof are not taken into consideration in calculate cubic content. 
• This method is more accurate as compare to plinth area method.

4) Approximate quantity method: -

• In this method structure is divided into: 

• The cost per running meter of foundation including plinth is worked out and is multiple by total length of foundation to find total cost of foundation including plinth. 
• Also, cost per running meter of superstructure is found out and is multiple by total length of wall of superstructure to get total cost of superstructure. 
• Addition of total cost of foundation inclusive plinth and the superstructure gives total cost of structure. 

1)  Detailed estimate / item rate estimate: -

• This is the accurate method of estimating. 
• It is subdivided into individual item of work and quantities of each item of work are calculate from complete set of drawings. 
• And abstract of the estimate cost is prepared by multiplying the quantities of each of the above items by rate of completion of that item. 
• The rates of various items of work can be gained from the ‘ schedule of rate' prepared by government organization. 
• To make provision for unforeseen expenditure for miscellaneous petty items and contingencies  3 to 5℅ of estimated cost is added to it. 
• An additional 1 to 2℅ is also provide for work charged establishment. 
• The grand total of all above cost is called as total estimated cast of proposed work. 
• Detailed estimate is generally prepared in two steps: 

1)  Taking out dimensions and squaring them i. e. Dimensions of various items of work are taken from related drawing and are multiplication to obtain its quantities and is entered in measurement sheet form. 

2)  Abstracting i. e. Quantities of various items of work calculated as above are multiplied by rates of there items obtained either from schedule of rate or worked out by rate analysis are entered in abstract sheet form. If rate and amount column in abstract sheet form are left blank then it is termed as ‘ Bill of quantity’.

- Following documents are required to complete detailed estimate: 

- A) A comprehensive report of proposed work. 

- B) General specifications of work. 

- C) Detailed specifications of work i. e. Various items used in the work. 

- D) Detailed working drawings. 

- E) Calculations and design components parts of work. 

- F) Analysis of rates for item of work not included in schedule of rate. 

2)  Revised estimate: -

It is required to prepared under following conditions: -

• When original sanctioned estimate is exceeded by more than 5℅.
• When expenditure on a work exceeds or likely to exceed the amount of administration sanction by more than 10℅.
• When there is material deviation from original proposal. 
• When the market rates of materials change . 

3) Supplementary estimate: -

• It is also detailed estimate which is prepared when additional work are required to supplement the original proposed work. 
• The abstract must indicate original amount of estimate and total amount including supplementary amount for which fresh sanction is to be obtained. 
• Maintenance estimate can also be covered in supplementary estimate. 

4) Supplementary and revised estimate: -

• This estimate is prepared when particular work is abandoned and cost of the work remaining is less than 95℅ of original sanctioned amount of the work. 

5) Annual repair / annual maintenance estimate: -

• It’s detailed estimate prepared to keep the building or roads in proper working and safe conditions. 
• In case of building this includes items such as white washing painting of doors, windows, inside and outside plastering and minor repairs, etc. 
• The amount of such estimate should be within 1.5 to 2℅ of original cost of building. 

1.5 Data required for estimation as a pre requisite: -

To prepare detailed estimate of any proposed building following data is required:

1) Drawing 

2) Specifications

3) Rates

4) Update mode of measurements

5) Standing circulars

Data required for estimation are explain in followed: -

• The drawing is the basis from which quantities of various items of works are calculated. 
• So that drawing must be prepared showing plans different section and other relevant details for the work. 
• To calculate the quantities of various items of work a complete set of detailed drawing consists of plan, elevation, section and foundation details, etc is required. 

• General specifications: - The nature and class of work and names of materials that should be used are described. 

• Detailed specifications: - It’s describe every item of work in the estimate. It is  specify the proposal project quantities and proportion, material, workmanship, the method of preparation and execution for different items of work in the project. 
• Thus, specification of work serves as guide to supervisor staff of contractor as well as owner to execute work satisfactorily. 

• Quantities of different items of works are estimated from the drawing and these are multiplied by the rates. 
• So, rates for different item of work are vital factors to find out estimated cost. 
• Rate of each quantity of work must be calculate base on local market at the time of preparing estimate. 

• For standard deduction or addition are also necessary to find correct quantities of work. 

• For taxes of insurance etc are required to fix up rates of those item which are not in schedule rate. 

1.6 Meaning of an Item of works: -

• An exact concise and complete description of all the items of work is to be framed so as to convey the clear and unambiguous meaning of all item of work to be executed by the contractor. 
• Rates to be quoted by the contractor in tender form depends entirely on complete description of item. 
• Complete description is required to be written in correct sequence for all the items of the work to be executed. 

