BTAP
There are many construction practices or processes which are applied in the construction of residential building, commercial building, public buildings. Following are the various basic construction practices are being done in the construction processes. Excavation or earth work Foundation Concreting work or R.C.C work Masonry work Plastering Waterproofing Painting Doors and window work and steel fabrication work Plumbing Electric fitting work. Flooring Painting, flooring and painting comes under the part of finishing Following are the various types of building which are basically undergoes the above mentioned construction practices at the time of construction. Residential buildings Institutional buildings Business buildings Storage buildings like godowns Educational buildings Assembly buildings Industrial buildings Mercantile buildings All above mentioned type of buildings first of all starts from first construction practice i.e. excavation. Especially, excavation is done for various type of foundation depending upon the type of building and its load. After foundation, next practice is concreting P.C.C (i.e plain cement concrete) is placed over the foundation trench or pits on which footing is further casted by concreting which is further following the concreting work in columns, beam, slab, lintels chajja etc, in R.C.C buildings. In case of load bearing buildings or structure, P.C.C is done on the foundation which is further plinth level, which is further followed by the wall construction done in brick masonry work over which the R.C.C slab is casted by concreting. In R.C.C structure, after casting work of frame, the next construction practice is brick or concrete block masonry which acts as partition walls. After masonry work is completed in both R.C.C and load bearing structure, the next construction practice plastering. Note that pointing work is specially done in case of stone masonary work. After plastering, next construction practice is to install the door shutter and windows which is further followed by next construction practice called as flooring of any required or desired material, shape, size and shade available in market. Then electrical fitting work is done. The last construction practice or processes is painting work. Cement paint is applied over the external plastering and any desired paint like oil bound distemper, oil paint, plastic paint, luster paint is applied over the internal plastering work.
As per the National Building Code of India (SP:7-1970); building defines, "as any structure for whatsoever purpose and of whatsoever materials constructed and every part thereof whether used as human habitation or not and includes foundation, plinth, walls, floor, roofs, chimneys, plumbing and building services: fixed platforms, varandah, balcony, cornice or projection, part of a building or any things affixed there to or any wall enclosing or intended to enclose any land or space and signs and outdoor display structures." Tents, shamianas and tarpaulin shelters etc. erected for temporary and ceremonial occasions with permission of the authority shall not be considered as building. In general, building can also be defined as the enclosed space which is covered by roof performing many functions and activities like utility, structural safety, fire safety and satisfying the requirement of sanitation, ventilation, day light.
Group A Residential Building Group B - Educational Building Group C Institutional Building Group D Assembly Building Group E-Business Building Group F-Mercantile Building Group G - Industrial Building Group H-Storage Building Group I- Hazardous Building All those agencies are sub labeled into numerous sub-divisions which can be defined as follows in short. Buildings below institution A are sub labeled as follows: Sub-department A - 1: Lodging or Rooming houses. Sub-department A-2: One or own circle of relatives personal dwellings. Sub-department A-3: Dormitories. Sub-department A - 4: Apartment houses (Flats). Sub-department A-5: Hotels. Sub-department A - 6: Hotels (Starred). Buildings below institution B are similarly subdivided as follows: Sub-department B - 1: Schools upto senior secondary level. Sub-department B-2: All different and schooling institutions. Buildings below institution C are subclassified as follows: Sub-department C-1: Hospitals and sanitaria. Sub-department C-2: Custodial Institutions. For examples houses for the elderly and infirm, convalescent houses and orphanages comes below custodial institutions. Sub-department C-3: Penal Institutions. It consists of jails, prisons, intellectual hospitals, intellectual sanitaria and reformatories. Buildings below institution D are similarly sub-labeled as follows: Sub-department D-1: Buildings having a theatrical constant seats for over a thousand folks. Sub-department D-2: Buildings having a theatrical or movement photograph or every other degree and glued seats upto a thousand folks. Sub-department D-3: Buildings with out a everlasting degree having lodging for three hundred or extra folks however no everlasting seating arrangement. Sub-department D-4: Buildings with out a everlasting degree having lodging for much less than three hundred folks without a everlasting seating arrangements. Sub-department D-5: It consists of transient shape designed for outside meeting of human beings now no longer included via way of means of D - 1 to D-four at floor level. Sub-department D - 6: It consists of the homes which can be having combined occupancies consisting the centers like buying, eating places and cinema theatres. Sub-department D 7: It consists of the systems accelerated or underground for meeting of human beings now no longer included in sub-divisions D - 1 to D-6. Building below institution E will be similarly subdivided as follows: Sub-department E - 1: Offices, banks, workplaces of architect, engineers, doctors, lawyers Sub-department E-2: Laboratories, studies establishments, libraries and check houses. Sub-department E-3: Computer installation. Sub-department E-4: Telephone exchanges. Sub-department E-5: TV stations and large casting stations. Buildings below institution F are similarly sub labeled as below : Sub-department F-1: Shops, shops, markets