BTAP
A door may be defined as "an openable barrier or as a framework of wood, steel, aluminium, glass or a combination of these materials secured in a wall opening". It is provided to give access to the inside of a room of a building. It serves as a connecting link between the various internal portion of building. Lightning and ventilation of rooms. To maintain privacy of rooms. A window is defined as vented barrier secured in a wall opening to serve one or more of the functions viz. natural light, natural ventilation and vision. To admit natural light in building. To admit air in building. To give a view to the outside. Window provide insulation against heat loss and in some cases against sound. Some windows are also required to give a measure of resistance to fire.
Door frame Door shutter Frame consists of an assembly of horizontal and vertical members which are placed along the top sides and the bottom of an opening thus forming an enclosure to which the shutters are fixed. Door frames are made of following materials: Timber Aluminium sections Steel sections Concrete Stone Out of these, timber frames are commonly used. However, steel frames are widely used in factories, workshops, etc. Aluminium frames are costlier and are used only for residential buildings where more funds are available. Concrete frames are now becoming popular in urban areas, because of increased cost of timber; concrete frames are found to cost less than half the cost of a teakwood frame. It is also cheaper then iron frame. Stone frames are mostly used in villages. These are openable parts of a door. It is an assembly of styles, panels, and rails. The uppermost horizontal part of frame is known as head. These are the horizontal projections of the head and bottom of frame to facilitate the fixing of the frame on the wall openings. The length of horns is kept about 10 to 15 cm. Style is the vertical outside member of the shutter of a door. The top most horizontal member of a door shutter. The middle horizontal member of a shutter. The lowermost horizontal member of shutter. The area of shutter enclosed between the adjacent rails. These are mild steel flats, generally bent into z-shape, to hold the frame to the opening The horizontal length of hold fast is kept about 20 cm, section 30 mm x 6 mm and s embedded in masonary. Vertical members of frame one on each side is called post or jamb.
A window also consists of two main parts: Window frame, secured to the wall opening with the help of hold fast. Window shutters held in position by the window frame. The area of shutter enclosed between the adjacent rails. These are the horizontal projections of the head and bottom of frame to facilitate the fixing of the frame on the wall openings. Horizontal member of a window shutter. Style is the vertical outside member of the shutter of wondow These are mild steel flats, generally bent into z-shape, to hold the frame to the openings. The uppermost horizontal part of frame is known as head. This is the lowermost or bottom horizontal part of window frame. This is a horizontal member of a window frame, which is employed sub-divide a window opening horizontally.
Door frame consists of two vertical members called as jambs or posts and horizontal member connecting the post at the top called as head. First of all, the frame which is to erected in position is painted with thick coat of coal-tar. Frame is held in position by giving support as shown in Fig. and checked by plumb bob and then masonry work goes on. While doing masonry work, frame is secured to the walls by means of fasts, three iron holdfasts on each post, one at the center and remaining two at 300 mm from the top and bottom of jambs. Holdfasts are embedded into the masonry work and feet of the post are embedded into the finished floor and lime concrete, at level of R.C.C. work. If the door opening is already made and frame is erected, then this can also be done by embedding the wooden blocks termed as plugs at appropriate places in the jambs during construction of wall and then frame is placed in position and fixed with the plugs with G.I. screws. This method of fixing the frames is done in stone masonry and R.C.C. work. In steel frames, holdfasts and hinges are welded to the frame and this frame and this frame is pained by red oxide before erecting in position and rest of process of errection is same as above. In case of prepared opening, this opening is made free from any other obstructions and then chalk lines are marked on the jambs from the external face of wall so as to fix the exact position of window. Chalk line marking is also done on head and the sill of the opening. This is done as per drawing. The holes are provided to the steel window at certain locations, through which holdfast or lugs can be fixed to the wall. The position of the fixing holes is measured from window frame and marked on the wall by chalk. In case of brick masonry work, the steel window frame is fixed to the opening by small sized hold fasts (lugs). For fixing this lugs, holes are made in the brick work; then steel window frame is placed in position in the opening of which the size is little more than the window frame. For setting the window frame in correct position and plumb, the frame is temporarily supported by wooden wedges at jambs and head. These wedges are hammered to set the window in correct position. After getting the correct position, lugs are screwed to the frame tightly and then the lugs are grouted into the holes with cement mortar. After setting the lugs firmly, wooden wedges are taken out and gaps produced because of these wedges is then filled by cement mortar. In case of stone masonry or reinforced concrete work, it is very troublesome or difficult to make the holes for the purpose of fixing the lugs in a prepared opening, therefore, wooden blocks called as plugs are first embedded in proper places in the masonry or concrete while concreting or masonry work and then window frame is fixed to the plugs with the help of G.I. screws.
