6.1 Necessity Of Town Planning | unit 6 town planning and legal aspects

BTAP

Unit-6

Town Planning and Legal Aspects

A) Town Planning and Legal Aspects:

The process of managing land resources.

It involves the control of existing and new developments, as well as strategy preparation to ensure manage future requirements.

It is a dynamic process that changes in response to policy, development proposals and local needs.

Town planners must try and balance the demands of landowners and developers, with the needs and concerns of the community and the policy framework.

When planning is successful, it can provide protection to environment, promote and facilitate regeneration, help create and sustain communities, and are able to create brand new and exciting places.

Town planning - maintains the best of the past while encouraging creativity and innovation in the development of a sustainable future.

KEY TAKEWAYS:

The process of managing land resources. It involves the control of existing and new developments, as well as strategy preparation to ensure manage future requirements. It is a dynamic process that changes in response to policy, development proposals and local needs.

6.1 Necessity Of Town Planning

Importance of town planning are as follows:

1. Defective road system resulting in the formation of narrow streets and lanes;

Defective road system is a major problem in many countries. It is due to the fact that towns and cities were not properly planned. They gradually grew solely with the interest of developers which resulted in bad road network giving rise to bad transportation network.

2. Development of slums and squatter settlements;

If land use is not regulated efficiently, it will result in the formation of slums and squatter settlements which will degrade the quality of the life of the citizens in a long run.

3. Haphazard location of industries;

Industries are generally located far away from towns and cities. Hence, industrial zones have to be allotted so that haphazard springing up of industries on residential or unsuitable locations must be avoided.

4. Heavy traffic congestion during the working/peak hours of the day;

If the road network is not efficient, it would result in heavy traffic congestions. Traffic congestion is linked to a lot of other unavoidable problems.

5. Inadequate open spaces, parks and playgrounds can result in unhealthy living conditions;

It’s a major problem in cities. It is very hard to find open spaces in cities. If there are open spaces, they are later on consumed for designing more houses and constructing more infrastructure. This is more common in metropolitan cities and mega cities across the globe.

6. Lack of essential amenities like electricity, water supply and drainage;

If planning is not done properly and towns & cities are left to grow on their own, it can result in lack of efficient network of amenities like electricity, water supply, sewerage and drainage systems. This also degrades quality of life.

7. Noisy atmosphere disturbing the peace of city dwellers;

When designing towns and cities, population density must be taken into consideration. If the population increases beyond the city’s holding capacity, it becomes impossible to maintain a healthy lifestyle standards. Too much increase in population gives rise to too much traffic and noise, making the city dwellers uncomfortable.

8. Uncontrolled development of the town;

Development of town can be controlled if it is zoned properly and efficiently. Uncontrolled town development can call for a bad news for all of us. For an important and obvious reason that we are all aware of; population is growing and on the other hand we have limited land supply. If we don’t make optimized use of land, the resources are bound to get exhausted and we would reach a stage of no return.

9. Unhealthy living conditions; etc.

All the above factors mentioned lead to unhealthy living conditions which can be avoided if we focus primarily on to planning.

KEYTAKEWAYS:

Defective road system resulting in the formation of narrow streets and lanes;

Development of slums and squatter settlements

Haphazard location of industries;

Heavy traffic congestion during the working/peak hours of the day;

Inadequate open spaces, parks and playgrounds can result in unhealthy living conditions ;

Lack of essential amenities like electricity, water supply and drainage;

Noisy atmosphere disturbing the peace of city dwellers;

Uncontrolled development of the town;

Unhealthy living conditions; etc.

6.2 Development Plan and Its Importance

It is prepared for improvement of an old city or for a new town to be developed on virgin soil. It is a medium plan generally for 5 years.

It contains proposal for socio-economic and spatial development of urban contains indicating the manners in which use of land and overall development of cities under the local authority.

Objectives Of Development Plan:

It arranges the pattern of a town is such a way so as to satisfy the present requirements without introduction of future improvements by the coming generations.

Restricted haphazard and unplanned growth.

It helps to bring harmony and understanding between the different groups of the people.

It removes the defects of uncoordinated physical growth.

It serves as a guide to the planning body for making any recommendations for public improvement.

It stimulates wider interest in community problems.

To coordinate the physical, social, economic and political forces that govern the structure of the community.

Importance Of Development Plan:

To control the development of various industries in a systematic way.

To discourage the growth of town in an unplanned way.

To give the perspective picture of a fully developed town.

To limit to a certain extent the unprecedented flow of rural population to the urban area.

To offsets the evils which have come up due to overcrowding of population such as acute shortage of houses, traffic congestion, inadequate open spaces and insufficiency in public amenities, etc.