departmental shops with region as much as 500 m² Sub-department F-2: Shops, shops, markets, departmental shops with region extra than 500m2 Sub-department F-3: Underground buying centres, garage and carrier centers incidental to the sale of products and placed withinside the identical constructing will be covered below institution F. Building below institution G are similarly sub-labeled as follows: Sub-department G-1: Buildings used for low threat industries like engineering workshops, ceramic factories, etc. Sub-department G-2: Buildings used for mild threat industries which includes aluminum factories, bloodless garage, electric powered producing station etc. Sub-department G-three: Buildings used for excessive threat merchandise, explosive factories, hearthplace paintings manufacture, industries which includes cotton waste, petroleum refineries, oil installations, etc. This institution consist of any constructing or a part of a constructing used particularly for the garage and sheltering of goods, ware or products which can be wholesale or retail. This ware or products do now no longer consist of surprisingly flammable or explosive substances or merchandise. It additionally consists of sheltering for automobiles or animals. Examples for institution H are warehouses, bloodless garage, transit sheds, save houses, freight depots, truck and marine terminals garages, grain elevators, hangers aside from air craft restore hangers, barns and stables. Storage residences are characterized via way of means of the presence of fantastically small range of folks in percentage to the region. It consists of any constructing or a part of the constructing that is used for the garage, dealing with manufacture or processing of surprisingly flammable or explosive substances or merchandise which can be susceptible to burn with severe rapidity and or which might also additionally produce toxic fumes or explosions on garage or dealing with, production or processing. Hazardous homes below institution I entails surprisingly toxic, corrosive, alkalis, acids or different chemicals/drinks developing fumes, flames and explosive, toxic, corrosive gases and fabric generating explosive combos of dirt which may be transformed or modified into exceptional debris generating fast and spontaneous ignition. Group A Residential Building Group B - Educational Building Group C Institutional Building Group D Assembly Building Group E-Business Building Group F-Mercantile Building Group G - Industrial Building Group H-Storage Building Group I- Hazardous Building
A part of the structure lying below the ground surface such as foundation of any type is known as substructures. Hence, the component of substructure is any type of foundation. Foundation : The term foundation indicates the entire substructural unit which supports the superstructure. Thus, in broader sense, foundation includes a transmitting medium in the form of a pedestal, footing, pile system, pier, caisson and the supporting foundation bed. The transmitting medium is generally constructed in reinforced cement concrete and the foundation bed is generally in the form of sound bedrock or weathered rock or soil. Functions of foundation : The function of foundation is not merely to support the weight of superstructure. In turn the foundation serves many purposes as enlisted below. To distribute load of the entire structure over a wide spread area to prevent it from any movement. To load the underlying bearing surface uniformly to prevent any unequal settlement of the substructure. To prevent any lateral escape of the supporting material as it will endanger the structure. To increase the stability of the structure as a whole to prevent it from sliding or overturning. To secure a level and firm natural bed for laying the masonry courses. Superstructure denotes part of the structure lying above the ground surface. In context of buildings various parts like walls, roof, doors, windows and flooring constitute the superstructure. The part of the structure lying above the ground and below the ground floor level is called as plinth. The superstructure is designed to cater for various loads acting on the structure, which are then transmitted to the underlying soil via the substructure. Following are the various components of superstructure of building: Plinth Floor Wall Column Beam Roof Door and Windows Lintel Sill Staircase Parapet
The scope of production automation is extensive and includes the complete production degrees as an example manufacturing of production material, prefabrication of production components, on web website online production, operation and protection of buildings, and demolition and recycling of structures. Automation of production addresses diverse and severe troubles associated with production for example, low first-rate of very last product, shortages of professional labor, protection of labor, negative climate condition, and quick production length which in recent times are capabilities of project. If automation production is practiced, production paintings may be non-stop and therefore production length will lower and this can offer huge monetary advantages. Additionally, production automation improves protection of labors and complements first-rate of the paintings. Automation and robotics in production presents extra unique and uniform exceptional product evaluate with merchandise produced via way of means of skilled worker. It replaces labors in the ones obligations which contain tough bodily paintings. Automation and robotics perform jobs a great deal simpler that's rarely accomplished via way of means of labors. It concurrently declines charges and will increase performance and productivity. Added to that, it's far claimed that counties which include Japan and Germany have advanced dwelling fashionable and gross profits appreciably in 20th century due to using automation and robotics withinside the production. It conducts exertions obligations at risky places as an instance at considerable top places. Finally, it's far really well worth bringing up that automatic production and robotics decorate paintings surroundings due to the fact people might be distanced from uncomfortable paintings position.