Hinges Bolts Handles Locks Hinges are of the following types: These hinges are most commonly used for the doors and windows. They are screwed to the edges the doors or windows and to the rebate of the frame. The flanges of hinge are made of cost iron, malleable iron or steel. These hinges are used where the shutters are thin. They are fixed to the back side of the shutter and the frame. This is a wrought strap pivoted to a metal piece plate. This is also known as T shutter, as it has a long arm which is screwed to the shutter and a short plate is screwed to the door frame. These hinges are used on planked shutters such as ledged and battened doors, ledged and braced doors etc. This is used for heavy doors. The pin is fixed on the frame or into the wall. The strap on which the door or window shutter is fixed, rotates round the pin This is special type of hinge, which is used for hanging the doors. Hence these hinges are used when the opening is narrow and when it is required to keep the opening free from obstruction due to door shutters. This type of hinge is sometimes used instead of a T-hinge. It is also used for ledged and braced doors and for heavy such as for garages, gates, etc. Such a hinge is provided with helical nickel joints, due to which the shutter is raised by 10 mm on being opened. Such hinges are use for doors of room having carpet etc. The door is closed automatically. This is also used for heavy door shutters. The centre pin of the hinge can be removed and the two leaves of the hinge can be fixed separately to the frame and the shutter. Aldrop bolt: This is fixed on external door where a pad lock is used. Barrel bolt: This is used for fixing to the back face of the external door. The socket is fixed to the door frame while the plate is screwed to the inside of the shutter. Flush bolt: This type of bolt used where the projecting tower bolt would be objectionable and when it is desired to keep the bolt flush with the face of the door. Hasp and staple bolt: This type of bolt is also used for external doors where pad lock is to be used. The staple is fixed to the door frame, while the has fixed to the shutter Latch: This is used to secure door. This latch is usually made of malleable iron or bronze. It consists of lever pivoted at one end, which can be actuated by a trigger passing through the shutter, the lever is secured in hasp and staple. Hook and eye: This is used for keeping window shutter in position when window is open. Handles are used to pull and push the door and windows,various types of handles used. Commonly used locks are used. Hinges Bolts Handles Locks
This type of door consists of a frame in which the panels either flat or raised are fitted. This door consists of styles and rails which are grooved along the inner edges of the frame, to receive the panels. The panels are made from timber, plywood, block board, glass etc. Figures will indicates the following construction details: Vertical members called styles are continuous from top to bottom. Rails are joined to styles at both ends (various rails are top rail, bottom rail and intermediate rail). Mullions or mutines, if provided are jointed to the rails between which it is fixed. It is generally recommended that the minimum width of stiles should not be less than 10 cm and for top and bottom rails not less than 15 cm. The thickness of the shutter frame is usually kept from 4 to 5 cm but actual thickness depends upon several factors, viz. door size, location of door, type of work, thickness of panels and size of the mouldings. The styles and rails are mortised and tenoned. Various designs of panelled doors are shown in Fig. 8.5.1. Panelled doors are made in several design depending upon the architect's or owner's choice. The door may be single. double, three, four, five or six panelled and so on. When doors are classified on the basis of arrangement of components they come under the category of battened doors. Types of battened doors : Battened and ledged doors. Battened, ledged and braced doors. Battened, ledged and framed doors. Battened, ledged, braced and framed doors. With the development of the plywood and block board industry and because of good characteristics of this door like pleasing appearance, simplicity of construction, high strength, durable and economical as compared with panelled doors, because of which they are popular these days. These doors are commonly used for residential as well as public buildings. A flush door consist of: Skeleton or hollow framework of rails and stiles. Door is covered on both the sides with laminated board or plywood. Thickness of flush doors varies from 25 mm to 40 mm depending upon the type of flush door. Collapsible doors are generally used in situations where width of opening is large and provision of hinged shutter becomes difficult for want of space. These doors are extensively used for main entrance of residential buildings, shops, garage, public buildings, godowns etc. These doors are also used for consideration of increased safety and protection of property. They are fabricated from rolled steel channels and flats and are provided with rollers at bottom to roll on rails when they open or collapse. The door essentially consists of vertical double channels each 20 x 10 x 2 mm in size and spaced at 10 to 12 cm apart and are joined to one another, by cross iron pieces. The cross iron pieces are usually 10 mm to 15 mm wide and 5 mm thick. These doors are commonly used for the main entrances of the shops, garages show-rooms and godown etc. The door shutter act like a steel curtain and provides adequate protection and safety against burglers and fire. A rolling steel door consists of a frame, drum and a shutter of thin steel plates or iron sheets of thickness about 1 mm. The door shutter travels in vertical steel guide channels installed at either ends of the opening. The guide channels are made out of mild steel sheets and are deep enough to accommodate