UNIT III
Definition and elements of Office Management
Meaning of Office Management:
Office management refers to the process of planning, organizing, guiding, communicating, directing, coordinating, and controlling the activities of a group of people working to achieve business goals efficiently and economically.
Office management is essential not only for corporate organizations, but also for non-corporate organizations. Even in the modern Internet society, it is necessary to have a direction for individual efforts toward a common purpose and purpose. Instructions are given by the location, the office.
This process can be treated as office management. Business is carried out by businessmen with the help of groups of people. People in this group have different interests, talents and mottos. Therefore, it is the function of office management to organize, guide and control the activities of such groups of people to achieve their business goals.
Definition of Office Management:
Office management can be defined as a technique that guides, coordinates, and controls an organization's office workers to achieve specific goals within a time schedule.
Elements of Office Management
The element of office management is called the pillar of the building. Certainly, if the pillars are strong, the building is also strong. Therefore, the efficient function of office management is based on the elements of office management. The following are important elements of office management.
1. Personnel
The clerical staff is actually doing the clerical work. In general, the selection and placement of office personnel is done by the office manager of a small organization. In large organizations, the Human Resources department is staffing.
In each case, office work is assigned to each individual according to efficiency, instructing the person in charge to perform the work within the specified time using the means available in the office, and the office. It is carried out by managing the activities of. personnel. The office manager must do all these activities.
2. Means
Means are the tools used to perform office work. Means include pens, pencils, erasers, paper, inks, office forms, typewriters, computers, printers, calculators and the like. The right tools are provided to the office and are used most efficiently and economically to achieve their goals.
3. Environment
The nature of the business determines the office environment. Various office work needs to be performed under certain conditions or environments. We will prepare and maintain a working environment for smooth office work. It is the duty and responsibility of the office manager to adopt different procedures and practices to create the right environment.
4. Purpose
Office personnel need to be aware of the purpose for which a particular task is to be performed and the impact of such task on the performance of others. The office manager teaches the purpose to the private office. Otherwise, office work performance will not result in the most efficient and economical use of office resources and will not achieve its goals.
Functions of a Modern Office
You can think of an office as where your organization's management mechanisms are located.
The complexity of business activities is increasing day by day. Due to the remarkable development and progress in the field of science and technology, manufacturing technology has changed rapidly. The economy of mass production has become several multinational corporate organizations. The ever-expanding market is also a challenge in itself. Careful attention should also be paid to the complexity of legal provisions (industrial and business law) that are subject to constant change to achieve social objectives.
In addition, modern management needs to pay attention to emerging relationships in the business. All of these issues can only be adequately addressed if the appropriate information is available. All members need information about the company. Efficient and effective organizations and managers need to have all the information they need to make different decisions. Retaining, analyzing, and providing knowledge for management is an essential function of modern offices. The phrase "information management" now takes precedence over the old "office management". The reason is that information management more accurately implies the activities performed by modern offices.
What is a modern office?
A modern approach to studying the term office is to look at it as a function rather than a specific location. When Office is considered a feature, Office can plan, organize, coordinate, standardize, and supervise paperwork anywhere, anywhere.
Office Activities
Each office has its own personality. This personality reflects the purpose for which Office exists. The manufacturing office profile is different from the sales office profile. The accounting department has a different direction from the research and development department. When organizing a new office, office managers must first identify the main reasons the office exists and then add the necessary elements to achieve an efficient operating organization that achieves the desired results. There is. Offices differ from each other in their primary responsibilities, but many activities are generally carried out by all offices. Part of these activities is the processing of incoming mail. Processing outgoing mail; dictation; transcription; typing; printing; copying; filing; record retrieval; record disposal; and communication.
Office Function
Modern office features can be divided into two categories.
Basic function (or routine function)
Some of the management functions are shown below-
1) Management Process:
To effectively perform the key functions of the office, the management process must be carried out properly. Planning, management, and organization are the three main management processes. You can plan your office work according to the purpose and policy of the management team. Planned work can provide effective performance. The office can control performance in the right direction.
