UNIT-1

SITE SELECTION CRITERIA

1.1 PRINCIPLES OF BUILDING PLANNING:

1.2 SIGNIFICANCE SUN PATH DIAGRAM

• Sun course diagrams offer a broader evaluation of solar on a domain as they map the course of the solar throughout the sky at extraordinary instances at some point of the day all through the year.
• They can assist set up the placement of the solar relative to a domain and may be used to decide the impact of shadows solid with the aid of using buildings, timber and landforms on and across the web page.
• The sun path diagrams additionally have hour traces plotted on them. All those instances are in genuine sun time; this is the Sun is due south (with inside the northern hemisphere) at noon.
• It may be visible that the equinox sun paths in any respect Latitudes display dawn precisely due east and sundown due west, at 6:00 and 18:00 hours, respectively.

What is the approach to examine the altitude and azimuth attitude from the solar course diagram?

1. Select the chart of the proper Latitude.
2. Select the date line.
3. Select the hour line and mark its intersection with the date line.
4. Read off from the concentric circles the altitude attitude.
5. Lay a immediately area from the middle of the chart via the marked time factor to the fringe scale and examine off the azimuth attitude.

1. By analyzing the effect of the solar on a domain, in addition to the constructing’s location, the spatial arrangement, orientation, window placement, daytime get right of entry to and different layout functions, the fashion dressmaker can take complete gain of passive sun layout functions and boom the strength efficiency, consolation and economic price of the constructing.

1. Building material durability

• UV radiation impacts the sturdiness of many substances. Colors fade, plastic-primarily based totally substances can also additionally grow to be brittle, wood actions and twists, and enlargement and contraction from heating and cooling locations pressure on many substances, so the impact of UV radiation over a constructing’s lifetime need to be considered.
• Select substances with a better UV index number (while available) as they're greater immune to UV degradation (consisting of fading).

2.     Shade

• Shade is frequently required with inside the summer time season, however in maximum components of the country, iciness solar is perfect. Obstructions on a domain can also additionally block daylight get right of entry to at instances while it's miles required.
• When thinking about daylight and constructing layout, examine the effect of obstructions with inside the destiny in addition to the present. For example, a small tree on an adjoining web page can also additionally develop right into a massive one which blocks solar, a constructing can be erected on a presently vacant web page or a current constructing can be demolished and changed with the aid of using a bigger one.
• Alternatively, current timber can be retained for summer time season shade.

3.     Sites with limited solar access

• South and east-facing, sloping web sites have restrained sun get right of entry to. It is hard to utilize powerful passive sun layout functions on those web sites, and that they must typically be avoided.
• Where it isn't feasible to keep away from or the web page is an in any other case perfect one (e.g. if it has tremendous views), cautious attention of layout inclusive of constructing location (e.g. find as excessive as feasible at the web page), orientation and use of skylights/clerestories can maximize the blessings of sun get right of entry to.

Key takeaways:

1. The sun path diagrams additionally have hour traces plotted on them. All those instances are in genuine sun time; this is the Sun is due south (with inside the northern hemisphere) at noon.