Superstructure is that portion of the building which is above the floor level and its main function is to enclose or divide space. Masonry is essentially a wall material which should have sufficient strength and stability. To efficiently perform the functional requirements of a wall, masonry form of construction is done for a wall. A masonry wall is built of individual blocks of materials such as stone, brick, concrete blocks, hollow blocks, usually in horizontal courses connected together with some form of binding material called mortar.
It is the art of building the structures in stones. Stones are abundantly available in nature. These stones when cut and dressed to the proper shapes, prove to be an economical material for the construction. Stone masonry construction is used in: Building foundations, dams, monumental structures. Building walls and arches. Domes, lintels and beam. Columns, piers, pillars, light houses and architectural work. Selection of Stone for Stone Masonry or Principle for Stone Masonry : Availability of stone: The stone used for masonry should be easily available from nearby sources. Ease of working: The stone should permit easy dressing and shaping to facilitate working on it easily. Appearance: The appearance of the stone should be attractive and colour should be uniform. Strength: The crushing strength of stone should permit the use of stone in wall masonry. Polishing characteristics : The stone when polished should look attractive with shining texture. Laying of bricks bonded together with mortar is known as brick masonry. The strength of brick masonry depends upon the bonding material and method of bonding adopted. Mortar acts as a binding material but also gives strength to the masonry work. Mortar is a mixture of cement and sand or lime and sand, or a mixture of sand, cement and lime.Where strength is of importance, cement mortar is used. Common Terms used in Brick Masonry: Course: A course is a horizontal layer of brick in a wall. Joint: It is the junction of two or more bricks in a wall construction. Header: It is a brick which lies with its greatest length at right angles to the face of the masonry work. Stretcher: It is a brick which lies with its longest side parallel to the face of the masonry work. Frog: A small depression created purposely on one side of brick is called 'frog'. Bed: The bottom surface of the brick when it is laid flat is termed as bed.
A exact brick masonry ought to utilise bricks that are sound, tough, nicely burnt and difficult with uniform colour, form and size. The bricks ought to be compact, homogeneous, unfastened from holes, cracks, flaws, air bubbles and stone lumps. These bricks ought to be well soaked in water for atleast hours earlier than use. In the brickwork, the bricks ought to be laid on their beds with the frogs pointing upwards. The brick guides ought to be laid certainly horizontal and ought to have certainly vertical joints. The brick partitions ought to be raised uniformly with right bond. The peak of brick masonry production in an afternoon ought to now no longer exceed 1.five m. Finished brickwork is cured for a length of one to two weeks. A exact brick ought to have a nice, compact and uniform texture. When struck with hammer, it ought to supply an amazing steel sound. When dropped from a peak of approximately 1 meter on some other brick, it ought to now no longer damage. A exact brickwork ought to have most compressive power and durability. A exact brickwork ought to have most resistance to weathering. A exact brickwork ought to be hearthplace resistant.
Porosity Crushing Strength Hardness Soundness Water absorption test Efflorescence test Dimensional balance Structure Impact test The burnt bricks has nice pores inside the body. Porosity of a brick is described as the share of the extent occupied through brick which incorporates pores. Porosity = (Volume of pores/Total extent of brick )x 100 Bigger sized pores are greater permeable. Hence the bricks ought to have much less porosity. Crushing power or compressive power of a brick is decided through compression trying out gadget. It is pressed beneathneath trying out gadget until it breaks or simply getting ready to crushing. Note down the studying on the factor of crushing which shows the crushing power. Minimum crushing power of brick is 3.five N/mm². The grade-A bricks or first elegance bricks have crushing power in among 7 to fourteen N/mm² and crushing power greater than 14 N/mm is taken into consideration as grade-AA as consistent with BIS: 1077-1957. In this test, a scratch is made at the floor of brick through a finger nail. After making this, if no influence is left at the floor of brick, the brick is taken into consideration as sufficiently tough to wear. In this test, bricks are struck with every other. The bricks ought to now no longer damage however ought to supply a steel ringing sound indicating the best nice of bricks. It is the degree of the amount of water absorbed through a brick while soaked in water. In this test, the brick is weighed at room temperature while absolutely dry. Let its weight be W. Then the brick is soaked in water for twenty-four hours once more