2) Office System and Procedure:
Efficient and economical performance of office operations requires well-planned office systems and procedures. Each part of the process needs to be carefully analyzed.
3) Purchase of Stationery:
Basic needs such as office foam and stationery are like office essentials. These stationery items need to be systematically planned and purchased. It is the function of modern offices to standardize this purchasing process and distribute it to different departments as needed.
4) Fixed assets:
Fixed assets such as furniture, fixtures, equipment, plants, machines and computers are essential needs for modern offices. Offices need these fixed assets to function efficiently and economically. The purchase of these fixed assets must be systematically done so that office work is not interrupted. In addition, these fixed assets need to be properly allocated to different departments to ensure optimal use.
5) Staffing:
Talent selection, training, placement, and rewards are called staffing. With proper staffing, offices can achieve efficient and economical office work performance. Staffing is not an easy task. External and internal staff require qualified and experienced employees who must be selected and trained prior to deployment.
6) Asset Protection:
Organizational assets must be protected from theft, fire, or other misuse, loss, or damage. In order for an organization to function properly, it needs essential assets. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain a proper record of these assets.
7)Public Relations:
The office is capable of accepting many people, including customers, suppliers, employees, shareholders and government officials. The interests of these people are essentially different. These benefits need to be met by the office.
Key takeaways:
Use this office manager's description to allow you to know what you ought to emphasize in your resume to make sure that your professional resume supports your goals.
By reviewing the work description example, you'll identify the foremost important technical and soft skills, qualifications, and work experience for your employer in your area of interest.
Job description of office manager
An energetic professional who can wear multiple hats. He has experience in handling a good range of administrative and executive support related tasks and may work independently with little or no supervision. We enjoy the executive challenges of being well organized, flexible and supporting the offices of diverse people.
Office Accommodation and Layout:
Meaning of Office Accommodation
This is the process of choosing the right building in the right place, establishing different sections and departments, and demonstrating or allocating resources in a scientific way. The purpose of office accommodation is to create a healthy working environment and bring efficiency and speed of office work. It's important for both employees and outsiders. Office employees spend a lot of time in the office. Poor accommodation can cause boredom and frustration for employees. A bad environment can also give a bad impression to outsiders.
1. The shape and size of the office building
This is one of the main factors to consider when choosing an office building. You need enough space to accommodate all machines, equipment, and employees in furniture, and enough space for flexibility. It should be considered based on both current and future needs.
2. Lighting and ventilation
Office buildings need proper lighting and ventilation. It is a great help to increase efficiency and morale of workers. Brightly ventilated accommodation reduces employee pressure, reduces physical and mental strain, and results in increased efficiency.
3. Convenience for customers and employees
Customer and employee convenience must be considered when choosing an office building. It should not be far from the relevant trade center and must have proper toilet and canteen service and food hospitality and utilities.
4. Cost
The cost of the building that affects the organization's total budget. The building purchased or constructed must be within the organization's budget. There must be a balance between space requirements, organizational capacity, and cost to cover expansion.
5. Flexibility
When choosing an office building, you need to consider the flexibility of the office building in its shape and size. It also needs to match the nature of the organization.
6. Layout function
The efficiency of men and machines depends on the layout. Proper layout makes your office attractive. Machines etc. are required for this furniture. This is also useful for internal placement in the office.
Choosing an Office Location:
Office Layout
Meaning of Office Layout
It is a systematic arrangement of office equipment. This is the placement of staff, machinery, equipment, furniture, and other physical equipment within the available floor area. Its purpose is to use space in the best possible way, to make your office look attractive and to increase staff efficiency. It is defined as placing people, materials, machines and money at the optimal level.
The main purpose is
Office Layout Principles
Workflow principles:
It is a layout that helps the smooth and effective flow of office work. Simple, easy and fast workflow, essential for your work
Principle of free movement and observation:
The layout of the office should allow employees to move freely. Appropriate supervision and observation of movement works is also required
Effective Support Principles
Vision:
You need to be free to supervise work flow, staff movements, costs, waste, budget balance, quality of clerical work, and more.