Content Of Development Plan:

Collection of data from civil survey (all records like existing structures, industries, heritage structures, water bodies, area details of buildings, existing roads, schools , hospitals, etc.

Preparation of tentative draft of DP and notifying suggestions from experts.

Considerations of views received from experts and the public.

Preparation of the revised DP.

Determination of the sequence in which the DP will be implemented.

Method Of Execution of Development Plan:

Execution is carried out by the corporation authorities.

First step is laying the layout of the road system.

Carrying out the improvement work.

Continuation of the existing as well as new work.

KEY TAKEWAYS:

It is prepared for improvement of an old city or for a new town to be developed on virgin soil. It is a medium plan generally for 5 years. It contains proposal for socio-economic and spatial development of urban contains indicating the manners in which use of land and overall development of cities under the local authority.

6.3 Land Use Zoning

Land use zoning means it creates land use classifications (i.e. residential, multi-family, commercial) by geographic area, but instead of keeping those uses separate, land use in Indian cities typically builds off of the uses in one zone to create a more integrated approach.

Fig.6.1: Land Use zoning

Zoning:

The term zoning is understood by two aspects:

Allocation of land for specific purpose.

Control of the use, height and construction of the buildings.

Importance Of Zoning:

Height zoning regulates the height of the buildings. Hence high rise buildings will not be allowed to construct near small houses.

A land in the form of recreational area is also set aside providing there in the playgrounds, parks, stadiums, etc. in pleasing surroundings.

Zoning helps proper co-ordination of various public amenities like water supply, drainage, electricity, transport, etc.

Zoning secures orderly growth of the town, promotes health, safety order.

KEYTAKEWAYS:

6.4 N.A Sanction Procedure

Land may be referred to as non agricultural land, if any interest withinside the nature of improvement is carried over at the land which makes land undeserving for cultivation.

Under phase forty four of the Maharashtra Land Revenue Code 1966, earlier than wearing out any improvement at the land, an eligible man or woman has to use to the collector for the permission to transform using agricultural land for any non-agricultural reason, or to alternate using land from one non-agricultural reason to any other non-agricultural reason.

Form of software for permission to transform use of land- Every software for permission for the conversion of use of land from one reason to any other as furnished in Section forty four is needed to make withinside the shape in Schedule I to the Collector.

Document required to connected with the software shape For acquiring N.A. Permission, applicant has to connect files as noted beneathneath:

Prescribed shape duly stuffed in replica with courtroom docket rate stamp of rupees 5/-

Extract of V.F. 7/12 and its four zerox copies,

Copies of the all of the applicable mutation entries (V.F. 6) relating land in query….one set,

If file isn't always to be had in sales office, a certificate from the Revenue Officer mentioning theirin that the equal isn't always to be had with him. (Talathi or Tahasildar because the case can also additionally be),

Extract of village shape eight A….one reproduction,

Certified copies of the land map from the Taluka Inspector, Taluka Land Record Office,

eight copies of web website online plan and eight copies of *constructing plan (*if permission is requested for building constructing),

If the land isn't always abutting to any categorised street and proper of manner over the limits of different survey quantity/Gat quantity is acquired, then extract of the applicable V.F.7/12 and V.F. 6,

If the land in query is abutting EW, NH or SH, reproduction of the NOC from Highway Authorities or different suitable authority,

NOC from challenge Grampanchyat/Municipal councils,

If the N.A. permission is already granted and alertness is to be made for alternate of use of land, then reproduction of the NA order and sanctioned plan is to be connected,

If the land is attracting provisions of Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act, 1948 then the Sale Permission acquired beneathneath phase 43/63,

No dues certificates from farmer’s co-op society,

Certificate acquired from the Talathi mentioning therein that the land withinside the query isn't always beneathneath acquisition.

Any different files including NOC and clearance certificates etc, if the land draws provisions of a few different laws

If brief permission is already granted for format and alertness is made for very last permission beneathneath the circumstances, then please connect the beneathneath files:

 Copy of brief NA order permission

 Plan organized through survey branch after subdivision of land withinside the plots, roads, open areas and amenity locations etc.

 eight copies of the Architect’s plan

 extract of V.F. 7/12 and its four zerox copies and

 Copy of the mutation entry (V.F. 6) associated with the brief NA permission.

KEY TAKEWAYS:

N.A sanction procedure is explained in detail above.

6.5 Introduction to Different Zones of Land in Town Planning

Division of land based on its use:

Profit making uses – sites developed for offices, residences, industries.

Non-profit making uses – sites developed for playgrounds, parks, educational buildings, government offices.

Classification Of Zones –

Residential zone: 40% to 50%

Commercial zone: 2% to 5%

Industrial zone: 2% to 25%

Recreational zone: remaining area

Requirements Of Various Zones:

Residential Zone

Nearness to markets

Freedom from nuisance, noise & smoke.