and keep the shutter in position. Revolving doors provide entrance on one side and exit on the other side simultaneously. This type of door is advantageously provided in places where there is a regular foot traffic of people entering in and going out of the building especially in case of banks, hotels, hospitals, theatres, offices etc. The door is so assembled as to exclude the wind draught. The door essentially consists of four leaves radially attached to a centrally placed mullion in circular opening. This type of window consists of a frame work of vertical member called style and horizontal members called rails which are grooved along the inner edges of the frame, to receive the panels. The panels are made from timber, plywood, block board and even of glasses. Such windows may be fully panelled, partly panelled and partly glazed or fully glazed. Glazed window are generally provided where additional light is required to admitted to room through the door, or where the visibility of the interior of the room is required from the adjacent room. These windows are provided for the sole purpose of admitting light and providing vision in the room. The window consists of a window frame to which shutters are fixed. No rebates are provided to the frame. The shutters are fully glazed. These are common types of windows usually provided in buildings. The construction of casement window is just similar to door. The window has a frame which is rebated to receive the shutters. The shutters consists of styles, top rails, bottom rails and intermediate rails, thus dividing it into panels. The panels may either be glazed or unglazed, partly glazed and partly unglazed. It should be noted that the side hinged opening part of window consisting of glass planes or panels known as casement and windows made of these parts are called casement windows. Pair of shutter arranged one above the other which can slide vertically within the groove provided. A pair of metal weight, connected by cord or chain passing over a pulley is provided for each shutter. This window can be used to control the ventilation. Metal windows, made of mild steel is becoming increasingly popular in a private as well as public buildings because of their high durability and strength, less cost and better in appearance. However, windows made of other metals, such as. aluminium, bronze, stainless steel etc are also use for those building where high degree of elegance finishing is required. Aluminium windows are also becoming popular for domestic building as they are rust proof, durable and require's no maintenance and painting. In modern practice, steel windows are extensively. used as they are cheapest. Mild steel sections, used for the fabrication of metal windows, are manufactured in wide range of standard sizes.
Ventilators are windows of small heights generally about 30 to 50 cm below roof levels. Ventilators consists of (1) frame (2) shutter The shutters are provided with glass panels and steel grills fixed in the shutters for the purpose of safety, shutter are also movable, pivoted horizontally. The shutter can be opened or closed by means of two cords, one attached to top rail and other to the bottom of the shutter. Ventilation is mainly used to control indoor air quality by diluting and displacing indoor pollutants. It can also be used to control indoor temperature, humidity, and air motion to benefit thermal comfort, satisfaction with other aspects of indoor environment, or other objectives. wind driven ventilation pressure-driven flows stack ventilation. The pressures generated by 'the stack effect' rely upon the buoyancy of heated or rising air. Wind driven ventilation relies upon the force of the prevailing wind to pull and push air through the enclosed space as well as through breaches in the building's envelope.
A structure which is constructed with the help of wedge- shaped bricks or stone joined together with mortar and forming the curve like portion over the opening to support the weight of the wall above it along with the other super-imposed loads is called as an arch.. Due to wedge-shaped portion of bricks or stones, the units support each other and loads makes them more compact and made them possible to transmit the pressure downwards to their supports. The inner curve portion of an arch is termed as 'intrados. The outer curve portion of an arch is termed as 'extrados'. The highest part of an extrados is termed as crown. A wedge-shaped block fixed at the crown of the arch is called as key. Inner surface of an arch is termed as soffit. Note that intrados and soffit are sometimes used as same meaning. Wedge-shaped masonry blocks forming an arch is called as "Voussoirs'. Fig. 9.2.2 shows various technical terms or elements of and arch. Vertical distance between the highest points on the intrados and the springing line is termed as rise'. The points from which the curve of the arch starts or springs are called as springing points. An imaginary line joining the springing points of both the end of an arch is called as springing line. A curved like triangular space which is formed between the extrados and horizontal line through crown of the arch is termed as 'spandril'. The inclined surface of the abutment on which the arch rests is termed as 'skew back. An arch is supported by the end part which is termed as "abutment". First voussoir at springing level and which is immediately adjacent to the skewback is termed as "springer". The arch is supported by an intermediate support which is termed as 'pier'. A row of arches in structure is called as 'arcade'. Fig. 9.2.3 shows arcade and pier. The clear horizontal distance between the two pier or two intermediate supports is termed as 'span'. The lower half portion of an arch between the crown and skew back is termed as "haunch'. The joints between the voussoris radiating from the centre of an arch is termed as 'bed joints'. A circular course forming an arch is termed as 'ring'.