Department-related principles:
For office layouts, the related departments are interrelated and those interrelated departments should be placed side by side.
Principle of flexibility:
Office needs to be flexible enough to facilitate future expansion.
Maximum utilization principle:
Over time, in the regions where countries and offices are established, the cost of everything increases depending on the economic situation. Basically, there are very few cases of deflation in developing countries. Therefore, when setting up an office, you need to make the most of your employees, materials, space, machinery, and resources. You need to reduce waste.
Interior design, lighting, ventilation and cleanliness must be maintained. The office must be well-equipped and comfortable to be attractive to all customers and visitors.
Principle of good ventilation:
Offices need ample doors, windows, and ventilation to provide a constant supply of fresh air.
Good lighting principle:
Offices should strive to provide natural light, which is sunlight. Dark places should be avoided for the establishment of offices.
Safety Principles:
The office layout should be based on safety. You need to reduce office accidents such as theft, fire and damage. Office machines need to be implemented properly
Service facility principles:
You need a good dining room, lighting, elevator, phone and toilet.
Principle of providing a private office:
At the office some important employees will need to be provided with separate rooms. If your work is inherently confidential, you should provide a private room.
Steps to design an office layout:
1. Secure a blueprint for your organization
This is the first step in securing a blueprint for your office building and knowing the space available for office work. It should be protected from top management. If that blueprint is not available, you need to measure the space and make a sketch of the building.
2. Assess the need for the organization
You need to identify the needs of all departments. Administrators should consult with the department head to access space requirements. Number of employees, work, equipment, method and nature of machines. You need to determine your current and future requirements. This is the second step in layout design.
3. Template placement:
This is the third step in designing an office layout. The administrator needs to prepare a model called a template. A template is a board or thin metal plate that represents the actual space with decoration. They provide a tentative design of office space. Some adjustments may be made before the final model is complete.
4. Show electrical wiring:
When designing your office layout, you need to manage your electrical wiring properly. The location must be properly wired to avoid the risk of short circuits and voltage fluctuations.
5. Submit the plan to top management for approval:
After creating a plan and policy, it is submitted to various departments. The plan should be discussed with the department head and supervisor. They check the plan and finally approve it. Then you are ready to implement only the plan
Communication in the office is critical to the success of your organization. This allows organizations to work efficiently and be productive in the long run. Communication in the office can range from email instructions to face-to-face conversations. But most of the time, it's a combination of different communication styles.
Open communication helps increase employee engagement and productivity. Employees will be happy and more creative if they can easily communicate through the organization's contact chain. Communication helps everyone share their thoughts and ideas and maintain a culture of feedback among team members. On the other hand, weak open communication in the office creates confusion and demoralizes employees.
Office communication is needed to stay in touch, understand goals and objectives, share ideas, communicate information, give directions, and eliminate misunderstandings among employees. It's a bridge between employees and the management of the organization.
Whether you are a small company or an outsized organization, always use open communication to be productive and make your employees happy. Effective communication is essential for managers to run business processes smoothly. To achieve the goals of the target team, managers need to communicate effectively with team members.
The most important thing in communication is to concentrate to what's not said. ~ Peter F. Drucker
Here are some basic reasons why communication in the office is so important:
Innovation-
When the group establishes a means of communication, the level of productivity and efficiency increases. As a result, people are more likely to support other team members when sharing team ties.
If employees have the opportunity to speak up about their thoughts, they tend to move forward without fear. Organizations that encourage open communication tend to be more innovative.
Effective communication-
A good communicator can foster better team ties between members. Free communication with team members makes it easier to assign tasks, resolve disputes, and motivate.
Effective communication not only connects people, but also gives them the opportunity to talk to each other. It is important to build good relationships by communicating.
Teamwork-
Communication problems always lead to misunderstandings among team members and incomplete work. Team members need to be careful and detailed about the task to prevent this situation. You will only succeed if your team is communicating well and continuously.