Nearness to parks and playgrounds.

It should be located windward and upstream wrt industrial zone.

The territory of residential zone should provide good healthy site from the view point of hygienic and sanitary requirements.

Commercial Zone

This should be near to the center of traffic.

It should abut (touching to) roads.

(It includes the uses of land for banks, offices, godowns & shops)

Industrial Zone

Light industries and factories running on electric power and causing no nuisance to nearby areas may be allowed to be set close to residential zone.

The heavy industries giving out obnoxious gases and fumes and developing noisy atmosphere may be placed on the outskirts of the town.

The minor industries such as laundries, bakeries, dairies should be grouped & placed in such a way that they are able to serve the surrounding areas in the best possible manner

The special industries producing undesirable trade waste & by-products may be located far away from town in spacious grounds.

It should also be seen that the industrial enterprises having large freight turnovers are located in such a way that they have easy access to railway main lines and ports.

Recreational Zone

This should be scattered throughout the plan of town.(It includes centers like cinemas, theatres, town hall, clubs, restaurants, stadiums and other community needs).

Adequate open space should be allotted to network of roads, parks and playgrounds.

Height Zoning:

Controlling the height of buildings with due consideration of contents of the buildings and the street width/marginal open spaces for the provision of light and ventilation.

Advantages:

Controls the development of central business area of the cities and it there by assists in solving the problems associated with such heavy concentration eg. traffic congestion, etc.

It is found that if buildings with uniform height are constructed on important streets or roads, it gives pleasing aesthetic appearance.

It prevents an undue monopoly of light and ventilation by some tall buildings at the expense of adjacent units of small heights.

Density Zoning:

In this, the density of population in residential areas is controlled by means of suitable rules and regulations.

Indirect methods are adopted to have effective density zoning-

The front, side and rear margins of the boundaries are specified.

The max. height of the building is specified.

The max. size of allotment for each house is specified.

The no. of houses per unit area is limited.

The ratio of total site area to the total built-up floor area is specified.

KEYTAKEWAYS:

Classification Of Zones –

Residential zone: 40% to 50%

Commercial zone: 2% to 5%

Industrial zone: 2% to 25%

Recreational zone: remaining area

6.6 Aspects of Zoning:

The zoning is related to the following aspects:

(1) Density zoning

In density zoning, the density of population in the residential areas is controlled by means of suitable rules and regulation. It is quite evident that it is not practicable to restrict the number of persons from occupying any residential unit. Hence following indirect measures are adopted to have effective density zoning.

The front, side and rear margin are specified from boundaries.

The maximum height of the building is specified.

Minimum size of allotment for each house is specified.

The number of houses per unit are is limited.

The ratio of total size area to total built up area is specified.

(ii) Height zoning

It is controlling the height of building by considering following factors:

(1) Bulk or cubical content of building

The volume of the building is made equal to the volume of the prism with plinth area as base and height equal to the width the area i.e. xarea x height

(2) Street width and open spaces

In this case height of building is limited by drawing a light plane at an angle of 45 or 63.50° to the horizontal, the latter being very common as it gives the ratio of height to width of road as 2: 1.

Advantages:

It controls development of central business area of cities.

It solves the problem of traffic congestion.

It gives pleasing aesthetic appearance.

It supply enough day light to the building.

The land value not allowed to go up very high in certain favored areas only.

(iii) Use zoning

It is the most important aspect of zoning and it depends on the uses to which various parts of the town will be put.

Different zones of land in town planning

The zones are usually classified into the following categories:

(1) Residential zone (40-50%)

It is largest occupied area of a town compared to other zones.

Its location depends on neighborhood market, noise and smoke, parks and playground etc.

It should be located windward and upstream with respect to the industrial zone.

The main purpose of this one is to provide the residents peaceful, healthy, hygienic surrounding.

(2) Commercial zone (2-5%)

The zone should be near the centre of traffic and preferably it should be approach from the roads.

It includes the use of land for providing facilities to nearby residential area, for banks, offices, godowns, shops etc.

(3) Industrial zone (2-25%)

Great care should be taken in providing units of industrial zone in various parts of towns.

The light industries and factories running on electric power and causing no nuisance to nearby areas may be allowed to be set close to the residential zone.

On the other hand, the heavy industries giving out obnoxious gases and fumes and developing noisy atmosphere may be placed on the outskirts of the town.

It should be placed near to the railway lines or ports.

(4) Public semi public zone (15-20%)

Schools, colleges, main government offices come under this zone.

(5) Recreational zone (Remaining %)

It includes mainly parks and playgrounds, cinemas, theaters, town halls, clubs, libraries, restaurants, stadium and other community needs.

This zone is scatted throughout the plan of town so that the people will adequately use such amenities.