A horizontal structural member which is placed across the opening viz door, windows, etc. to support the structure over the opening is known as lintel. Lintel is used to support the structure over the opening like door, windows etc. Lintels are usually rectangular in shape, the width of which is equal to the width of the wall and the ends of which are built into the wall. The bearing of lintel should be the minimum of the following: 10 cm. Height of lintel. 1/10 th to 1/12 th of the span of the lintel. This are the oldest types of lintels, though they are not commonly used now-a-days, except hilly areas where timber is cheaply available in abundance. Timber lintels are relatively col susceptibility to catch fire and liable to decay. Stone lintel: The use of the stone lintels is recommended only in places where stone is available is abundance and the structure is made of stone masonary. A stone lintel consists of a simple stone slab of greater thickness. Dressed stone lintels give good architectural appearance. Stone is very weak in tension. Also, it cracks if subjected to vibratory loads. Hence stone lintels should never be used for opening exceeding 1 m span unless provided with relieving arches above. Brick lintels are not structurally strong, and they are used only when the opening is small and loads are light. Brick lintels generally consist of bricks which are normally laid on end and occasionally on edge. The depth of brick lintel varies from 10 to 20 cm depending upon the span. It is constructed over temporary wooden centering. Bricks with frog are more suitable for the construction of lintels since the frogs, form joggles when bonded which increase the shear resistance of end joint. Such lintels are called joggled brick lintel. Steel lintels are provided where the opening is large and where the super imposed loads are also heavy, These lintels consisting of rolled steel joists embedded in concrete. These lintels being very costly are restricted in use for special cases. Reinforced cement concrete lintels have replaced practically all other types of lintels because of their strength, rigidity, fire resistance, economy and ease construction. R.C.C lintels are constructed, usually with a concrete mix having proportional 12:4 reinforced with mild steel bars. These can be used on any span. Its width is kept equal to the width of the wall. The depth of R.C.C. lintel and reinforcement depends upon the span and the magnitude of loading
A chhajja is an overhanging eave or roof overlaying observed in Indian architecture. It is characterized with massive aid brackets with distinct creative designs. Variation is likewise visible in its length relying at the significance of the constructing on which it functions or the selection of the designer. Its feature is much like that of other overhangs or eaves in that it protects and ornaments entrances, arches and windows from the outdoor elements. Some forms of roof may be taken into consideration massive chhajja as well.
A floor should have a level surface with a gentle slope or very minimum slope. A floor should be capable to support the occupants, equipments, internal partitions, furniture involved in a building. A floor should have adequate strength and stability so as to support the live loads. A floor should have a good sound insulation or it should be sound proof. A floor should have adequate fire resistance capacity. A floor should be damp proof. A floor should have a good thermal insulation. A floor should have an appropriate but gentle slope for its proper washing with water.
In Shahabad type of flooring, stones which are available in thickness of 20 to 40 m uniformly thick slab are laid on concrete bedding. The stones should be hard, durable, tough and of even and good quality. All stones should be dressed on edges before use. This type of flooring is suitable where movement of very heavy loads have It is very economical in places where such stone is locally available. It is hard, durable and wear resistant. It is easy in construction, repair and maintenance. It is not fine, smooth and attractive type flooring and therefore can not be used for important public building. It is not found comfortable for living purpose because it has got bad conductivity and poor shock absorbing properties. It is also naturally occuring stone. It is faint greenish in colour and can take good polish and can be cut and sawn by machine. It is available in much quantity at a place known as Kotah. Therefore the name Kotah' is given to this stone. It is commonly used for paving the floors, steps in residential buildings. Marble flooring is used in residential buildings, hospitals, temples etc. where superi type of flooring and where extra cleanliness is an essential requirement. The size of marble slabs to be used in flooring depends upon the pattern to be adopted The slabs for normal works are square or rectangular in shape and their thickness vanes from 20 mm to 40 mm. It is commonly used for ornamental or monumental work like temple, face work etc. Granite is naturally occuring stone. Its geological classification is as igneous rock. It is hard, durable and available in different colurs: highly resistant to natural forces It can take very good and glazing polish and can easily be sawn and unsuitable for carving. Its specific gravity varies from 2.6 to 2.7 . Hence it is commonly used for paving the floors in commercial buildings such as hotels offices, at the entrance of the hospitals etc, and also used as a flooring material in temples. It is also used for ornamental work. It is also used for cladding the walls, columns in the commercial complexes. Granite flooring gives the good, smooth and pleasant finish. Granite flooring is costly. It is also a naturally occuring stone and available in large quantity at a village named as Kudappa. Therefore, name itself is give to this paving stone as Kudappa. It is made smooth on one side and can commonly be used for making kitchen platform. It is also used in window sill; covering the R. C. C. concrete base in case of stairs. It is also used in paving the floor of bathroom. It is taken out from rock being called as the geological name as state which is metamorphic rock. Its compressive strength varies from 770 to 2110 kg/cm². Mosaic flooring is made of small pieces of broken tiles of china glazed or of cement or marble, arranged in different pattern. These pieces are cut to desired shapes and sizes.