1.7 Item of work: -

• While preparing detailed estimate of proposed building it is necessary to split the entire building into different items preferably in order of its construction. 
• Example, the load bearing structure to be constructed may be split into following items of work in order of its execution as: -

a) Site clearance. 

b) Excavation for foundation. 

c) P. C. C in foundation. 

d) U. C. R masonry in foundation. 

e) C. R. Masonry in plinth. 

f) Damp proof course at plinth level. 

g) Plinth filling with hard murum. 

h) Brick work in superstructure. 

i) Providing and fixing door and window frames. 

j) Lintels over opening. 

k) Flat R. C. C. Or sloping roofs. 

l) External and internal plastering and pointing. 

m) Providing and laying flooring. 

n) Door and window shutters. 

o) Water supply and sanitary arrangements. 

p) Electrification. In

• The quantities of above work are calculated from the relevant drawings. 

1.8 Unit of measurement and principles deciding the units:

• Unit of measurement of various items of work is based upon their size, shape, and the nature. 
• Principal units for various items of work are as follows: 

a) Mass voluminous and thick works shall be taken in cubic unit or volume (cu.m). 

b) Thin, shallow and surface work shall be taken in square unit the thickness shall be specified in description of item and measurement of length and breadth or projection shall be taken to calculate area ( sq. m). 

c) Long and thin work shall be taken in linear or running units and linear measurement shall be taken ( running meter). 

d) Piece work, job work etc, shall be taken in number. 

1.9 Mode of measurement of building works: -

• The measurement of quantities of various items of building work forms and important stage in the planning. 
• Procedure followed for taking out quantities of various items of work differs from state to state and for different department in same state. 
• The tasks of bringing uniformity in measurement was entrusted to Indian standard Institute (I.S.I) now renamed as Bureau of Indian Standard (B.I.S)  in year 1985.
• The whole building is divided into different subheads to have control over the finance and material consumed. 
• Subheads: -

a. Earth work

b. Concrete work

c. Brick work

d. Stone work

e. Steel work

f. Wood work

g. Roofing

h. Plastering and pointing

i. Finishing item such as white washing, colour washing. 

j. Painting

k. Miscellaneous item, etc. 

1.10 Rules for deduction: -

• Size of plastering is taken as 12 mm and calculated in Sq. m. For wall measurement are taken for whole face of the wall for both sides as solid. 
• Following are the deductions made for plastering,

a) No deduction are made for end of beams, posts rafters. 

b) No additions are made for jambs, soffits and sills, these are not taken separately. Also for small openings up to 0.5 sq. m. No deduction is made. 

c) Deduction is made for opening which are exceeding 0.5 sq. m but not exceeding 3 sq. m. For one face only. 

d) For plastering deduction is made where opening is exceeding above 3 m for both faces of it. 

• Brick masonry is computed in cu. M ( Length x breadth x height). Brick masonry in super structure is taken out taken a separate items. In storeyed building masonry in each storeyed as ground floor above plinth level, first floor, etc. Computed separately. 
• For taking out quantity the wall are measured and deduction taken for windows, doors, ventilator, and such other portion as necessary. 
• Arch masonary are taken out separately. Splayed or rounded wall are considered as rectangular to find out quantity. Thin partition wall is measured in sq. m. No deduction are made for holes. 
• Honey comb brick work is measured in square meter. 
• However no deduction will be made for following: -

1) Opening up to 0.1 m2 area. 

2) End of beam, postes, raffers, purlins upto 0.5 m2 area. 

3) Bed plate, wall plate, bearing of chajja upto 10 cm depth. 

4) No deduction are made for bearings of floor or slab. 

1.11 Face sheet: -

• Face sheet is attches at the page of detailed estimate prepared, details of the project for which estimate is prepared. 
• It shall include the following: 

1)  Name of proposal 

2) Introduction of organizations. 

3) Statement of total budget of the project. 

4) Objective of the project of work. 

5) Method of estimate followed. 

6) Number of I. S codes used for preparation of detailed estimate. 

7) Time required for completion of the project work. 

8) Funds required for the project and funding agency. 

1.12 Abstracting

• Abstract sheet is summery of detailed estimate. 
• This is also part of working up process which consists of assembling and grouping of work of similar description transferred from measurements sheet to specially ruled ‘abstract paper' where they are totalled and reduced to their specified unit or measurement. 
• Respective measurement for dimension of all  items involved in whole work of project are taken off form drawing like plan,section ,elevation,etc of work and entered in respective column of standard measurement form as shown below. 