1.3 WIND DIAGRAM

• Wind is the go with the drift of gases on a massive scale. On the floor of the Earth, wind includes the majority motion of air.
•  Winds are usually categorized with the aid of using their spatial scale, their pace, the sorts of forces that motive them, the areas wherein they arise, and their impact. The most powerful determined winds on a planet with inside the Solar System arise on Neptune and Saturn.
•  Winds have diverse aspects: velocity (wind pace); the density of the fuel line involved; strength content material or wind strength. The wind is likewise a crucial method of transportation for seeds and small birds; with time matters can tour hundreds of miles with inside the wind.
• In meteorology, winds are frequently cited consistent with their strength, and the path from which the wind is blowing. Short bursts of excessive pace wind are termed gusts. Strong winds of intermediate period (round one minute) are termed squalls.
• Long-period winds have diverse names related to their common strength, consisting of breeze, gale, storm, and hurricane. Wind takes place on a variety of scales, from thunderstorm flows lasting tens of minutes, to nearby breezes generated with the aid of using heating of land surfaces and lasting some hours, to international winds due to the distinction in absorption of sun strength among the weather zones on Earth.
• The major reasons of massive-scale atmospheric movement are the differential heating among the equator and the poles, and the rotation of the planet (Coriolis impact).
• Within the tropics, thermal low circulations over terrain and excessive plateaus can pressure monsoon circulations. In coastal regions the ocean breeze/land breeze cycle can outline nearby winds; in regions which have variable terrain, mountain and valley breezes can dominate nearby winds.
• In human civilization, the idea of wind has been explored in mythology, motivated the activities of history, increased the variety of shipping and warfare, and furnished an energy supply for mechanical work, electricity, and recreation.
• Wind powers the voyages of cursing ships throughout Earth's oceans. Hot air balloons use the wind to take brief trips, and powered flight makes use of it to boom carry and decrease gasoline consumption.
• Areas of wind shear because of diverse climate phenomena can cause risky conditions for aircraft. When winds grow to be strong, timber and human-made systems are broken or destroyed.
• Winds can form landforms, through loads of Aeolian approaches consisting of the formation of fertile soils, consisting of loess, and with the aid of using erosion.
• Dust from massive deserts may be moved terrific distances from its supply location with the aid of using the winning winds; winds which are expanded with the aid of using hard topography and related to dirt outbreaks had been assigned local names in diverse components of the arena due to their giant consequences on the ones areas.
• Wind additionally impacts the unfold of wildfires. Winds can disperse seeds from diverse plants, permitting the survival and dispersal of these plant species, in addition to flying insect populations. When blended with bloodless temperatures, the wind has a poor effect on livestock. Wind impacts animals' meals stores, in addition to their looking and protective strategies.

Fig. 1.4 Wind diagram

2.     Effect on animals

• Cattle and sheep are liable to wind kick back because of a mixture of wind and bloodless temperatures, while winds exceed forty kilometers in line with hour (25mph), rendering their hair and wool coverings ineffective.
• Although penguins use each a layer of fats and feathers to assist defend towards coldness in each water and air, their flippers and ft are much less proof against the bloodless.
• In the coldest climates which includes Antarctica, emperor penguins use huddling conduct to live on the wind and bloodless, constantly alternating the participants at the outdoor of the assembled group, which reduces warmness loss via way of means of 50%.
• Flying insects, a subset of arthropods, are swept alongside via way of means of the winning winds, even as birds comply with their personal route taking gain of wind conditions, so that it will both fly or glide.
• As such, nice line styles inside climate radar imagery, related to converging winds, are ruled via way of means of insect returns. Bird migration, which has a tendency to arise in a single day inside the lowest 7,000 ft (2,100m) of the Earth's atmosphere, contaminates wind profiles collected via way of means of climate radar, especially the WSR-88D, via way of means of growing the environmental wind returns via way of means of 15 knots (28km/h) to 30 knots (56km/h).
• Pikas use a wall of pebbles to shop dry flowers and grasses for the wintry weather so that it will defend the meals from being blown away. Cockroaches use mild winds that precede the assaults of ability predators, which includes toads, to live on their encounters.
• Their cerci are very touchy to the wind, and assist them live on 1/2 of in their assaults. [136] Elk have an eager experience of scent which can come across ability upwind predators at a distance of 0. five miles (800m). Increases in wind above 15 kilometers in line with hour (9.3mph) alerts glaucous gulls to boom their foraging and aerial assaults on thick-billed murres.