Team building requires constant communication and cooperation between team members. Better communication leads to efficient power, and team members are fluid as you understand better among them. It improves the productivity and work performance of your employees.
Rewarding work-
There are times when employees do a bit of a tough job. These may be signs that employees are not happy with their work. This can be due to poor career growth, poor compensation, poor management, or an imbalance between work and life.
Solving such problems can be challenging and stressful, and the only way to overcome such problems is to communicate effectively. Employee happiness is important. Therefore, listening to their issues and giving feedback can be encouraging for employees.
Absenteeism and employee turnover-
Improved communication can reduce absenteeism and employee turnover. When there is a flow of communication within an organization, managers share updated information such as product sales and company revenue.
This promotes integrity and transparency in the workplace, and employees feel they are in the right direction in terms of the organization's overall planning.
How can you encourage communication in the workplace?
In your workplace, there are many options for improving communication. These options can be divided into two categories:
Communication software upgrade
Upgrade policy-
If you want to upgrade some policies rather than communicate freely with your employees at first, you can be aware of any issues with policy changes. You can also see why you are making changes to your policy.
Ensuring that all managers or department heads invest in active listening. If an employee has some suggestions, it should not be overlooked. Employee thoughts and opinions should be considered in the same way as managers and department heads.
Courses and training are often offered to you and your employees. Most of these courses focus on improving communication, productivity, and performance in the workplace.
Investigate communication courses to interact with employees. You learn how essential it is to hear To their employees by giving managers these courses. They will come to know why they have to listen to employee recommendations and appreciate the work of team members.
Communication Software Upgrade:
You can also make some changes to the software you use every day.
There is a lot of software available to help you schedule your work, track your time, and do your HR activities. With these types of software, employees can communicate their needs and request shift changes from managers and department heads. This can have a significant impact on communication.
Some tips for improving office communication-
What role does communication play in employee involvement?
Conclusion
Office communication is the process of sharing knowledge and ideas both verbally and non-verbally between one individual or group within an organization and another. It's important not only to get the job done, but to foster trust and increase employee productivity.
The success of an organization depends on how extensive and focused its employees are communicating.
Key takeaways:
Internal Correspondence
Internal correspondence is a written communication between the staff, units, departments, and branches of the same organization. Internal correspondence can either be formal or less formal. Routine internal correspondence is usually less formal, like quick instructions between a supervisor and a staff, and these are normally in the form of email.
There are other more formal kinds of internal correspondence which include promotion letter, written reprimand, notice to clarify, memorandum, formal requests for approval, and letter of approval or dismissal. These sorts of communication are ideally printed on paper, signed by the sender, and physically received by the recipient.
Meaning of Office Communication:
To commune means to form conversation. This is often an ordinary function in our daily life. this is often necessary to form contacts, to explain things, to exchange ideas, to convey information, to offer instruction, and to remove misunderstandings. Communication is indispensable for existence. Communication, however, features a more specific meaning in management science.
According to Prof. Allen, “It may be a bridge of meaning. It consists of a scientific and continuous telling, listening, and understanding.” it's clear that communication is complete when the message sent by the communicator is understood by the communicate. it's a bridge of meaning, i.e., the meaning of a message is known within the same sense by the communicator and therefore the communicate.
Importance of Office Communication:
Its importance is great and is growing. The success of an organisation depends upon how extensively and intensively communication is being carried out by it. it's described as a tool of management. it's the last word in management. Whenever quite one person meets together, there's communication between them.
In an office people meet and work together. Therefore, there must be communication among them. the primary function of an office is communicating, internally and externally. An organisation needs an office because all communication will go out from, and come into, it. Largest number of office machines is meant for communication.
Types of Office Communication:
Broadly speaking, communication is often internal and external. Internal communication takes place among the people working inside, the office. It also means communication between employer and employees or among the members of an association or between a company and its shareholders.