In this type of flooring of method-I the earth filled under the floor is compacted properly. After getting well compacted earth surface, a layer of cement concrete or lime concrete about 100 mm to 150 mm in thickness is laid over the entire compacted portion of floor. Cement concrete of proportion 1:8:16 or lime concrete layer is called as sub grade. At the time of making the sub grade it is essential to maintain a proper slope for the purpose of floor washing. Before laying the bricks on sub grade, bricks should be soaked and wetted in water so that water from the thick mortar bed will not be absorbed and such way the strength of mortar will not get affected. It is a typical type of flooring Granolithic flooring is a finishing coat done on the concrete surface so as to obtain hard, durable and abrasive resistant flooring. Granolithic coat is made of cement sand and aggregates which are specially selected. Note that grading of the aggregates play a very important role in such type of flooring. Course aggregates can be obtained from the natural occurring stone like basalt or lime stone or quartzite which are graded from 13 mm to 1.S. Sieve no, 240. Proportion of cement, sand and aggregate is 1:1:2 or 1:1:3, 1:1:2 proportion of concrete mix means 1 part of cements I part of sand and 2 part of specially graded aggregates. Initially base concrete is laid over the compacted soil surface and then when the base concrete is properly set, and then only granolithic concrete is laid over it, which gives. monolithic construction. When the concrete mix for granolithic flooring is laid over the base concrete, then surface is finished by tamping and floated with the help of wooden floats and smoothness of surface is obtained by steel trowel. This type of flooring is more economical and especially used for low cost housing schemes where floor covering material is more costlier. Because of the decorative appearance and good wearing surface, the terrazzo flooring is very popular and hence it is moreover commonly used in residential, school, offices, hospitals, banks buildings. Terrazzo is a mixture of special aggregates of marble chips or any other decorative material of white cement or coloured cement taken in the proportion of 3:1 (i.e. 3 parts of marble chips and 1 part of cement). Terrazzo is laid over the base concrete in different thickness. Overall thickness of terrazzo is 40 mm. The overall 40 mm thickness of terrazzo flooring consist of 6 mm thick top layer of terrazzo and 34 mm thick under layer of cement concrete taken in a proportion with 1:2:4. Before laying the flooring, the complete area is split up into suitable panels with the help of strips made of copper or brass or aluminium or glass in order to avoid the risk of cracking. Note that thickness of dividing thickness should not less than 1.5 mm and its width should not less than 25 mm. Area of one panel should not more than 2 m² Marble flooring is used in residential buildings, hospitals, temples etc. where superior type of flooring and where extra cleanliness is essential requirement. The size of marble slabs to be used in flooring depends upon the pattern to be adopted. The slabs for normal works are square or rectangular in shape and their thickness varies from 20 mm to 40 mm. The base concrete is prepared and over the base concrete 20 mm thick bedding mortar of either 1: 4 cement: sand mix or 1 (lime patty): 1 (sarkhi): 1 coarse sand mix is spread under the area of each slab. The marble slab is laid on top of the bedding mortar, pressed and tapped with wooden mallet and brought to the level with the already laid adjoining slabs. The marble slab is then again lifted up and fresh mortar is added to the hollows of the bedding mortar. After the bedding mortar is hardened slightly, cement slurry is spread over the same at the rate of 4.4 kg of cement per sqm, the edges of already laid slabs are smeared with cement slurry paste and then the marble slab in question is placed in position and tapped with wooden mallet till it is properly bedded in level with the adjoining slabs. The joint between two slabs has to be very fine. The cement that oozes out of the joint is cleaned. Remaining slabs are also laid in the same manner. The paved area is cured for a minimum period of seven days. The climate is damp and timber is easily available in hilly areas. Hence in such areas, the timber flooring becomes more economical and because of this reason, timber flooring is most common in use. Timber floorings are not used more commonly at other places. However, timber floorings are used for dancing halls, auditoriums, carpentry halls. Due to the damp climatic conditions, prevention of dampness is broadly considered in the timber flooring. In this type of flooring, the complete area of the ground below the floor is covered with a cement concrete bed of 150 mm in thickness. This 150 mm thick layer of cement concrete is termed as site concrete or over side concrete. Brick flooring Granolithic flooring: Terrazzo flooring Marble flooring Timber flooring
Roofing materials must satisfy technical requirements (impermeability, weather-resistance, frost-resistance, and low combustibility) and economic requirements (low cost of the material and the installation of the base upon which it rests; ease of installation). Roofing materials may be organic (bituminous, tar, wood, and polymeric materials), silicate (asbestos cement and tile), or metal (roofing iron). They may be of the roll, mastic, or piece type (sheets or slabs). Roll roofing materials based on bitumen (Ruberoid, per-gamyn, and glass Ruberoid) and tar (tar paper) are most commonly used. Roll roofing materials are relatively inexpensive and easy to install, and they provide a light and thin roof covering on almost any type of roof. Bituminous roll materials last for ten to 15 years; tar-based materials are good for no more than five to six years (tar materials are generally used for temporary structures). Tar-based roll materials have greater biological resistance than bituminous materials. Gidroizol (bitumen-impregnated sheet asbestos) and izol (a rubber-bituminous material reinforced with asbestos fiber) may be used as roofing materials in certain instances. Mastic roofing materials are bituminous and tar roofing materials modified by polymers and used as independent materials for the installation of seamless roofing. A reinforcing element (glass cloth) is added to mastic coatings to increase cracking resistance. Mastic roofing materials are cheaper and easier to install than roll materials.