(6) Transportation

Communication routes of all categories, telephone areas come under this and zone.

KEY TAKEWAYS:

There are three types of zoning: Density zoning, Height zoning, Use zoning.

In height zoning, it is controlling the height of building

It is the most important aspect of zoning and it depends on the uses to which various parts of the town will be put.

6.7 7/12 Abstract

It is a revenue documents of ownership mainly for agricultural and rural lands issued by the talathi of the respective village in which property falls.

It contains name of owner, description of property i.e. survey no., area of plot and mutation entry no., of any encumbrances by way of loan, charge, protected tenant, etc. and tenure of land.

This document is always available in local language of the state. Format document is given at the end. Validity of this document is 6 months from the date of issue.

KEY TAKEWAYS:

It is a revenue documents of ownership mainly for agricultural and rural lands issued by the talathi of the respective village in which property falls.It contains name of owner, description of property i.e. survey no., area of plot and mutation entry no., of any encumbrances by way of loan, charge, protected tenant, etc. and tenure of land.

6.8 Meaning of Different terms of 7/12 Abstract:

गट क्रमांकाचा उपविभाग Gut Kramaankacha UpVibhag= Sub-section

भोगवटदाराचे नाव Biogavatdaarache Naav = Owners Name

शेताचे स्थानिक नाव --- Shetaache Sthaanik Naay=Local Name of the Land

लागवडीसाठी उपलब्ध नसलेली जमीन Laagavadisathi Uplabdh Nasleli Zamin =Land not available for cultivation

अधिकार अभिलेख पत्रक Adhikar Abhilekh Patrak= Record of Rights

मिश्र पिकाखालील क्षेत्र - Mishr Pikakhali Kshetra=Area having mixed crop

स्थावर मिळकतीचा मालक - Sthavar Milkaticha Malak= Estate Owner

6.9 Form 6 and its types:

Village Form VI is a diary of mutations.

A record of changes in the record of rights in respect of all the particulars are shown in this form.

These particulars are expected to be written in detail as required under Section 148 of the Maharashtra Land Revenue Code and the rules there under.

Every vardi, order, or authority upon which an entry in the register of mutations is made should be kept in a file; where they can easily be found.

Akarbands and Kami-Jasti Patraks should be kept with Village Form I. Registration extracts in continuous file in the sequence of months and written reports, mutations, orders and other correspondence about mutations filed in sequence of the entries in Village Form VI.

The four subsidiary registers, viz.

Village Form VI - A - Register of Disputed Cases,

Village Form VI - B - Register of Fines-under-section 152 of the Maharashtra Land-Revenue Code,

Village Form VI - C Register of Heirship Cases, and

Village Form VI-D-Register of New Sub-division (Hissas); are simple, self-explanatory and easy to maintain.

They facilitate correct entries in Village Form-VI, apprise public of their obligations to assist Government in maintaining an accurate and up-to-date Record of Rights (Pherphar) and ensure that the survey records on which the Record of Rights is based are also maintained up-to-date.

KEY TAKEWAYS:

Village Form VI is a diary of mutations. A record of changes in the record of rights in respect of all the particulars are shown in this form. These particulars are expected to be written in detail as required under Section 148 of the Maharashtra Land Revenue Code and the rules there under.

6.10 Concept of TDR (TRANSFER DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS)

Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) is a voluntary, incentive- based program that allows landowners to sell development rights from their land to other interested party who then use these rights to increase the density of development at another designated location.

Execution of town planning need land acquisition for various zoning construction and reservation plots.

Reservation plots are allotted for roads, schools, hospitals or any other public building which provide service to the society.

It is observed that particular land of particular owner is coming in between reservation plots, than that land or part of land need to acquire by the corporation for compulsory development of reservation plots.

In such cases corporation will acquire land in following ways: purchase of land, issue of certificate.

Issue of certificate: certificate will be issued which gives authority to the land owner to sell his rights of developments to any builder.

Builder will purchase that right and will built upper storey and will earn money.

Land owner can use that development right if construction of his own building is going on in that same land, by raising no, of floors.

KEY TAKEWAYS:

6.11 List of Documents to be submitted to Local Authority

It is a system created by law.

The important duty is to frame suitable building byelaws and to provide suitable machinery for its successful implementation.

Formation of a department to receive plans of a proposed buildings.

Role of that department is to check every detail of plan and defects if any pertaining to prevailing by laws are pointed out for rectification.

Only those plans are approved which comply with the requirements of prevailing bye-laws.

The department also supervises the execution of such buildings from beginning to an end.

Granting the permission to occupy the building only after the verification of the fact that is constructed as per details of the approved plan.

Documents To Be Submitted:

Notice to erect a building in the standard form.

Undertaking and a copy of license of Architect.