at room temperature after which weighed. Let its weight now be W1 % of water absorption = (W1—W)/W X 100 Note that the quantity of water absorbed through the bricks ought to now no longer be greater than 20% of its dry weight. In short, water absorption ought to now no longer exceed 20 %. In this test, presence of soluble salts is located out. Soluble salts reasons efflorescence at the floor of brick. For this test, brick is soaked in water for twenty-four hours. Then it's far taken out and allowed to dry in shade. After drying it's far observed. No gray or white deposits at the complete floor ofbrick shows absence of soluble salts. If gray or white deposits are located greater than 50% of floor, the efflorescence will become heavy and it's far taken into consideration as serious. When bricks are wetted, there may be a alternate in extent and linear dimension. The resistance to alternate of extent is referred to as as dimensional balance. Bricks saturated with water shows 0.02 % linear enlargement that is normal. Bricks which undergoes greater linear enlargement aren't exact for production paintings and imply that they're beneathneath-burnt. Bricks additionally ought to display dimensional balance while heated. A exact bricks has thermal enlargement of five x 10-6 in their duration consistent with diploma upward thrust in temperature. Practically, it does no make any impact at the brick paintings. A brick is damaged and its normal shape is observed. The shape ought to be compact, homogeneous and unfastened from holes, lumps, dirt etc. In this test; brick is permitted to drop flat on tough floor from a peak of approximately 1 metre. The brick ought to now no longer damage or overwhelm into portions. If overwhelmed into portions after dropping, it shows horrific nice of bricks. Porosity Crushing Strength Hardness Soundness Water absorption test Efflorescence test Dimensional balance Structure Impact test
Acid resistant bricks Engineering bricks Silica bricks Refractory bricks Sand-lime bricks Blue bricks Coloured bricks Perforated bricks Fire bricks Hollow bricks or Hollow block Acid resistant bricks are in particular made for chemical plant. It is crafted from combination of refractory clay, feldspar and a few shape of silica which include white sand and flint. Engineering bricks are the ones which can be extra vitrified than not unusual place clay building These bricks are much less porous and absorbs much less water. These bricks are very tough. Hence those bricks are used for paving motive withinside the creation paintings. These bricks comprise a totally excessive percent of silica to the volume of abou ninety five to 97 %. A small amount of lime approximately 1 to 2 % is brought to paintings as a binding material. The silica bricks can stand a excessive temperature upto approximately 2000°C. Hence those bricks a used with inside the creation of chimney. Refractory bricks can stand a temperature upto 1700°C. Hence those bricks are tons hired withinside the creation of lime flues, hearths and diverse lessons of furnaces utilized in metallurgical manner, These bricks are very robust and tough bricks synthetic via way of means of a manner entails a chemical response and now no longer an insignificant mechanical combination beneath pressure. These bricks are tons more potent than clay bricks and are uniform in coloration and texture with sharp edges. Hence those bricks are used for decorative paintings because of its first-rate texture and uniform coloration. These bricks are very tough and dense. It makes from a clay containing 7 to 10 % iron oxide. These bricks are fired at a temperature of 1250°C. Blue bricks are very tons used for heavy engineering constructional paintings which include bridges etc. This form of bricks are hardly ever utilized in India. These bricks are used for adornment paintings only. Any form of coloration bricks may be produced via way of means of blending a few admixtures. This form of bricks comprise cylindrical holes at some point of their thickness. These are mild in weight and require much less amount of clay for his or her preparation. These bricks are in particular used with inside the creation of bricks panels for mild weight systems and multi storeyed framed structure. This form of bricks are used for the development of hearth, furnaces and chimney wherein the bricks are required to face up to very excessive temperature. These bricks also are termed as hollow space bricks or cell bricks. It has wall thickness approximately 20 mm to twenty-five mm and is ready from unique homogeneous clay. They are mild in weight. They additionally reduces the of heat, sound I damp. These hole bricks are used withinside the creation paintings of brick partitioning. Acid resistant bricks Engineering bricks Silica bricks Refractory bricks Sand-lime bricks Blue bricks Coloured bricks Perforated bricks Fire bricks Hollow bricks or Hollow block
This is maximum not unusual place and famous bond and is used for wall thickness starting from 20 cm. and above. It includes identical balancing of headers and stretchers with inside the wall, this is headers and stretchers are organized in change guides.
