4.1 Functional requirement and dimensions of Residential Buildings like Bungalows Twin Bungalows Row houses Apartment | unit 4 residential buildings and green buildings

BTAP

Unit-4

Residential Buildings and Green Buildings

A) Residential Buildings:

4.1 Functional requirement and dimensions of Residential Buildings like Bungalows, Twin Bungalows, Row houses, Apartment

Bungalows:

"A building whose walls or roofs are independent of any other building with open space on all the sides is called detached house". e.g. Residential Bungalows.

This type of construction of dwelling houses is very popular in India, but this is possessed by higher / middle income group of families.

Fig.4.1: Bungalows

Twin Bungalows:

"The two/twin detached house connected with one common wall is called semi-detached house" as shown in Fig.

These houses have open space on three sides. e.g. Bungalows in agriculture zone.

Fig.4.2: Twin Bungalows

Row Houses:

Detached houses are constructed in one row with one common wall between two houses are called row-house

These type of houses are very common in India. Staff Quarters in public sectors, industries etc.

Fig.4.3: Row-Houses

Apartment Houses:

This is a sort of row houses or terrace house with common services like W.C. bath, staircase, lifts and passages etc. e. g. Hostels, dormitories etc.

Fig.4.4: Apartment

KEY TAKEWAYS:

Bungalows:" A building whose walls or roofs are independent of any other building with open space on all the sides is called detached house". e.g. Residential Bungalows.

Twin Bungalows: "The two/twin detached house connected with one common wall is called semi-detached house".

Row Houses: Detached houses are constructed in one row with one common wall between two houses are called row-house.

Apartment Houses: This is a sort of row houses or terrace house with common services like W.C. bath, staircase, lifts and passages etc. e. g. Hostels, dormitories etc.

4.2 Prepare Developed Plan, Elevation, Sectional Elevation

Fig.4.5: Developed Plan

Fig.4.6: Elevation

Fig.4.7: Sectional Elevation

4.3 Design of Staircase-Doglegged/Quarter turn

1. General requirement for a staircase:

Location: It should be do located that sufficient light and ventilation should be ensure stairway

Width of stair: for public building= 1.5 to 2.5m, residential building= 0.9 to 1.5m

Pitch of staircase: The slope of stair should not be greater than 40 degree and should not be less than 25 degree.

Headroom: The vertical distance from a line connecting the nosing of all treads and the soffit above. The head room measured vertically above any step or below the mid landing shall not be less than 2.1 m.

Tread: Horizontal upper portion of a step where the foot is rests is known as tread. For residential building (T) 220mm to 250mm and for public building 250mm to 300mm.

Rise: Vertical distance between two consecutive treads. Rise is depends on type of building and the value varies 200mm to 300mm.

Flight: A series of steps provided between two landings.

2. Design steps:

Step 1) Preliminary depth of slab (waist slab and landing slab)

1. As per limiting stiffness criteria

D Eff. Or D Req. = L Eff./ ((l0/d)basic x α)

Assuming α = 1.25

D = d eff. + Nominal cover + ɸ/2

2. Effective span calculation:

When top and bottom riser with landing is supported but beam the effective span is c/c distance of beam.

When spanning on the edge of landing and below the top riser effective span.

Going + each end either half the landing one m whichever < and small

In case of open well staircase L eff. is taken into c/c dist. Of beam.

Step 2) Load calculation

A. Load on waist slab

Self wt. of slab = 25D

When due to finishing of soffit = unit wt. of plaster x thickness of plaster

Self wt. Of step = Area x length x unit wt. of concrete x steps along 1m length

Self wt. of steps = ½ X R X T X 1 X 25 X (1/ T)

Self wt. of steps= 12.5 R

Wt. due to finishing of steps= unit wt of plaster X thickness

Live load= For residential building ( 2 to 3 KN/M2) and for important building ( 4 to 5 KN/M2)

B. Load on landing slab:

Self wt. of slab = 25D

Floor Finishing

Live load

Step 3) Calculation for design moment

Design of flight one

Design moment: calculate maximum BM and maximum SF from the loading dia. Of flight no. 1