Undertaking and a copy of license of Structural Engineer.

Zone certificate.

Plan from city survey office showing boundaries of the plot and adjoining survey numbers.

Power of Attorney (if any)

NA order.

NOC from NH/SH/MDR etc., dept. (if required)

NOC from pollution control board. (if required)

NOC from water supply and drainage dept.

KEYTAKEWAYS:

Documents to be submitted are:

Notice to erect a building in the standard form.

Undertaking and a copy of license of Architect.

Undertaking and a copy of license of Structural Engineer.

Zone certificate.

Plan from city survey office showing boundaries of the plot and adjoining survey numbers.

Power of Attorney (if any)

NA order.

NOC from NH/SH/MDR etc., dept. (if required)

NOC from pollution control board. (if required)

NOC from water supply and drainage dept.

6.12 Introduction to RERA Act

The Real Estate Regulatory Authority (RERA) Bill turned into brought in 2013 In December 2015, the Union Cabinet of India had authorized 20 predominant amendments to the invoice primarily based totally at the tips of a Rajya Sabha committee that tested the invoice.

The Bill were cited a choice committee, which had given its document in July 2015.However, Congress, Left and AIADMK had expressed their reservations at the document thru dissent notes.

The Rajya Sabha authorized the invoice on tenth March 2016 and the Lok Sabha authorized it on fifteenth March 2016.

Subsequently, through the powers vested through Section 1 of the Rera Act, the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation vide Notification S.O. 1544(E)dated 26.04.2016 notified sixty one Sections out of ninety two Sections on 1st May of 2016 and vide Notification S.O. 1216(E)dated 19.04.2017 notified the final 31 Sections.

Section three of the Act makes it obligatory for all industrial and home actual property tasks, wherein the land is over 500 rectangular metres or 8 apartments, to sign up with the Real Estate Regulatory (RERA) for launching a assignment to offer more transparency in assignment advertising and execution.

For ongoing tasks that have now no longer acquired a crowning glory certificates at the date of graduation of the Act, will must are seeking for registrations inside three months.

Each State Rera have to both approve or reject the software for registration inside 30 days from the date of software submitted via way of means of the promoter.

Upon a success registration, the promoter of the actual property assignment could be furnished with a registration quantity, a login ID, and a password to replenish the vital info at the internet site of the State RERA.

If the promoter fails to sign up, he will be vulnerable to a penalty that can enlarge as much as a penalty of 10% of the envisioned assignment price.

Furthermore, if he does now no longer follow the orders, instructions or choices issued via way of means of the State Rera, he will be punishable with imprisonment which might also additionally enlarge up to a few years or with a satisfactory which might also additionally enlarge as much as a similarly 10% of the envisioned price of the assignment.

Real property marketers who facilitate the promoting or buy of houses have to take earlier registration.

Such marketers could be issued a unmarried registration quantity for every State or Union Territory, which have to be quoted via way of means of the agent in each sale facilitated via way of means of him.If a actual property agent fails to sign up or contravenes phase 9 (registration of actual property agent) and phase 10 (Functions and obligations of a actual property agent), he will be vulnerable to a penalty of ₹10,000 payable ordinary at some stage in which such default continues.

This penalty might also additionally cumulatively enlarge as much as 5% of the price of the plot, rental or building, because the case might also additionally be, of the actual property assignment.

KEY TAKEWAYS:

6.13 Introduction to Maharashtra Regional and Town Planning (MRTP) Act

An Act to make provision for making plans the improvement and use of land in Regions set up for that motive and for the charter of Regional Planning Boards therefor; to make higher provisions for the practise of Development plans in order to making sure that metropolis making plans schemes are made in a right way and their execution is made effective; to offer for the introduction of latest cities by way of Development Authorities; to make provisions for the obligatory acquisition of land required for the general public functions in admire of the plans; and for functions linked with the topics aforesaid.

Whereas, it's miles expedient to make provision for making plans the improvement and use of land in Regions set up for that motive and for the charter of Regional Planning Boards therefor; to make higher provision for the practise of Development plans in order to making sure that metropolis making plans schemes are made in a right way and their execution is made effective; to offer for the introduction of latest cities by way of Development Authorities; to make provision for the obligatory acquisition of land required for public functions in admire of the plans; and for functions linked with the topics aforesaid.

KEY TAKEWAYS:

B) Safety Aspects and Services:

6.14 Fire Load

An important factor in establishing the basis for the assessment of the fire risk pertaining to any building is the concept of ‘fire load’ which indicates the quantity of heat liberated per unit area when a building and its contents are completely burnt.

All buildings, etc. can be graded according to the fire hazard all the buildings can be graded. On the basis of fire load, suitable fire precautions provided.

Hence, fire load and fire resistance both are important in grading the buildings.