English bond production calls for the subsequent factors to be stored in view : A queen nearer need to be furnished after the quoin header. A header path should never begin with a queen nearer. Continuous vertical joints must now no longer be allowed. The joints with inside the header path must be made thinner than the ones with inside the stretcher path. This is due to the truth that the wide variety of vertical joints with inside the stretcher path are 1/2 of of the wide variety of joints with inside the header path. In the stretcher path, the stretchers must have a minimal lap of (1/four)th their duration over the headers. In this association of bonding brickwork every path includes change headers and stretchers. Every change path begins off evolved with a header on the nook. In this form of bond all of the bricks are laid with their ends toward the face of the wall. This kind association is appropriate for partitions which can be one brick thick. This is appropriate for partitions of gently loaded load bearing shape. In this form of bond all of the bricks are laid with their lengths withinside the route of the wall. This sample is used simplest for partitions having thickness of 1/2 of brick i.e. nine cm. e.g. partitions in case of framed shape production.
Burnt bricks have a excellent tendency to take in water. Hence bricks must be very well soaked in water earlier than laying them withinside the partitions, so that when laying, bricks do now no longer take in water from the mortar. A layer of mortar of intensity approximately 15 mm is unfold uniformly at the pinnacle of the inspiration path. The nook of the wall is built first. For this purpose, one brick is laid first at the mortar on the comer and pressed with hand. Then the primary nearer is laid on its facet in order that 10 mm thick vertical joint is obtained. Excess mortar which comes out from aspects is wiped clean off with trowel (i.e. Thapi). Then verticality with the assist of plumb bob, the extent and the alignment is checked. If the closer and bricks now no longer in stage, they're delivered to the extent through urgent it lightly similarly. Procedure referred to in step four and five is executed at the opposite quit of a wall. Then stretcher and header are laid withinside the first path with recognize to the alignment executed through line dori. Then top off the vertical joints through mortar with the assist of trowel. Again verticality through plumb bob and stage is checked.
After laying first path, mortar is laid and unfold over the primary path as much as a intensity of 15 mm and different guides of header and stretcher are laid in comparable way as it's far referred to in step 6. Note that vertically with the assist of plumb bob, the extent and alignment is path. After finishing the paintings, all unfastened materials, dust and extra final a part of mortar can be laying over the floor is removed, with brush and wetted slightly. When the peak at production above floor stage is 1.five m or more, that point used in order that mason can do his paintings well at diverse stages.
The bricks need to be nicely burnt, reddish in colour, sound and difficult and need to have uniform form and size. Bricks need to be as in line with the specifications. Bricks need to be soaked withinside the water earlier than the use of them into the masonry paintings. Use of brick bats need to know no longer be more. The bricks need to be smartly and nicely laid on mortar. Frog need to be at the pinnacle surface. The brick masonry paintings need to be carried out in right bond. The brick paintings need to be flawlessly in level. Hold fasts for door need to be nicely inserted into the masonry paintings. The brick paintings used need to be without a doubt in plumb. The motor used need to be as in line with specification and fresh. Construction joints need to be supplied after each 30 m to 50 m period of wall. After finishing touch of brickwork, a right curing at the least seven days need to be carried out to the masonry paintings for buying required strength. Note that, if dust mortar or lime mortar is used, then bricks need to now no longer be soaked into the water earlier than the use of them into the masonry paintings. Bricks are soaked into the water best whilst cement mortar is used.
Developments withinside the nanotechnology and nanomaterials are probably to offer worthwhile opportunities to the global manufacturing organization withinside the near future. Additionally, nano cement particles help in filling pores more effectively, thereby enhancing the overall electricity and durability of cement. This, in turn, is boosting the decision for for mild-weight manufacturing materials for the duration of the globe. Rising use of cement-based totally definitely manufacturing materials, which consist of ultra-immoderate-general overall performance concrete (UHPC) and photo-catalytically energetic concrete products and coatings, is probably to strain the decision for for mild-weight manufacturing materials, in particular withinside the building & manufacturing sector, withinside the subsequent few years. Rising research sports activities and foreign places direct investment (FDI) withinside the building & manufacturing sector, commonly in Europe and North America, are probably to provide large opportunities to manufacturers of mild-weight manufacturing materials in the ones regions withinside the near future Increase of stress to reduce CO2 emissions at some stage in the producing of cement is probably to strain the decision for for nanomaterials which consist of graphene withinside the near future. Graphene’s immoderate tensile electricity, optical transparency and fantastic electric powered conductivity, makes it a notable cloth for its use in manufacturing organization.