Galvanized iron (GI) sheets are essentially metallic sheets that have been lined with zinc. These sheets consist of a number warm dip galvanized and electro-galvanized metallic sheet. The zinc coating affords a non-stop barrier which does now no longer permit moisture and oxygen to attain the metallic. It reacts with the surroundings to offer the bottom metallic a safety. By galvanizing, the safety of the metallic sheets towards corrosion resistance is advanced through numerous levels of magnitude. The corrosion safety finished through zinc-primarily based totally coatings is because of the galvanic effect, seeing that zinc is anodic to iron which makes it act a sacrificial steel in an aqueous or humid environment. However, resistance to floor degeneration may be in addition greater through the incorporation of pinnacle coat at the galvanized floor. Galvanized metallic sheets also are recognised for fantastic vivid floor and formability attributes except quality peel-off resistance and fusing of the coating absolutely to the metallic floor. Zinc weathers at a totally sluggish rate, so the coating usually has an extended life. Zinc has a extra electro-negativity than iron and as a result affords cathodic (or sacrificial) safety to the metallic. This outcomes withinside the zinc corroding in choice to the metallic if the coating is chipped or broken to reveal the bottom steel, except appearing as galvanic protector. The term ‘galvanizing’ is derived from the call of Italian scientist Luigi Galvani. The programs of metal sheets in each day existence are continuously increasing. Coated metal merchandise along with galvanized metal sheets have loved in particular robust boom in the ones regions wherein corrosion resistance and price discount through technique omission are important. Galvanized metal sheets provide advanced financial system in creation and automobile programs, electric powered appliances, and digital equipment. Galvanizing is the technique of making use of a defensive zinc coating to metal. Galvanized metal sheet is one of the maximum used sheets for the roofs in homes, industries, and business premises. The roofs are made from moderate metal lined with zinc. Galvanized metal roofing sheet commonly is available in exclusive shape of long term roofing along with trapezoidal, trough section / hid fix, and corrugated. It additionally occasionally comes withinside the shape of flat sheets. The galvanized metal sheets are commonly constant in vicinity the usage of lead-headed nails on the way to save you it from rusting. The different features of the zinc layer at the galvanized metal sheets are (i) to hold the metal intact with its complete preliminary strength, (ii) to offer the floor a extra captivating appearance, (iii) to boom the existence of any suitable natural completing gadget implemented over it, and (iv) to defend the metal from corrosive assault in maximum environments, performing as a non-stop and lasting guard among metal and the environment.
Fiber Tech Roof Sheets may be used in conjunction with asbestos cement, Galvanized or commercial corrugated roof sheets to permit uniform subtle light. Fiber Tech roof offer alternative of sizes, colours, opacity, and corrugations. Flat FRP sheet with easy and wrinkled floor is likewise to be had for ornamental purpose. We are presenting Designwe fabric embedment to sait the beautification requirement with falt or Corrugated FRP sheets in sure areas. Designer domes and pyramind may be presented on request. We carry you loads of fiber Glass Roofing Sheets which can be made up at par with global standards. Our fiber Glass Corrugated Roofing Sheets may be availed in diverse sizes and brands in line with your choice. These fiber Glass Sheets are less difficult to put in like another traditional sheet fixing. These fiber Glass Roofing Sheets are to be had in natural, white, green, blue, yellow, red, orange, and plenty of different colours.
They are classified into three main categories namely single roof, double roof, triple membered, trussed or framed roofs. Single roof consists of only common rafters which are situated at the ridge and wall plates. In double roofs, additional members called 'purlins' are introduced to support the common rafters at intermediate points. For long spans, roof trusses like king post roof trusses, queen post roof trusses are used. Various types of steel roof trusses are very common these days for warehouses, workshops, auditoriums, etc. Pitched roofs are covered by covering material like Mangalore pattern tiles, Country tiles, Galvanized iron sheet, Asbestos cement sheet. The inclination of the roof depends upon climatic condition and type of roof covering material used. A roof which is having angle to the horizontal less than 10° is termed as flat roof. They are generally constructed at a slope of 1 in 24 to 1 in 6, sloping in one or more directions from center, to drain off the rain water efficiently. Flat roofs can be constructed using mud terrace roof, brick concrete terrace roof or reinforced cement concrete roof. The reinforced cement concrete roofs are very common these days. By using waterproofing agents the roofs can be made leak proof. Flat roofs are easy to construct, maintain as compared to sloping roof. They are multipurpose in a sense that they can be used for various purposes like a place for celebrating functions, roof gardens etc. Shell is a roof structure resembling the shell of an egg. These are three dimensional structures consisting of thin membrane slabs, curved in one or more directions which transfer the loads on points of support i.e column, beams etc. Shells are constructed of many materials like timber, steel, glass, reinforced cement concrete etc, the last being the most popular one. Shell roofs are used for covering large structures with single storey, for example assembly hall, theatres, factories. Shells have the advantages of covering larger area without obstructions such as columns. Domes are also used for covering large areas like assembly hall, gymnasium etc. but they are of semi-spherical or semi-elliptical shapes. Dome structures are generally used in monumental works or roofs of circular or hexagonal buildings.