3.     Related damage:

• High winds are recognized to purpose harm, relying upon the value in their speed and strain differential.
• Wind pressures are wonderful at the windward aspect of a shape and poor at the leeward aspect. Infrequent wind gusts can purpose poorly designed suspension bridges to sway.
• When wind gusts are at a comparable frequency to the swaying of the bridge, the bridge may be destroyed extra easily, which includes what took place with the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in 1940. Wind speeds as little as 23 knots (43km/h) can result in electricity outages because of tree branches disrupting the float of electricity via electricity lines.
• While no species of tree is assured to get up to hurricane-pressure winds, people with shallow roots are extra liable to uproot, and brittle timber which includes eucalyptus, sea hibiscus, and avocado are extra liable to harm. Hurricane-pressure winds purpose vast harm to cellular houses, and start to structurally harm houses with foundations.
• Winds of this energy because of downslope winds off terrain had been recognized to shatter home windows and sandblast paint from cars. Once winds exceed one hundred thirty-five knots (250km/h), houses absolutely collapse, and widespread harm is carried out to large buildings.
• Total destruction to man-made systems happens while winds attain one hundred seventy-five knots (324km/h). The Saffir–Simpson scale and Enhanced Fujita scale have been designed to assist estimate wind velocity from the harm because of excessive winds associated with tropical cyclones and tornadoes, and vice versa.
• Australia's Barrow Island holds the document for the most powerful wind gust, accomplishing 408km/h (253mph) for the duration of tropical cyclone Olivia on 10 April 1996, surpassing the preceding document of 372km/h (231mph) set on Mount Washington (New Hampshire) at the afternoon of 12 April 1934.
• The maximum effective gusts of wind on Earth have been created via way of means of nuclear detonations. The blast wave is just like a sturdy wind gust over the floor. The biggest nuclear explosion (50–fifty-eight megatons at an altitude of approximately 13,000 ft. (4,000m)) generated a 20 bar blast strain at floor zero, that is just like a wind gust of 3, one hundred miles in line with hour (five,000km/h).
• Wildfire depth will increase for the duration of sunlight hours’. For example, burn prices of smoldering logs are as much as 5 instances more for the duration of the day due to decrease humidity, extended temperatures, and extended wind speeds. Sunlight warms the floor for the duration of the day and reasons air currents to journey uphill, and downhill for the duration of the night time because the land cools.
• Wildfires are fanned via way of means of those winds and frequently comply with the air currents over hills and via valleys. United States wildfire operations revolve round a 24-hour hearth place day that starts at 10:00a.m. due to the predictable boom in depth because of the sunlight hours’ warmth.

Key takeaways:

1. Winds have diverse aspects: velocity (wind pace); the density of the fuel line involved; strength content material or wind strength. The wind is likewise a crucial method of transportation for seeds and small birds; with time matters can tour hundreds of miles with inside the wind.

1.4 ORIENTATION

1.4.1 Introduction

• Orientation is a critical element of all form of creation in Civil Engineering. Knowledge of Building Orientation is a should have for all Engineers, Planners. In this article, You’ll find out about the Orientation of Building, its objectives, elements affecting constructing orientation, etc. The orientation of Building. The orientation of Building.
• Orientation of constructing is to layout constructing in any such manner because it gets most air flow and herbal mild in all climatic situations. It offers snug residing situations in the residence/constructing and saves power payments additionally.

1.4.2 Objectives of Building Orientation.

The orientation of a constructing is performed for the subsequent purposes:

(i) To supply the best path to the constructing in keeping with the surroundings.

(ii) To Provide herbal mild and air to the population.

(iii) To store the population from dirt and smoke.

(iv) To store the population from noise.

(v) To offer privateness to the population.

(vi) To store the constructing from damages because of rain.

(vii) To store the population from the terrible outcomes of the worst weather.

(viii) To upload splendor to the constructing

1.4.3. The following elements have an effect on the orientation of a constructing:

• Sun Path: The orientation of constructing must be constant in any such manner that the daylight must input all components of the...
• The path of Road/Street: Orientation is likewise tons stricken by the path of the street or street. If a few plot...
• Surroundings: Surroundings must additionally be taken into consideration with inside the orientation of constructing. It additionally consists of the technique of...
• Wind Direction: The path of wind blowing all through the 12 months must additionally be stored in thoughts.

1.4.4 Orientation OF Rooms:

• Different rooms of a constructing require Suitable herbal mild.
• Some room desires tons’ daylight even as the alternative desires much less of it.
• For example, the drawing room and the not unusual place room want tons’ mild while the shop does now no longer want tons’ mild.
• In this case, the rotation of the solar has tons’ importance.
• The rooms which want tons’ mild are organized to the East and South path just like the kitchen, bathroom, drawing room, etc.
• Following matters must be stored in thoughts even as arranging the rooms:

(i) The kitchen must take delivery of the path among North East and South East.

(ii) The drawing room must take delivery of the path among South East and South West.

(iii) The drawing room and the T. V. Lounge must be in the intense of South East path due to the fact tons’ mild is to be had there.

(iv) The mattress room must take delivery of the path among South East and North West.

(v) The appropriate area for keep and staircase is among North-East and North-West due to the fact much less time is spent there and that they want much less mild.

(vi) The verandas are built with inside the path of South West due to the fact the Sunlight is extreme in summer time season on this path.

Key takeaways:

• Orientation of constructing is to layout constructing in any such manner because it gets most air flow and herbal mild in all climatic situations. It offers snug residing situations in the residence/constructing and saves power payments additionally.