The moulds made up from a few inflexible cloth including wooden or metal plates wherein concrete is positioned and wherein it's far harden are called "formwork". Formwork is normally crafted from less expensive wooden planks. These are joined to shape the specified moulds of slab, beams, columns, foundations etc. Steel formwork is used withinside the shape of plates which may be bolted collectively to shape moulds of various shapes and length in keeping with the size of structural members. Formwork includes parts: The mold or platform is constructed via way of means of becoming a member of the planks collectively via way of means of nailing. The gaps among the planks are plugged or sealed in order that the cement slurry need to now no longer leak via them. It is made of wooden poles helping the mold at numerous points. For a huge slab, the formwork is supported on wooden poles with double wedge association on the decrease cease in order that person poles may be decreased or raised via way of means of hammering of the wedges and the complete plank helping the slab may be levelled and made horizontal. For columns, the centering includes willing helping poles or struts,that is called shoring. The shoring is likewise without difficulty adjustable in order that the plank may be made flawlessly vertical. The verticality of the plank is checked via way of means of plumb bob. Thus for horizontal planks, vertical poles are used, and for willing or vertical planks, struts of numerous sizes are used as shoring.
Transportation, placing, compaction, Mixing, finishing of concrete and Curing After the formwork is ready and concrete is mixed, the concrete is transported, placed in the formwork, compacted so that it fills the mould completely without leaving, voids and then its surface is finished to make it smooth and to give the slope where required. These activities will be now discussed in this section. Following flow diagram shows the casting procedure. Depending on the volume of concreting and nature of work, the methods of transporting concrete vary. Different methods are described below: Manual method : Concrete for small works is transported by labor in pans or ghamelas carried on the head. Many times a human chain is used and the labors just pass on the ghamelas from mixing place of concrete to the formwork where it is placed. Animals: Concrete is often transported on backs of asses or mules, where the distance is large. Wheel-barrows: Concrete is transported in tipping type of wheel barrows or hand-carts, which can be tilted to empty them. Concrete lifts: Large size lifts are often used for vertical transportation of concrete in case of high-rise buildings. The lifts have some arrangement for unloading the concrete. Concrete pumps Concrete can be pumped by special pumps in case of special types of concreting such as guniting or shotcreting. Cableways: For huge projects such as concrete dams, cable ways are used to transport and deposit the concrete. Concrete belts: These are used to transport concrete to higher elevations or hills. Agitator trucks: These trucks have concrete in slowly revolving drums so that it is kept in plastic state without setting. These are also used for huge works, or mass concreting of gravity dams. Now-a-days, ready mix concrete is transported to the site from mixing plants in agitator trucks. Following precautions should be taken while transporting the concrete: The setting of concrete should not occur before it reaches the formwork. The concrete should not get segregated due to transportation. Bleeding should not occur. There should not be a large time gap between two loads of concrete received at the formwork. The reinforcement should be checked. There should be sufficient gap between reinforcement and formwork to provide required cover. Concrete should not be dropped from great height. i.e. more than 1 meter. Concrete should be placed uniformly in all formwork. Placing a heap of concrete at one place and then dragging it to fill the formwork is not a good practice. Concrete should reach all the corners of formwork. In case of narrow sections or columns with large no. of lateral getting stuck on reinforcement should be looked for and removed. Compaction is done to acquire dense structure which is free from bubbles. Compaction is important part of concreting. The main object of compaction of concrete is reduce air voids to a minimum to obtain dense mass of concrete. Compaction of concrete is done by using the following five methods: Hand compaction (Rodding or Tamping) Centrifugation of spinning Vibro pressing Mechanical vibrators High pressure and shock Concrete is a drab material and its colour and surface texture do not offer architectural beauty Hence many times when concrete is exposed to view, finishing must be done. If proper care is not taken while concreting it may posses cracks, due to improper construction poor construction joints, patching of honey combed structure, damaged area which is not pleasing to eye and hence finishing is necessary to keep concrete surface smooth, asthetic and free from irregularities The purpose of finishing is two fold: Having correct slope. Having smooth polished surface. Following are the different types of finishing methods: Surface treatment Exposed aggregate finish Applied finish Coloured finish Curing is defined as the process in which freshly cast concreteis kept in sufficiently wet or humid condition for certain period after compaction. So that the hydration reaction is achieved completely. There are various methods of curing, but the usual method requires at least 28 days of curing. Concrete gains its strength through a reaction between cement and water. This reaction is known as hydration. This is a very slow reaction and it continues over years, still, after 28 days, the rate of reaction is negligible. Thus it is necessary that the water or moisture should be available for this reaction for at least 28days. Also the hydration reaction is exothermic and large amount of heat is liberated during the reaction. The curing water also helps in dissipating this heat. Thus the necessity of curing can be summarized as: Curing is necessary for continuation of hydration reaction which gives concrete its strength. It is necessary to avoid drying of concrete till full strength is achieved. To dissipate the heat of hydration. It reduces shrinkage in concrete. It prevents waterloss by evaporation and helps in maintaining process of hydration.