Check for depth

d req. < d prov. (Hence O.K)

Amount of Ast. and Sv

Main steel

Ast min. = 0.12% X b X d

S.P. max. = 3d or 300mm<

Ast= 0.5 Fck 1- 1- 4.6 mu x b x d

Fy Fck x b x d2

Sv = 1000 ast/Ast

Distribution steel

Ast min.m = 0.15 x b x d

S.P. max = 5d or 450mm <

Sv = 1000 ast/ Ast

Design of flight second

Design moment

Calculate BM and SF maximum from loading Dia. of flight no. 2

Check for depth

Amount of steel and spacing

Step 4) Check for deflection

Step 5) Check for shear

Step 6) Development length

Step 7) Reinforcement detailing

3. Reinforcement detailing of stairs

Fig.4.8: stairs supported at ends of landing- showing position of main

Fig.4.9: stairs supported at ends of flight- showing main reinforcement

Fig.4.10: Cross section details of a single span straight flight supported on brick wall

KEY TAKEWAYS:

Design of Staircase is as follows:

Step1)General requirement for a staircase:

Step 2) Load calculation

Step 3) Calculation for design moment

Step 4) Check for deflection

Step 5) Check for shear

Step 6) Development length

Step 7) Reinforcement detailing

B) Green Buildings

Green building was also known as sustainable building.

Buildings that are more energy efficient, produce less waste and are healthier to be inside. Uses environmental friendly material, reduce transportation requirement.

KEY TAKEWAYS:

Green building was also known as sustainable building. Buildings that are more energy efficient, produce less waste and are healthier to be inside.

4.4 Salient Features Of Green Buildings

Minimum air conditioning land

Lighting power density

Power consumption

Better indoor air quality

Visible light transmittance

Water conservation

Rain water harvesting system

Rich flora and fauna

Recreation areas for children’s and adults

Minimum excavation of water from environment

Buildings have great impact on environment, human health and economy.

KEY TAKEWAYS:

Minimum air conditioning land, Lighting power density, Power consumption, Better indoor air quality, Visible light transmittance, Water conservation.

4.5 Benefits of Green Building

Using the strategies of green building we can minimizes the impact over economy and environment:

Environmental Benefits-

Reduce waste streams.

Improve air and water quality

Conserve and store water resources

Enhance and protect biodiversity and ecosystem

Economic Benefits-

Create, expand & shape markets for green product and services

Cost of working & construction decreases

Productivity of occupant increases

The cost of green buildings are more than standard buildings

Social Benefits-

Minimize pressure on local infrastructure

Height aesthetics quality

Improve life quality

Enhance occupant comfort and health

Research suggests that better indoor air quality makes performance 8% better.

 Building should be designed by creating proper natural light and temperature by passive design.

 Construct green roof system that offer on – site gardens and protection from the transfer of heat from roof top to below the building.

 Architectural drawing should be such that to allow good ventilation to bring fresh air inside and to make indoor air quality good.

 Use sustainable materials like brick from fly ash, air cavity blocks, etc.

 Renewable materials like bamboo, etc.

KEYTAKEWAYS:

There are three types of benefits of green building: Environmental benefits, Economic benefits, Social benefits.

4.6 Planning Concept of Green Building (Site Selection, Orientation, Sun Path, and Wind diagrams)

Site planning.

Building envelope design.

Building system design.

Insulation of building

Window shading & sizing

Wind towers for pre cooling of fresh air

Selection of glass

Heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC).

Lighting, electrical, and water heating.

Integration of renewable energy sources to generate energy onsite.

Water and waste management.

Selection of ecologically sustainable materials.

Indoor air quality (maintain indoor thermal and visual comfort, and air quality).

Site Selection-

Identify site that do not have sensitive elements or restrictive land type.

Select building design and location with least environmental impact.

The impact of site selection and design is no less important than the sustainable design of building itself.

Infrastructure designing

Easy to maintenance

Cost of development

Orientation-

The orientation of green building should be constructed is the position of the building on the site selected for the project with respect to the sidewalks, the roadways, and the landscaping features.