Formula for calculating fire load is -

Fire load = ((combustibles in kg) x (calorific value in kcal/kg))/ Floor area in square meters

The calculation of the fire load is the basis for the determining the classification of the occupancies for the fire grading of buildings.

KEY TAKEWAYS:

Formula for calculating fire load is -

Fire load = ((combustibles in kg) x (calorific value in kcal/kg))/ Floor area in square meters

6.15 Grading of the occupancies by fire load:

Structural element of buildings are graded according to the time factor which is nearly equal to but does not exceed the test period which the element fulfills its specified requirements.

Accordingly, all structural elements have been graded under the following five categories depending upon their five resistance, viz.,

 Grade 1…………………… 6 hours

 Grade 2…………………… 4 hours

 Grade 3…………………… 2 hours

 Grade 4…………………… 1 hours

 Grade 5…………………… 0.5 hours

KEY TAKEWAYS:

Grading of the occupancies by fire load are-

Grade 1…………………… 6 hours

Grade 2…………………… 4 hours

Grade 3…………………… 2 hours

Grade 4…………………… 1 hours

Grade 5…………………… 0.5 hours

6.16 Evacuation Time

The occupants inside the fire site often only have a few minutes to evacuate, which is referred to as the golden evacuation time.

In this study, total evacuation time was divided into waiting time, response time, and moving time.

A regression model was adopted to incorporate three independent variables (no. of exits, floor area and per-floor occupant load) and determine their effect on a dependent variable, called as the evacuation time.

KEY TAKEWAYS:

The occupants inside the fire site often only have a few minutes to evacuate, which is referred to as the golden evacuation time. In this study, total evacuation time was divided into waiting time, response time, and moving time.

6.17 Fire Escape Elements

A fire escape consists of a number of horizontal platforms, one at each story of a building, with ladders or stairs connecting them. The platform and stairs are usually open steel gratings, to prevent the build-up of ice, snow, and leaves.

No. Of Fire Escape Elements That Are Good and Essential To Your Building They Are:

Fire Alarms

Fire alarms are first line of defense against fire. When a fire alarm sounds, it means potential danger exists in building and immediate evacuation is needed. Even if it turns out to be a false alarm, employees and customers should recognize that the system works to protect them.

Emergency Lights and Exit Signs

During fire, conditions are chaotic and confusing. The electrical power of a building is lost. Smoke can obscure vision and then it was difficult to navigate the path of buildings. Emergency lights and exit signs make individuals able to get out through the building.

Emergency lights are so well designed to come on when main electrical power supplies are lost. Similarly, lighted exit signs switch to emergency power when they no longer get electricity from the main source. These devices help light up emergency evacuation routes and make it clear where doorways and exits can be found.

Fire Extinguishers

Fire extinguishers should be mounted on walls at distances of less than 75 feet, meaning that no one should have to travel more than 75 feet to get to a fire extinguisher. Extinguishers also mounted near exits to ensure easy access so no one has to go inside the burning building to find an extinguisher.

Fire Sprinkler/Standpipe Systems

These systems react to heat and turn on a water sprinkler to suppress or extinguish larger fires.

KEY TAKEWAYS:

Fire escaping elements are as follows:

Fire Alarms

Emergency Lights and Exit Signs

Fire Extinguishers

Fire Sprinkler/Standpipe Systems

6.18 Need for Earthquake Resistant Structures

Earthquake is a natural disaster of unpredictable nature.

Due to the movement of earth’s crust, shaking of earth happens.

2 types of earthquakes:

Inter plate earthquake

Intra – plate earthquake

In both types, ground motion occurs in both the direction horizontal and vertical.

These cause structure to vibrate and induce inertia forces to them.

Principles Of Earthquake Resistant Building:

The building shall withstand with almost no damage to moderate earthquake which have probability of occurring several times during life of a building.

During severe earthquake motions, the building should not collapse or harm human lives.

Rules For Building Design:

The designing of the building (Plan and elevation) should be as simple as possible.

The base should be uniform and hard ground.

The members resisting horizontal forces should be arranged so that torsional deformation is not produced.

The building structure should be dynamically simple and definite.

To require strength the frame of the building structure should be ductile.

Seismic Design for Buildings:

Severity of ground shaking at a given location during an earthquake can be minor, moderate and strong

Relatively speaking, minor shaking occurs frequently, moderate shaking occurs occasionally and strong shaking rarely

As we know that the life of the building itself may be only 50 or 100 years, a conflict arises: whether to design the building to be “earthquake proof” where in there is no damage during the strong but rare earthquake shaking or should we do away with the design to building „

the former approach is too expensive and the second approach can lead to a major disaster

Hence, the design philosophy should lie somewhere in between these two extremes.