Slip shape creation is a superior technique for constructing having the massive towers or bridges. The call refers back to the shifting shape the concrete is poured into, which movements alongside the mission because the formerly poured concrete hardens in the back of it. The approach of slip shape creation has additionally been carried out to avenue creation. The slip shape approach become in use with the aid of using the early twentieth century for constructing silos and grain elevators. A extremely good use of the technique become the Skylon Tower in Niagara falls, Ontario which become finished in 1965. The approach become quickly applied to assemble the "Inco Superstack in Sudbury, Ontario and the CN Tower in Toronto. It is the maximum not unusual lplace technique for creation of all homes in Australia. Use: Slip formwork is extensively used for building the massive towers or bridges. It is likewise used for building the silos and grain elevators.
Underpinning is the system of presenting new basis under the prevailing basis without negative the stableness of present shape. Underpinning can be required to satisfy the subsequent requirements: If deep basis to be built adjacent to a constructing having shallow basis, the shallow basis might also additionally face a few issues and can want strengthening. To give a boost to present basis which has settled and prompted cracks with inside the wall. If the peak of present constructing is to be expanded and present basis, if not able to undergo expanded load, might also additionally require strengthening. If basement is to be supplied to the prevailing constructing and if intensity and electricity of present basis is insufficient, then present basis might also additionally want strengthening. Underpinning may be achieved with the aid of using the subsequent methods: Pit technique. Pile technique. When the peak of creation is greater than 1.five m, workmen want a few platform on that may stand properly, preserve important substances of creation and keep on the creation, etc These transient shape or platform built very near the wall, is with inside the shape of tiss or metallic framework, generally referred to as scaffolding. The top of scaffolding is going on growing because the top of creation increases. Provides a platform to face properly and keep on the constructions. Provides platform to preserve important substances of creation, gear including bricks, mortar, trowel, plumb, etc. Scaffolding is likewise wished for the maintenance or maybe demolition of a constructing. Scaffolding includes the subsequent components: Standards: These are vertical participants of scaffolding, supported at the floor or drum or embedded into the floor. Ledgers: These are horizontal participants, walking parallel to the wall and perpendicular to the standards. Braces: These are diagonal participants constant on standards. Putlogs: These participants are positioned on ledgers at proper angles to the walls, with one cease supported on ledgers and different cease at the wall. Boarding or planks: These are the horizontal platform for assisting men, substances and appliances, those are supported at the putlogs. Guard forums: To shield towards substances, the forums are supplied on the running stage referred to as shield forums. Toe board: These are forums positioned parallel to the ledgers and used for safety at the extent of running platform.
Unit-1
Introduction to Building Construction and Masonry
KEY TAKEWAYS:
There are many construction practices or processes which are applied in the construction of residential building, commercial building, public buildings. And the process which takes place in construction is given in detail above.
KEYTAKEWAYS:
Any structure for whatsoever purpose and of whatsoever materials constructed is called as Building.
• According to the NBC of India i.e. National constructing code of India, homes are labeled into numerous agencies which can be primarily based totally on occupancy, are referred to as follows:
1. Group A - Residential Building:
2. Group B - Educational Building:
3. Group C - Institutional Building:
4. Group D - Assembly Building:
5. Group E-Business Building:
6. Group F - Mercantile Building:
7. Group G - Industrial Building:
8. Group H-Storage Building:
9. Group I- Hazardous Building:
KEY TAKEWAYS:
Types of building are as follows:
Any building structure can be divided into two basic components i.e. substructure and superstructure.
1.Substructure
2. Superstructure
1.Substructure:
2.Superstructure:
KEY TAKEWAYS:
A part of the structure lying below the ground surface such as foundation of any type is known as substructures. Superstructure denotes part of the structure lying above the ground surface.
KEY TAKEWAYS:
Automation of production addresses diverse and severe troubles associated with production for example, low first-rate of very last product, shortages of professional labor, protection of labor, negative climate condition, and quick production length which in recent times are capabilities of project.
KEY TAKEWAYS:
Masonry is essentially a wall material which should have sufficient strength and stability. To efficiently perform the functional requirements of a wall, masonry form of construction is done for a wall.
Stone Masonary:
The selection of stone for masonry depends upon :
Brick Masonary:
Definitions of some common terms broadly used in brick masonry are stated below:
Fig.1.1: showing Brick with technical terms.
KEY TAKEWAYS:
It is the art of building the structures in stones. Stones are abundantly available in nature. These stones when cut and dressed to the proper shapes, prove to be an economical material for the construction.
Laying of bricks bonded together with mortar is known as brick masonry. The strength of brick masonry depends upon the bonding material and method of bonding adopted. Mortar acts as a binding material but also gives strength to the masonry work.
Following factors offers the requirement of exact brickwork:
KEY TAKEWAYS:
Building brick should be tough, well burnt, free from chemicals, having perfect frog.