1.13 Bill of Quantities: -

• BOQ is complete list of all  individuals items of works involved in connection with the estimate for project with description, quantity and unit of rate against each item of work. 
• These are filled up in tabular form similar to abstract of estimate cost but rate and amount column remains blank. 
• Bill of quantities when multiplied by corresponding rates of items and totalled gives estimated cost of project. 
• Bill of quantities also required to calculate the quantities of different materials required for the project. 
• BOQ is document used to tender in construction. 
• For preparation of BOQ required to all respective designs and specifications are prepared. 
• BOQ is issues tender for them to prepare cost of Carrying the construction work. 

1.14 Measurement sheet: -

• Detailed workout quantities are arranged in a sheet known as measurement sheet. 
• Project will be divide into number of work i. e. Earth work in excavation,  brick work, R. C. C. Etc. 
• From the given drawing dimensions of the work will be written in length, width, height in column. 
• Volume of the work will be then multiple by number of similar work. Then will get quantities of each item 

• Format of measurement sheet shown as below, 

1.15 Lead statement: -

• The horizontal distance between the source of availability of materials and construction site is known as lead and is expressed in km. 
• The cost of Convenayce of material depends on lead. 
• This description will give the total cost of materials per unit item.
• Lead included first cost, unloading stacking, charges etc. The rate shown in the lead including are for metalled road and include loading and staking charges. 
• The environment lead on the metalled road are arrived by multiplying by a factor: 

a) For metal tracks – lead x 1.0

b) For cartze tracks -  lead x 1.1

c) For sandy tracks – lead x 1.4

1.16 Provisional cost of items: -

• There are certain items of work for which contractor has to engage the service of some specialist firms for its completion
• This are additional quantities which are not included in estimate during to variation of site conditions. The payment for provisional item is made after completion of work. 
• E. g. Air conditioning installation of lift, shifting of water line, etc. 
• For completion of such items a certain amount is specified as provisional sum in bill of quantity. 
• Thus, it refer to the sum provided in the bill of quantity to be paid as per actual expenditure to specialist firms.

1.17 Prime cost of items: -

• Prime cost is the net cost or purchase cost of article and refers to supply of article only and not to carrying out of work. 
• No profit for such supply of material is allowed. 
• In this manner to execute various item of work a reasonable amount is provided in the estimate as prime cost. 
• During preparation of estimate it is not always possible to specify exact type of materials required as in case of doors and windows or water supply sanitary fitting according to choice of the owner. 
• Fitting and fixing charges are paid separately. 
• E. g. Cost of fastening and fixtures of door and window, sanitary fittings, plumbing items. 

1.18 Contingencies: -

• The contingencies indicated  the incidental expenses of miscellaneous items which cannot be reasonable predicted during in preparation of estimate of work. 
• And to meet such unforeseen expenses and additional amount of 3℅-5℅ where 3℅ according to CPWD and 5℅ is according to PWD of the estimate cost of work is provided in total cost estimate. 

• Miscellaneous incidental expenses which cannot approximately be classified under any distinct subhead may be debited to sub – head contingencies. 
• Provision of contingencies may not be diverted to any new work or repair which is not provided in the estimate and of which the cost exceeds Rs. 2000/- without sanctions of superintending engineer. 
• E. g. Special visits of officer for any fatle or server accident, hosing at the end of steps. 

1.19 Work charge Establishment: -

• During construction of building / project a certain number of work supervisor, watchmen, Matemunshi, etc are required to be employed and their salaries are paid from the amount of workcharge establishment provided in estimate. 
• Provision of 1.5 to  2℅ of estimated cost is given for work charge establishment. 
• Establishment charge will includes  temporary establishment are employed for the execution  of work or immediate technical supervision and machinery in connected with specific work. 
• Work charged staff may be technical person or an under staff of technical person to work at site. 
• Work charged staff does not include non industrial employes such as typist ,draftman etc of any kind work for office are chargeable to regular establishment. 
• Appointment of work charged staff is made on temporary basis according to progress of work. 

1.20 Centage charges: -

• When an engineering department execute the work of another department of Government a percentage amount 10 – 15℅ of estimate cost is charged for recovery of cost of establishment, planning, designing, supervision, etc
• Local administration fixes up the percentage in consultation with the accountant general. 