Seismic Effects on Structure:

Inertia forces in structures

Fig.6.2: Horizontal and vertical shaking

Fig.6.3: Principal direction of building and flow of seismic inertia forces.

KEY TAKEWAYS:

Need for Earthquake Resistant Structures is-

Earthquake is a natural disaster of unpredictable nature.

Due to the movement of earth’s crust, shaking of earth happens.

2 types of earthquakes:

Inter plate earthquake

Intra – plate earthquake

6.19 Noise and Acoustics

Noise:

Unwanted sound is called as noise.

Man’s vocal cord, vibrating loudspeaker, running engine, an operating machine tool and so on.

Frequency and loudness are two characteristics of noise.

Effects are:

Health issues

Hearing problem

Sleeping disorder

Cardiovascular issues

Effect on wildlife

Communicating in trouble

Acoustics:

It is defined as the study of sound which includes the effect of reflection, absorption, refraction, diffraction and interference.

Acoustical Defect:

1.Echo:

It is an indirect or a reflected voice which is heard just after the direct hearing of the voice coming from the same sound source.

Echoes forms when time lag between the two voices is about 1/17th of sound and reflecting surfaces are situated at a distance greater than 15m.

Remedy of this defect is to select the proper shape of the auditorium and surfaces and use the rough and porous material for interior surface.

2.Sound Foci:

When reflected sound rays meet at a point which causes concentration effect for the reflected echoes and creates a sound of large intensity.

Can be eliminated by shape of interior including ceiling and also providing material.

3.Dead Spot:

Deficiency of reflected sound rays causes low intensity at some points or side effect of sound foci

4.Insufficient Loudness:

Due to lack of sound reflecting flat surfaces near the stage or source and excessive absorption of sound in the hall, results defect of insufficient loudness.

5.Outdoor Nuisance/ Exterior Noise:

Causes due to poor planning and poor sound insulation.

6.Reverberation:

Prolongation of sound after the source producing it has died out.

KEY TAKEWAYS:

Unwanted sound is called as noise. Man’s vocal cord, vibrating loudspeaker, running engine, an operating machine tool and so on. Acoustics is defined as the study of sound which includes the effect of reflection, absorption, refraction, diffraction and interference and so on.

6.20 Sound Insulation

Sound insulating materials-

Rock wool

Foam panels

Green glue

Glass wool

Glass insulation

Mass loaded vinyl

Gypsum board

Thermocol

cork sound insulation

Constructional Measures-

wall and partitions

floor and ceilings

windows and doors

insulating sanitary fittings

machine mounting

KEYTAKEWAYS:

Sound insulating materials-

Rock wool, Foam panels, Green glue, Glass wool, Glass insulation, Mass loaded vinyl, Gypsum board, Thermocol, cork sound insulation.

6.21 Acoustical Defects

Following may be the possible defects due to reflected sound:

1. Deflection time of reverberation

Each listener be elevated with respect to the person immediately in front of him so that the listeners head is about 12 cm above the path of sound which would pass above the head of the person in front of him. In case of staggered seats, this may be reduced to 8 cm. To satisfy the above condition the angle of elevation of the inclined floor should not be less than 8°.

Importance in the acoustical design: Deflection time of reverberation is the common defect in most of the auditoriums. In this case, successive sounds produced by the source overlap each other and sound is not distinctly audible and, therefore, this deflect can be corrected.

2. Echo formation

This defect is also more common when the reflecting surfaces are curved and so many far away from the source.

3. Sound foci

Reflecting concave surfaces cause concentration of reflected sound waves at certain spots and when these foci are considerably increased, they cause acoustics defect in the hall.

4. Dead spots

Because of sound concentration at certain spots. intensity of sound at other spots gets decreased. Sound at these points is called dead spots and is insufficient for hearing

5. Loudness of sound

It is caused when the source of sound is not good at reflecting and hall has been provided with

KEY TAKEWAYS:

Acoustical defects are as follows-

Deflection time of reverberation

Echo formation

Sound foci

Dead spots

Loudness of sound

6.22 Reverberation Time

Reverberation time is the time required for the sound to “fade away” or decay in a closed space.

Reverberation reduces when the reflections hit surfaces that can absorb sound such as curtains, chairs and even people.

The reverberation time of a room or space is defined as the time it takes for sound to decay by 60Db.

KEY TAKEWAYS:

Reverberation time is the time required for the sound to “fade away” or decay in a closed space. Reverberation reduces when the reflections hit surfaces that can absorb sound such as curtains, chairs and even people.

6.23 Sabine’s Formula

RT60 is the reverberation time (to drop 60 dB)

V is the volume of the room

c20 is the speed of sound at 20°C (room temperature)

Sa is the total absorption in sabine’s

6.24 Sound Absorbents

Porous Absorber-

These materials convert the sound energy into heat energy i.e. only minimal part of sound is reflected back.