The exceptional checks on bricks are completed are as follows:
1. Porosity:
2. Crushing power:
3. Hardness:
4. Soundness:
5. Water-absorption test:
6. Efflorescence test:
7. Dimensional balance:
8. Structure:
9.Impact test:
KEY TAKEWAYS:
The test taken on bricks are as follows:
Bricks are made for unique motive and therefore they may be categorised as follows:
1. Acid resistant bricks :
2. Engineering bricks :
3. Silica bricks :
4. Refractory bricks :
5. Sand-lime bricks:
6. Blue bricks:
7. Coloured bricks :
8. Perforated bricks :
Fig.1.2: Showing Perforated brick
9. Fire bricks:
10. Hollow Bricks or Hollow Blocks:
KEYTAKEWAYS:
Bricks are made for unique motive and therefore they may be categorised as follows:
There are a lot of bonds used for exclusive varieties of works:
1. English bond
2. Flemish bond
3. Header bond
4. Stretcher bond
1. English bond:
Fig.1.3: showing One Brick wall English bond
2. Flemish bond:
Fig.1.4: Single Flemish Bond(1&1/2 brick wall)
Fig.1.5: Double Flemish Bond of one brick wall
3. Header Bond:
Fig.1.6: Header bond
4. Stretcher bond:
Fig.1.7: Stretcher Bond
KEYTAKEWAYS:
There are four types of bond: Header bond, Stretcher bond, English bond and Flemish bond.
Laying of brick must be executed very systematically with recognize to right bonding, jointing and ultimate finishing. Hence professional masons are required for correct laying of bricks into the masonry paintings.
Following are the critical steps for laying the brickwork for wall production:
Also, wetting of bricks washes the dirt from them and a smooth brick will produce a higher joint and bond with mortar.
Bricks are soaked in water earlier than laying due to the fact dry brick quick take in water from the mortar. This is risky due to the fact while the use of cement mortar sufficient water will now no longer be to be had for the manner known as as warmness of hydration and in the long run it impacts at the strength.
Then the bricks are taken and tied through line dori or wire or string after which those bricks are suspended in such manner that the road dori or mason cords get stretched on each the faces of wall and among the 2 quit of the wall with the intention to deliver the similarly masonry paintings in right alignment.
Perpends must be stored vertical. Bricks with one frog must be laid with its frog on its pinnacle face to make certain that they may be absolutely full of mortar or now no longer.
Fig.1.8: Laying of Brick
KEY TAKEWAYS:
Laying of brick must be executed very systematically with recognize to right bonding, jointing and ultimate finishing.
Following are the critical precautions and are to be taken into consideration in brick paintings:
KEYTAKEWAYS:
Brick should be well burnt, reddish in colour, sound and hard. There are lot of precautions are taken during supervision.
KEY TAKEWAYS:
There are lot of trends in light weight structure. Developments with inside the nanotechnology and nano materials are probably to offer worthwhile opportunities to the global manufacturing organization with inside the near future.
1. Mould or platform:
2. Support device or centering:
KEY TAKEWAYS:
The moulds made up from a few inflexible cloth including wooden or metal plates wherein concrete is positioned and wherein it's far harden are called "formwork”. There are two parts of formwork- Mould and Support device.
Fig.1.9: Showing Casting procedure of concrete
Modes of Transportation of Concrete :
Precautions to be Taken During Transportation and Placing of Concrete in Formwork:
Following Precautions Should be Taken During Placing of Concrete in Formwork:
Compaction of Concrete:
Methods of Compaction :
Finishing of Concrete:
Curing of Concrete:
Necessity of Curing:
KEY TAKEWAYS:
Casting procedure for reinforced concrete columns, R.C.C beams and R.C.C Slabs consist of following things: Transportation, placing, compaction, mixing, Finishing of concrete and curing.
KEY TAKEWAYS:
Slip formwork is extensively used for building the massive towers or bridges. It is likewise used for building the silos and grain elevators.
Underpinning:
Methods of under pinning :
Scaffolding:
Purpose of Scaffolding:
Components Parts:
KEY TAKEWAYS:
Underpinning is the system of presenting new basis under the prevailing basis without negative the stableness of present shape. These transient shape or platform built very near the wall, is with inside the shape of tiss or metallic framework, generally referred to as scaffolding
References:
1.Building Materials by S.K.Duggal, New Age International Publishers.
2.Building Construction by S.C.Rangwala, Charotdar Publications.
3.Building design and construction by Frederick Merrit, Tata McGraw Hill.
4.IS 962-1989 code for Practice for Architectural and Building drawings
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