1.5 FACTORS AFFECTING SITE SELECTION

1.5.1 Introduction

The contractor or civil engineer must recollect key elements affecting when deciding on a website. Site choice of a constructing must be performed primarily based totally upon a few surveys of diverse elements of the web page inclusive of the development of the site, fee, the steadiness of the proposed structure, and form of creation project, for instance business, industrial or residential constructing.

Three most important classes of things offer affect to the web page choice and format procedure.

1. Natural Factors
2. Man-made Factors or Cultural Factors
3. Aesthetic Factors

Following popular elements should be taken account even as deciding on a website for any form of constructing creation.

1. Purpose of Building
2. Government Laws
3. Shape & Size
4. Terrain Condition
5. Type of Ground Soil
6. Natural Light & Air
7. Environmental Condition

      8. Legal & Financial Aspects

1.5.2 The site selection for residential buildings or housing development

These are the important thing elements must be taken into consideration deciding on a website for residential constructing creation.

• Shape of the Plot
• Location of the plot
• Availability of amenities
• Water Table
• Sewerage system

1.5.3. When deciding on a website for the commercial constructing, following elements must be taken into consideration.

• Location
• Climate of region
• Availability of uncooked substances for
• Cost and timeframe
• Drainage facility on the site
• Population of the region

1.5.4. Criteria and factors affect site selection for industrial building:

• Environmental attention is gambling the significant function in business constructing creation.
• The behavior of the present homes or systems neighborhood might also additionally manual in figuring out the kind and the intensity of the inspiration of the constructing to be built.

1.5.5 Surveys to do for site selection

The following surveys must be performed for site selection of a building or structure:

• Preliminary survey
• Contour survey
• Plane desk survey
• Road survey

1.5.6 Site Selection Should Be Focused Sustainability

The sustainability component of the site selection and the development process should focus on the selection of site that will:

• Have the least terrible effect at the environment
• Have the fewest viable threats from the environment
• Require the least extraction of herbal sources for web page preparation, creation, and operation
• Incorporate infrastructure and community-controlled structures for minimizing and coping with strong and liquid waste
• Offer the high-satisfactory best of existence for residents.

Key takeaways:

1. Site choice of a constructing must be performed primarily based totally upon a few surveys of diverse elements of the web page inclusive of the development of the site, fee, the steadiness of the proposed structure, and form of creation project, for instance business, industrial or residential constructing.

1.6 SITE SELECTION CRITERIA UNDER INDIAN CONDITIONS

Site Selection for Residential Buildings

• Selection of site for any building is a very important and professionals process and must be performed very cautiously through a skilled engineer.
• The necessities of constructing for homes with one-of-a-kind occupancies are one-of-a-kind. Following are a number of the critical elements which must be taken into consideration even as deciding on constructing for any residence.
• The constructing must be in completely evolved location or with inside the location which has ability of improvement.
• There must be excellent shipping centers inclusive of railway, bus service, for going to office, college, market, etc.
• Civic offerings inclusive of water supply, drainage sewers, electric powered lines, cellphone lines, etc. must be very close to the chosen web page with the intention to achieve their offerings without a more fee.
• Soil at construction must now no longer be of made up kind as a ways as viable. The homes built over such soils generally go through differential agreement and every so often turn out to be the purpose of collapse. Cracks in homes in such situations, are pretty not unusual place.
• The decided on construction must be massive enough; each to make sure the constructing considerable mild and air to save you any over dominance through the neighboring homes.
• The floor water desk on the construction must now no longer be very high.
• Nearness of schools, hospitals, market, etc. are taken into consideration excellent for residential construction however those centers do now no longer convey any importance with inside the choice construction for different public homes.
• Good basis soil must be to be had at accountable intensity. This element saves pretty a piece with inside the fee of the constructing.
• The construction must command an amazing view of panorama any such hill, river, lake, etc.
• Residential residence construction must be placed far from the busy industrial roads.
• Residential construction must now no longer be placed close to workshops, factories, due to the fact such places are subjected to non-stop noise.
• Orientation of the construction additionally has a few concerning its choice. Site must be such in our us that early morning solar and overdue nighttime solar is conventional with inside the constructing in summer time season and most solar mild is to be had in maximum of winter.

Key takeaways:

1. Soil at construction must now no longer be of made up kind as a ways as viable. The homes built over such soils generally go through differential agreement and every so often turn out to be the purpose of collapse. Cracks in homes in such situations, are pretty not unusual place.

References:

1. A to Z of practical building construction and its management- Sandeep Mantri
2. Tech-max publication
3. SP-7 National building code group 1 to 5- B.I.S.