External communication is with the outsiders, just like the customers, the suppliers, the debtors, the creditors, the opposite organizations, the govt and its different agencies, and eventually the general public at large. The secretary has a major duty to supervise and control both the types of communication.
According to methods, communication is often sub-divided into three parts—oral, written (correspondence), and gestural.
Internal Communication:
Through communication employer-employee relationship also as superior-subordinate relationship are often maintained. Decisions taken at the top management level flows downward at the execution and operating levels through the chain of superior-subordinate relationships inside an organisation structure.
Unless the objectives and policies of the organisation are communicated to the staff, neither will they identify themselves with the organisation nor can they are doing their respective functions.
Whenever any change is to be introduced within the organisation, prior communication has got to be made to the members of the staff in order that they get mentally prepared. Otherwise, there could also be a shock. the employees also must be ready to communicate their grievances, complaints or difficulties to the employer.
By this, better employer-employee relationship is established and misunderstandings, if any, are removed. Communication is described as a two-way traffic. Internal communication is often oral, written, visual, and gestural. Holding of meetings, conferences etc., having joint consultation or group discussion, etc., sending of reports, copies of minutes, etc. are a number of the effective methods of internal communication.
With regard to communication there are six types of queries and therefore the queries have definite answers. They are:
Why?
Without communication, both internal and external, no organisation are often built up and run.
When?
Before the message is leaked out through other sources
What?
Nothing should be concealed about matters of common interest. No secret, really, are often ultimately preserved. It’s better, therefore, to not conceal anything to the members of the staff, subject to, however, some exceptions.
Where?
Communication may happen confidentially between two during a very small group during a chamber, or openly at a meeting or conference among $ large number of persons or at a public meeting.
How?
It must be done by using such a medium which is understandable by the communicator and therefore the communicate both. Visual communication by pictures is extremely suitable for illiterate people. There are many barriers to effective communication, such as, language, noise, status, etc.
Whom?
The common objectives of the organisation must be communicated to everybody inside the organisation in order that everybody can identify himself with the organisation.
Mechanical Devices:
There are different machines or labour-saving devices used for internal communication:
(a) Oral—Inter-com telephone system, Dictaphone, pneumatic tubes, etc.
(b) Written— Typewriter, duplicating machines, etc.
(c) Visual—Photography, micro-film, television (for remote control), etc.
(d) Signalling—Calling bells, buzzers, red lights, etc.
External Communication:
External communication is important for carrying out the activities and for the event of any organisation, trading or non-trading. This is often necessary for widening and improving public relations and also for enhancing goodwill and prestige. Different methods of advertisement are meant for communication. Publication of reports, journals, etc. is additionally another technique. External communication is often oral, written, and visual.
Structure of Reports; Negative, Persuasive and Special Reporting Informal Report
Preface:
Reports are categorized as either informal or formal, depending on the complexity and depth of the content. All reports, regardless of type, provide the information people in your organization need to solve problems and make decisions.
Unofficial reports are also called short reports because unofficial reports have less than 10 pages. Informal reports can have both internal and external audiences, but most are written for internal audiences. For internal audiences, unofficial reports are created as notes or email reports. For the outside audience, informal reports are produced as letter or email reports.
In addition, informal reports can be informative or analytical in nature. Information reports contain non-confidential, everyday information that is often displayed in a given format, such as a blank form. For this reason, the Information Report section contains summaries, findings, and conclusions. In contrast, short analysis reports are aimed at answering questions about specific problems and solving those problems. How can I use social media more effectively? Need to close or open a new factory? How can you improve customer service? Therefore, a short analysis report contains recommendations as well as summaries, findings and conclusions.
Proposals:
This proposal is a variation of the problem-solving report. Suggestions are documents created to explain how one organization can meet the needs of another. Most government agencies issue "request for proposals" or RFPs to promote their needs. The RFP specifies the needs and potential suppliers produce a request for proposal showing how to meet those needs.