1.21 Introduction to schedule of Rates (D.S.R): -

• To the preparation of estimate of proposed work and also to guides in there respective rates in connection with contract agreement a schedule of rate for each kind of work is commonly executed. 
• This is prepared on the basis of rates prevailing in each locality including cost of transport and profit. 
• All rates should be inclusive of labour, material and unless specifically mentioned otherwise should include all charge like octroi toll, ferry charge, local charges, income tax, sales tax, as may have to be incurred by contractor for getting respective items of work executed proper order and complete and finish. 
• In schedule of rates necessary analysis of rates for varying conditions should be provided. 
• For government projects all the rates are followed as mention in DSR.

1.22 Meaning of Approximate Estimate: -

• Approximate estimate is preliminary or rough estimate. 
• It’s used to find out an approximate cost in short time and thus enable the responsible authority concerned to consider the financial aspect of the scheme for according sanction to the same. 
• Approximate estimate is prepared for administration approval. 
• Such approximate estimate is prepared different method for different types of work. 

1.23 Purpose: -

Approximate estimate is worked out for the following purposes: 

a) To investigate feasibility. 

b) To save time and money. 

c) To investigate benefit and comparison of cost with utility. 

d) Adjustment of planning. 

e) To obtain administrative approval. 

f) For insurance and tax schedule. 

This described in following: 

a) To investigate feasibility: -

• An approximate estimate of project gives an idea for the probable expenditure in short time. 
• From outline idea of expenditure the Practicability to take up such project considering availability of fund can be ascertains. 

b) To save time and money: -

• Before having any rough idea of financial implications of detailed drawing. Specification and detailed estimate are prepared. 
• The available fund is less than detailed estimate, then the chances of rejection of the project. This effect on the loss of both time and money. 
• So, to avoid such loss it is necessary to make approximate estimate before detailed estimate. 

c) To investigate benefits and comparison of cost with utility: -

• Where there is no paucity of funds but it is required to know readity whether the investment shall be ideal then an approximate estimated cost of project is drawn up and compare with income. 
• In case, the preliminary studies from preliminary estimate show the investment returns more than the investment then sanction is given for expenses to prepare detailed estimate of project. 

d) Adjustment of planning: -

• In approximate estimate the alternative for original work for adjustment of drawing. 
• From this approximate estimate, detailed estimate is prepared. 

e) To obtain administrative approval: -

• For government or public project approximate estimate with brief report and site plan or layout plan has to be submitted to obtain administrative approval for detailed investigation and preparation of detailed estimate. 

f) For insurance and tax schedule: -

• For insurance and tax schedule the value of property or project is drawn up from approximate estimated cost. 

1.24 Method of approximate estimating of building: -

A) Plinth area or square meter method. 

b) Cubic rate or cubic meter method. 

c) Approximate quantities with bill method. 

d) Service unit or unit rate method. 

e) Bay method. 

f) Cost comparison method. 

g) Cost from material and labours. 

All method of approximate estimating explain as follows: 

a) Plinth area or square meters method: -

• Plinth area estimate is calculated by finding plinth area of building and multiplying plinth area rate in that particular area. 
• Plinth area must not include the area of courtyard, open passage. 
• This method is less accurate. 
• Approximate cost = plinth area of proposal building x rate of plinth area in similar site. 
• To prepare an estimate by this method the plinth area of building shall be determine first. 
• Plinth area may also have to be worked out from floor area or carpet area or covered area or rentable area of building. 

• Plinth area rate mainly depends upon following factors. 

1) General specifications: -

- This governs type of building the quality of materials, type of flooring and quality of wall Finishing etc. 

2) Price level: -

- The rate per square meter of floor area is worked out knowing the cost of construction of similar building in locality. Generally builders work out current plinth area rate more closely from their records. 

3) Shape of building: -

- Proposed building should have same shape and same ratio of plinth area to its perimeter as those of similar building whose rate per square meter is to be taken for calculations. 

6) Design of building and provision made: -

- The cost of building depends upon economic design of foundation, section and spacing of R. C. C members, opening provided in wall height of plinth and building and such other design consideration. 

7) Location: -

- Cost of construction varies from place to place due to variation in prices of materials and labour charges. 

b)   Cubic rate or cubic meter method: -

• This method volume or cubic content of proposed building is worked out and multiplied by rate per cubic volume of similar building in that locality. 
• The method of cubic rate for estimating of building is more accurate than plinth area method. 
• Foundation, plinth and parapet above roof area not taken into account in this method. It taken from floor level to top of roof.
• Approximate cost = cubic content of proposed building x rate per cubic volume. 
• Preparation of such estimate depends upon: -

1)  Determination of total volume in cubic meter of proposed building. 