Ex. Curtains, textiles, carpets, foams, mineral wool, glass fibre, etc.

Membrane (Panel) Absorber-

They are non-porous and non-rigid material.

Like door, windows, chair, furniture, etc.

Resonance Absorbers-

Consist of an acoustical oscillation system, which have solid plate on the front with tight air space behind it. These plates include perforated materials that have openings ex. Metal or perforated plasterboard.

This openings act as bottleneck which traps the sound and lock behind it.

Sofa and cushions

Curtains and blankets

Thick fluffy carpets

paintings

egg cartons

fabric panel

acoustic bass traps

acoustic foam panels

partitions

KEY TAKEWAYS:

This materials convert the sound energy into heat energy i.e. only minimal part of sound is reflected back. They are non-porous and non-rigid material. Consist of an acoustical oscillation system, which have solid plate on the front with tight air space behind it.

6.25 Planning for Good Acoustics

The following are the conditions which will affect acoustic properties in an auditorium.

1. The sound should be clear and distinct

The sound produced on a stage is absorbed by the audience to some extent and thus row by row the energy received by audience is less.

2. The sound should be evenly distributed

To improve this the speaker should be at a higher level than the audience and the audience should be made to sit on a sloping floor the farthest end being at her level. This allows every audience to receive more portion of spherical waves. The sound passing on the back of speaker is lost unless a hard surface (reflecting surface) is provided on his back and then the audience should be arranged in a semicircular form.

For even distribution of sound in a hall one must consider the reflecting properties of surfaces. Due to good reflection, the interference of sound waves will take plate. This interference may either cause reinforcement of waves or neutralization.

3. The sound should reach the audience in the same pitch and tone as it is produced

Thus some parts may have reinforced sound while in some parts we may have comparatively quite. Secondly reflection may cause the echo. The human ear cannot register intervals smaller than 1/15th of a second or less, these will not cause echo. Hence no audience should be placed beyond 10 meters from a good reflecting surface or otherwise good absorbent should be provided on rear walls to avoid echo.

KEY TAKEWAYS:

Good Acoustics are:

The sound should be clear and distinct

The sound should be evenly distributed

The sound should reach the audience in the same pitch and tone as it is produced.

6.26 Ventilation & Its Necessity

The process of supplying air or removing by natural or mechanical means to and from a space.

Necessity-

To create healthy living conditions by preventing the undue accumulation of CO2 and moisture and depletion of o2 content of the air.

To create air movement, remove the vitiated air,

To prevent body odor, dust, fumes and other industrial product.

To prevent flammable concentration of gas vapor or duct in case of industrial buildings.

KEY TAKEWAYS:

The process of supplying air or removing by natural or mechanical means to and from a space. To create air movement, remove the vitiated air. To prevent body odor, dust, fumes and other industrial product.

6.27 Types of Ventilation:

Natural Ventilation-

Facilitate outside air to inside of a building through windows, doors, ventilation or other openings.

Opening should not be less than 1/20th of floor are.

Rate of ventilation by natural means-

Wind effect

Stack effect

a) Wind effect-

Ventilation is effected by direction and wind velocity outside and sizes and positions of openings.

Pressure differences create by wind when it blows against the building, a positive pressure is created on the windward side & negative pressure on leeward side.

Wind blow from windward to leeward side as suction will occur in leeward side if there was an opening.

Due to wind effect rate of ventilation is determined by Q = K.A.V.where Q= rate of air flow , m3/h.

K = coefficient of effectiveness,

A = free area of inlet openings, m2

V = wind speed, m/s

b) Stack effect-

Ventilation rate is affected by the convection effects arising from temp. / vapor pressure difference or both, between inside and outside of a room and the difference of height between the inlet and outlet openings.

If temp of air inside is higher than outside, the hotter air rises and passes through the openings. At the same time, the incoming cooler air from outside through opening at lower elevation replaces it.

Due to stack effect, rate of ventilation is determined by :

Q=CA

Q=Stack effect draft/draught flow rate(m3/s)

A=flow area(m2)

C=Distance coefficient (usually taken to be from 0.65 to 0.70)

g=Gravitational acceleration (9.81m/s2)

h=height of distance(m)

Ti=average inside temperature(k)

To=outside air temperature(K)

KEY TAKEWAYS:

There are two types of ventilation:

Natural ventilation

Artificial ventilation.

References:

1. Building Materials by S.K.Duggal, New Age International Publishers.

2. Building Construction by S.C.Rangwala, Charotdar Publications.

3. Building design and construction by Frederick Merrit, Tata McGraw Hill.

4. IS 962-1989 code for Practice for Architectural and Building drawings

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