If trusses are used, they need to be assembled in a workshop or on the webweb page at the floor. The floor should be flawlessly even. To make certain accuracy and uniformity a template need to be used.If the roof isn't always erected immediately, trusses should be saved in a dry and shady place. The trusses are erected through first placing them the other way up throughout the span of the building. Then they're grew to become over and glued with transient bracing. Next the trusses are mounted on bearing portions and taken into line and levelled with the assist of strings and a spirit degree or a theodolite. Where important they're wedged on the assisting points. They are then secured at the lowest with anchor rods and the everlasting bracing. If the trusses relaxation on a concrete belt, roofing felt need to be placed among the concrete and the tie beam to save you dampness from rising. To attain a fair roof structure, wall plates should be laid in degree and parallel to every different. This need to be checked with a theodolite, spirit degree or water tube, and through measuring the diagonals. Although the partitions need to in reality already be degree and at proper angles, the man or woman laying the roof should re-test this. He need to by no means depend on the mason. If the assisting wall isn't always degree, the wall plates should be adjusted with wedges. Any hole among the wall and wall plate can be packed with mortar. After right positioning, the wall plates are constant to the wall through straps or different anchorage devices. The ridge beam is constant precisely degree and over the centre of the gable partitions and parallel to the wall plates. The favored pitch determines the peak of the ridge piece and this can be calculated with the assist of the desk. Purlins should be located precisely in step with the wall plate and the ridge beam. This can without problems be checked with the assist of a string. After the ridge beam and the purlins were correctly positioned, they're tied right all the way down to the partitions. Rafters are joined to the wall plate, purlin and ridge beam with the aid of a bird’s mouth reduce and nails or with cleats. The rafters need to be barely longer than required on the eaves and reduce to the best duration after solving the battens and earlier than solving the eaves board. The laying sample of battens relies upon at the traits of the quilt material.
To provide an even smooth, regular, clean and durable finished surface. To conceal the defective workmanship. To preserve and protect the surface from atmospheric influences by acting as a protective coating. To fill the joints formed in masonry work. To cover inferior quality material. To provide a satisfactory base for decorating the surface by applying white-washing, Colour washing painting etc.
Unit-3
Building Components
A) Doors and Windows:
Door:
Function of door :
Window:
Function of window:
KEYTAKEWAYS:
A door may be defined as "an openable barrier or as a framework of wood, steel, aluminium, glass or a combination of these materials secured in a wall opening. A window is defined as vented barrier secured in a wall opening to serve one or more of the functions viz. natural light, natural ventilation and vision.
Basically, a door consists of two parts:
1.Door Frame:
Fig.3.1: Door Frame
2.Door shutter:
Head:
Horn :
Style:
Top rail :
Lock rail
Bottom rail:
Panel :
Hold fasts:
Post or Jamb:
KEY TAKEWAYS:
Door frame consist of two parts: Door frame and door shutter. Frame consists of an assembly of horizontal and vertical members which are placed along the top sides and the bottom of an opening thus forming an enclosure to which the shutters are fixed. These are openable parts of a door. It is an assembly of styles, panels, and rails.
Fig.3.2: Component Parts of Window
Panel:
Horn:
Rail:
Style:
Holdfast:
Head:
Sill:
Transform:
KEY TAKEWAYS:
A window also consists of two main parts: Window frame, secured to the wall opening with the help of hold fast. Window shutters held in position by the window frame.
Installation of door frame :
Fig.3.3: Erection of door frame
Installation of Window frame:
Errection of window frame is done under different cases which are explained as under:
Fig.3.4: Erection of Window frame
KEY TAKEWAYS:
First of all, the frame which is to erected in position is painted with thick coat of coal-tar. Frame is held in position by giving support as shown in Fig. and checked by plumb bob and then masonry work goes on. While doing masonry work, frame is secured to the walls by means of fasts, three iron holdfasts on each post, one at the center and remaining two at 300 mm from the top and bottom of jambs. Holdfasts are embedded into the masonry work and feet of the post are embedded into the finished floor and lime concrete, at level of R.C.C. work.
Fixtures and fastenings of door and windows are classified into the following four heads:
1.Hinge :
(a) Butt hinge :
(b) Back flap hinge :
(c) Garnet hinge:
(d) Nar-madi hinge:
(e) Parliamentary hinge:
(f)Strap hinge:
(g)Rising butt hinge :
(h)Pin hinge :
2.Bolts :
Bolts are of the following types:
3.Handles:
4.Locks:
KEY TAKEWAYS:
There are four types of fixtures and fastenings:
Types of Doors:
Panelled doors:
Battened doors :
Flush doors :
Collapsible doors :
Rolling steel shutters:
Revolving doors :
Types of Windows:
The windows are classified into different types on the basis of several aspects like, nature of shutters, location and manner in which they are fixed.
The windows used in building can be broadly classified as:
Panelled window :
Fixed window:
Casement Windows:
Double hung window :
Metal window:
KEY TAKEWAYS:
Types of Doors: Paneled doors, Battened door, flush door, collapsible door, Rolling steel shutters, revolving doors.