• Total volume of building = length x breadth x height. 
• Length and breadth are taken from external dimensions of building above plinth level and this is plinth area of building. 
• There have the different rules for measuring height of building. 
• To measure the height of building the bottom level may be considered from ground level or from top of foundation – concrete or from half the depth of foundation or up plinth level or up to 15 cm below the finishing surface of lowest floor. 
• Cost of building also depend on depth of its foundation. But cost of construction per meter depth from ground level and per meter height above ground level is not same. 
• So, rule to determine height of building from half depth of foundation should be more appreciate and this is normally followed in India. 

2) Determination of rate per cubic meter: -

• The factor on which the rate of building depends are the same as stated in plinth area method. 

c)  Approximate quantities with bill method: -

• In this method, the total cost of project will be calculated by multiplying total length of wall and cost of wall per meter. 
• Cost of project = total length of wall x cost of wall per meter. 
• Total length of wall of building is worked out from plan. 
• Different section of wall in building are considered separately. And as long total project will be divide into no of heads like foundation, flooring, brickwork, concreting. 
• A section of wall includes all items of work from foundation concrete to roofing. 
• The cost of excavation, foundation, D. P. C., proportionate cost of flooring and woodwork, parapet, plastering and finishing on wall per meter length are accounted. 
• Cost of wall below and above plinth level should be kept separate. 
• Thus, it is better to find out estimate cost separately, 

1.cost of building wall including foundation and surface finishing. 

2.cost for woodwork. 

3.cost for flooring. 

4.cost of roofing. 

d)  service unit or unit rate method: -

• In the method, entire cost of project will be divided equally among service unit of that project, such of per km of for highway, per meter of span for bridge, per classroom for school building, per bed for hospital, per litre of water tank. 
• Rate per service unit will be calculated previously complicated project and then cost of proposed work will be calculating by multiply number of service unit of rate. 
• Cost of project = Number of service units x Rate per service units. 
• The estimate can be prepared quickly, but it requires record of unit current rates for similar designed structure having same specifications at that locality government works are executed through different engineering department. 
• Mainly following points are considered in preparation of estimate by this method are: -

1.variation of price level. 

2.change in specification and location of site. 

3.Number of units provided in the structure 

4.soil conditions

• This method is adopted to prepare preliminary estimate mainly for public Works. 

e)  Bay method: -

• In this method,  total project divided into number of similar units will be calculated. 
• Total cost of project will be calculated by multiplying cost of typical bay and number of bay. 
• Cost of project = cost of typical bay x number of bay. 
• Bay are compartment or similar portion of structure. 
• When area of structure consist of similar cabins or parts such as go- down, railway platform, factory shades etc. Which have been built up with intermediate column or with roof truss on wall placed at equal distance with same roofing on top of these supporting members then area may be divided centre to centre of support each such division may be treated as bay. 
• This is the most reliable approximate estimate that can be made but following point should be considered. 

1.End bay should be considered separately due to its end wall. 

2.Current rates per bay should be worked out from pervious recorded rate. 

3.The location, specifications and drawings should be same. 

f)  Cost comparison method: -

• -In this method approximate estimate are made up for prototype structure consists several works and after that compared the past records of expense for such works. 
• Such an estimate can be prepared quickly even during meeting, but expert knowledge is necessary to estimate present cost of construction as compared to previous record cost. 

g)  cost from material and labours: -

• In this method approximate quantities of materials and labour required per square meter of plinth area for proposed building are worked out. 
• As arbitrary method is not standard, the equation recommended by C. B. R. I. Should be followed to estimate quantities of materials. 

1.25 Method of preparation of Estimate for Road Project: -

• Reconnaissance survey is conducted to select best suited routes alternative to prepare approximate cost of the project. 

• Data collected from reconnaissance survey is as follows: -

1) Extend of waterway for nalla and river crossing. 

2) High flood level to find height of road embankment. 

3) Number and length of more important bridge. 

4) Total length of alignment. 

5) Probable amount of earth work. 

6) Geological characteristics of area to find foundation of bridge abd stability of embankment. 

7) Value of land

• Following point should be considered while preparing preliminary estimate from above survey reports, map and data. 

1)  Approximately earthworks estimate including cutting and filling quantity with the help of contour map. 

2) Overall cost of road including the cost of bridge and culvert also. 