25% energy can be save is proper orientation of building is done.

To provide a comfortable living space in a building in any climatic condition, orientation plays an important role.

Under hot and dry climatic condition, the orientation of a building should be-

Hot and dry climatic zones: In day max summer temperature goes as high as 45 degree centigrade and relative humidity as low up to 20 %.In this type of climate areas far from sea coasts and do not receive heavy rainfall so the humidity is very low. In this climatic zone building should be orientated based on solar point of view so that during winter season building receives maximum solar radiation and minimum during summer season.

Some features of buildings in hot and dry climatic zones are:

1. Orientation of building:

In this climatic zone building orientation should be such that non-habitat rooms can be located on the outer faces to act as thermal barrier. To avoid circulation of hot air from kitchen, the kitchen should be located on the leeward side of the building. Longer walls of building should face North & South so that the building gets minimum solar exposure.

Fig.4.11: Orientation of building

2. Windows and Openings in Walls:

In north side, large openings in wall should be provided. Direction of breeze, which is from west at most of the places, enters from opening on west side. Windows area should be 15 to 20 percent of floor area. Internal courtyard caters for cross ventilation & thermal buffer. On the west side of the building suitable radiation barrier should be provided in the form of chajjas, canopies, verandahs, etc. ventilators should be provided to escape hot air from room.

3. Orientation of Walls:

wall thickness plays an important role in heat insulation of building. Thicker outer walls are preferred as it behaves as an insulating barrier. The surface of walls should be smooth with light and shining paints on outer surface have good reflective quality and do not absorb heat.

For better thermal insulation cavity walls or hollow blocks should be used in wall.

4. Insulation of Roofs:

Good insulating material should be used over roof having slope in windward direction which reflects the radiation and does not absorb heat. For better thermal insulation false ceiling can be improved in building.

Terracing should be provided on the flat roof with mud , lime concrete, foamed or burnt clay block paving over roof slab. Use whitewash or any reflective paint over the top roof surface to made reflective.

5. Growing of Vegetation:

Near external walls to provide shade, large shady trees should be planted whose roots do not strain foundation and basement.

6. Special Building Orientation Requirements:

In summer, outdoor sleeping area should be provided. During summer fans and coolers are used. Therefore, proper space for coolers should be planned in the building.

KEY TAKEWAYS:

Site planning.

Building envelope design.

Building system design.

Insulation of building

Window shading & sizing

Wind towers for pre cooling of fresh air

Selection of glass

Heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC).

Lighting, electrical, and water heating.

Integration of renewable energy sources to generate energy onsite.

Water and waste management.

Selection of ecologically sustainable materials.

Indoor air quality (maintain indoor thermal and visual comfort, and air quality).

4.7 Introduction to Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)

LEED stands for LEADERSHIP IN ENERGY &ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN.

It is a voluntary, market driven program that provides third party verification of green buildings.

LEED is the most widely used green building rating system in the world.

Derived in 1998.

From individual buildings and homes, to entire neighborhood and communities, LEED is transforming the way built environment designs, constructed and operated.

Comprehensive and flexible, LEED addresses the entire life cycle of building.

It provides building owners and operators with a framework for identifying and implementing practical and measurable green building design, construction, operation and maintenance solutions.

HOW LEED WORKS:

Design methodology that encourages the participation of all project team members through all phases of the project.

Many LEED credits require co-ordination and co-operation between all disciplines.

The LEED certification is awarded in different level:

Certified: scored more than 40% of the basic points in the system.

Silver: more than 50% of the core points.

Gold: more than 60% of the core points.

Platinum: gained more than 80%of the core points.

KEY TAKEWAYS:

LEED stands for LEADERSHIP IN ENERGY &ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN. It is a voluntary, market driven program that provides third party verification of green buildings. LEED is the most widely used green building rating system in the world. Derived in 1998.

References:

1.Building Materials by S.K.Duggal, New Age International Publishers.

2.Building Construction by S.C.Rangwala, Charotdar Publications.

3.Building design and construction by Frederick Merrit, Tata McGraw Hill.

4.IS 962-1989 code for Practice for Architectural and Building drawings

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