Types of Windows: Paneled window, fixed window, Casement window, double hung window, Metal window.
Fig.3.5: Elevation and vertical section of ventilator
Purpose of Ventilators:
Types of Ventilators:
There are three types of natural ventilation occurring in buildings:
KEY TAKEWAYS:
Ventilators are windows of small heights generally about 30 to 50 cm below roof levels. Ventilators consists of (1) frame (2) shutter. Ventilation is mainly used to control indoor air quality by diluting and displacing indoor pollutants.
B) Arches and Lintels:
Technical Terms:
The following are the various technical terms used in an arch work.
Fig.3.6: Technical terms or Elements of an arch
Intrados:
Extrados:
Crown:
Key:
Soffit :
Voussoirs :
Rise:
Springing points:
Springing line:
Spandril:
Skew back:
Abutment :
Springer:
Pier:
Arcade:
Span:
Haunch :
Bed joints:
Ring :
KEY TAKEWAYS:
A structure which is constructed with the help of wedge- shaped bricks or stone joined together with mortar and forming the curve like portion over the opening to support the weight of the wall above it along with the other super-imposed loads is called as an arch. Due to wedge-shaped portion of bricks or stones, the units support each other and loads makes them more compact and made them possible to transmit the pressure downwards to their supports.
Necessity of Lintel:
Types of Lintel:
Timber lintel:
Brick lintel:
Steel lintel:
Reinforced concrete lintels (R.C.C Lintel):
KEY TAKEWAYS:
A horizontal structural member which is placed across the opening viz door, windows, etc. to support the structure over the opening is known as lintel. Lintel is used to support the structure over the opening like door, windows etc. Lintels are usually rectangular in shape, the width of which is equal to the width of the wall and the ends of which are built into the wall.
KEY TAKEWAYS:
A chhajja is an overhanging eave or roof overlaying observed in Indian architecture. It is characterized with massive aid brackets with distinct creative designs.
Following points shows the essential requirements of a floor :
KEY TAKEWAYS:
A floor should be capable to support the occupants, equipment, internal partitions, furniture involved in a building. A floor should have adequate strength and stability so as to support the live loads. A floor should have a good sound insulation or it should be sound proof.
Shahabad:
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
Kotah:
Marble:
Granite :
Kadappa:
Mosaic tiles :
KEY TAKEWAYS:
Types of flooring are as follows: Shahabad, Kotah, Marble, Granite, Kadappa, Mosaic tiles.
Brick flooring:
Granolithic flooring:
Terrazzo flooring:
Marble flooring:
Timber flooring:
KEY TAKEWAYS:
Types of flooring are as follows:
KEY TAKEWAYS:
Roll roofing materials based on bitumen and tar (tar paper) are most commonly used. Roll roofing materials are relatively inexpensive and easy to install, and they provide a light and thin roof covering on almost any type of roof. Bituminous roll materials last for ten to 15 years; tar-based materials are good for no more than five to six years (tar materials are generally used for temporary structures).
KEYTAKEWAYS:
Galvanized iron (GI) sheets are essentially metallic sheets that have been lined with zinc. These sheets consist of a number warm dip galvanized and electro-galvanized metallic sheet. The zinc coating affords a non-stop barrier which does now no longer permit moisture and oxygen to attain the metallic. It reacts with the surroundings to offer the bottom metallic a safety.
KEY TAKEWAYS:
Fiber Tech Roof Sheets may be used in conjunction with asbestos cement, Galvanized or commercial corrugated roof sheets to permit uniform subtle light. Fiber Tech roof offer alternative of sizes, colours, opacity, and corrugations. Flat FRP sheet with easy and wrinkled floor is likewise to be had for ornamental purpose
Pitched roof:
Flat roof :
Shells and domes :
KEY TAKEWAYS:
Types of roof construction are as follows: Pitched roof, Flat roof, Shells and domes. Shell is a roof structure resembling the shell of an egg. Pitched roofs are covered by covering material like Mangalore pattern tiles, Country tiles, Galvanized iron sheet, Asbestos cement sheet. Flat roofs can be constructed using mud terrace roof, brick concrete terrace roof or reinforced cement concrete roof.
Step 1: Laying of trusses and bracing
Step 2: Laying of wall plates
Step 3: Laying of ridge piece and purlins
Step 4: Laying of rafters
Step 5; Laying of battens
KEY TAKEWAYS:
Step 1: Laying of trusses and bracing
Step 2: Laying of wall plates
Step 3: Laying of ridge piece and purlins
Step 4: Laying of rafters
KEY TAKEWAYS:
To conceal the defective workmanship. To preserve and protect the surface from atmospheric influences by acting as a protective coating. To fill the joints formed in masonry work. To cover inferior quality material.
References:
1.Building Materials by S.K.Duggal, New Age International Publishers.
2.Building Construction by S.C.Rangwala, Charotdar Publications.
3.Building design and construction by Frederick Merrit, Tata McGraw Hill.
4.IS 962-1989 code for Practice for Architectural and Building drawings
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