3) Sub base cost varies with the soiling and edging according to nature of soil used. 

4) Boundary pillars cost should be considered. 

5) Additional 15℅ contingencies charge as well as 5℅ water charge for preparation of approximate estimate. 

6) The cost of land is finally added to estimate total cost of project. 

1.26 Method to find out approximate cost for water supply sanitary and Electrical works: -

• Provision for internal services like water supply, sanitary and electrification of building are usually made on the basis of a percentage of building estimate cost, as considered reasonable according to specification to be adopted. 
• Provision for internal services should be considered on percentage basis as below:

1)  Water supply= 4 to 5℅ of estimate cost of building works. 

2) Sanitary = 4 to 5℅ of estimated cost of building works. 

3) Electrification = 9℅ of estimate cost of building works and for electric fans, light = 3℅ of estimate cost of building works.

• Consideration made in allocation of above percentage cost are given below. In absence of piped water supply and sewer lines, required provisions for these with approximate cost are also described. 

1.27 Cost of water supply: - 

• Consideration made in allocation of above percentage cost are given as below: 
• Water is tapped from Street pipe lines within distance, say up to 5m from property line and be stored in overhead storage tank by pressure of streets pipe line water and amount of 4 to 5℅ of cost of building structure including royalties charge for pipe connection
• This includes cost of storage tank with necessary agreement to places the same on the roof. Fitting, fixing of shower bath, wash basin, tap connection, etc. 
• Cost of expensive fittings has not been considered in above cost.

1.28 Cost of sanitation: -

• In sewer areas where the sewer line is within distance 12 m from privy an amount 4-5℅ of by cost. 
• In absence of sewer line, an additional amount for construction of septic tank with soak pit should be provided omitting cost of service connections and masters trap. 
• For this additional amount of 3 to 4 ℅ of building cost should be provided. 
• Thus, total cost become 7 to 9 ℅ of building cost. 

1.29 Cost of Electrical works: -

• The depends upon type of wiring, specifications and locations of service line from main meter point. 
• For first class work of C. The. S. Wiring an amount equivalent to 9℅ of cost of building structure may be recommended. 
• This excluded cost of fans, bulbs, etc. 
• To include all such cost 12℅ of estimate cost of building may be considered fair. 

Approximate Estimate problems: -

Ans: - for completed project, 

Cost of project = plinth area x plinth area rates

25,00,000          =   1600 x plinth area rate

Plinth area rate = 25,00,000 / 1600

= Rs. 1562.5/-

For proposed project, 

Cost of project = 2500 x 1562.5

Cost of proposed project = Rs. 39,06,620/-

Ans: -

Rate per service unit = cost of building / no. Of bed

= 30,00,000 / 170

= Rs. 17647.05 per bed. 

Approximate cost of newly proposed hospital of 40 beds, 

= no. Of beds x rate per bed

= 40 x 17647.05

Total cost of hospital = Rs. 705882/-

a. Cost for water supply – 5℅

b. Cost for electrification – 5℅

c. Cost for sanitation – 6℅

d. Contingencies – 5℅ 

e. Area of plot – 120 sq. m

f. FSI -0. 8

Ans: -

Floor space Index = plinth area / area of plot

0.8      = plinth area / 120

Plinth area = 96 sq, m

Cost of construction = plinth area x plinth area rates

= 96 x 1100

= Rs. 1,05,600/-

Cost for water supply = 5℅ of cost of construction

= (5/100)  x 1,05,600

= Rs. 5,280/-

Cost for electrification = 5℅ of cost of construction 

= ( 5/100)  x 1,05,600

= Rs. 5,280/-

Cost for sanitation = 6℅ of cost of construction

= (6/100) x 1,05,600

= Rs. 6336/-

Final cost = 1,05,600 + 5,280 + 5,280 + 6336

= Rs. 1,22,496/-

Contingencies = 5℅ of final cost

= (5/100)  x 1,22,496

= Rs. 6124.8/-

Total cost of project = 1,22,496 + 6,124.8

= Rs. 1,28,620.8/-

Ans: -

Plinth area = carpet area + circulation area + area occupied by wall and column

Carpet area = 1500 sq. m

Assume: -

1)  Plinth area = Z

2) Circulation area = 30℅

3) Area of wall and column = 10℅

Z = 1500 + 0.3 Z + 0.1 Z

Z = 1500 + 0.4Z

0.6 Z = 1500

Z = 2500/-

Cost of construction = plinth area x plinth area rate

= 2500 x 300

= Rs. 750,000/-