Formal Reports:
The official report is carefully organized. They are written in a style that emphasizes objectivity and organization, contains many details, and tends to eliminate elements such as personal pronouns. Informal reports are usually short messages with natural and casual language. Internal memorandums can generally be described as informal reports.
Project Report:
A project report may be a document that gives details of the general picture of the proposed business. The project report provides an outline of the project proposal to verify the outlook for the proposed plan / activity.
Project reports are documents associated with investment. It contains the info on which the project was evaluated and determined to be feasible. It consists of data on economic, technical, financial, administrative and production aspects. It allows entrepreneurs to understand the input and helps him get loans from banks and financial institutions.
The project report contains detailed information on required land and buildings, annual manufacturing capacity, manufacturing processes, machinery and equipment, prices and specifications, staple requirements, electricity and water requirements, talent needs, and project marketing costs. It is Project production, financial analysis and economic feasibility.
The index of the project report are as follows.
1. General information
The project report should provide information about the industry to which the project belongs. you would like to supply information about the industry's past experience, current situation, issues, and future prospects. If the proposed business may be a manufacturing department, you would like to supply information about the products which will be manufactured and why you select them. It must elaborate on the demand for products within the local, domestic and global markets. you would like to obviously identify your business options and clarify why you're starting your business.
2. Executive summary
The project report should describe the aim of the business and the way it is often successful. an entire picture of the business regarding capital, operations, methods of functioning and execution of the business must be provided within the project report. It must mention the assumptions and risks commonly involved in business.
3. Organizational overview
The project report should show the organizational structure and patterns proposed to the unit. you want to specify whether the ownership is predicated on a sole proprietorship, a partnership, or an organization. you would like to supply information about promoter biodata, like financial health. The name, address, age qualifications, and knowledge of the proposed business owner or promoter must be included within the project report.
4. Project description
You should provide a quick description of the project and supply details about:
If your business is service-oriented, you would like to state the sort of service provided to your customers. you would like to explain intimately the way to serve your customers.
5. Marketing plan
The project report should clearly state the expected aggregate demand for the merchandise. you would like to list the worth at which the merchandise are often sold on the market. We also got to mention the strategies adopted to win the market. After-sales service, if any, are going to be provided and must even be included within the project. you would like to elucidate the way to distribute the merchandise from the assembly unit to the market. The project report should include the following:
6. Capital structure and operating costs
The project report should include the entire capital requirements for the project. The source of funding should be stated, also because the extent of the owner's funding and borrowing. capital requirements must be stated and therefore the source must even be stated within the project. Estimates of total project costs should be weakened into land, buildings and engineering , plants and machinery, other fixed assets, reserve and preoperative costs, and dealing capital. The venture's proposed financial structure must indicate the expected sources and conditions of equity and debt financing. Operating costs should even be elaborated during this section.
7. Management plan
The project report should state that:
a. Business experience of business promoters,
b. Management details,
c. Obligations and responsibilities of Team member
d. The organization's current human needs,
e. the way to manage your business,
f. Recruitment and training planning,
g. Management programs and policies.
8. Financial Aspect
The projected income statement and balance sheet must be presented in the project report to determine the profitability of the business. You need to view the estimated sales, production costs, gross profit, and net profit that you might get from the proposed unit. In addition to the above, forecast balance sheets, cash flow statements and cash flow statements should be prepared each year for a period of at least 3 to 5 years. The income statement and cash flow forecast should include a three-year summary, monthly details for the first year, and quarterly details for the second and third years. The break-even point and return on investment should be included in the project report. The use of accounting and inventory management systems is commonly covered in this section of the project report. The project report should state whether the business is economically and economically viable.
9. Technical Aspects
The project report provides technical and technical aspects of the project. It covers information on the technologies, production processes, machine capabilities, pollution control plants, etc. selected for the project.
10. Implementation of the project
All proposed business units need to create a timetable for the project. It must indicate the time that can be completed in the activities related to the establishment of the company. The implementation plan shows the expected schedule for project preparation and completion.
11. Social responsibility
The proposed unit draws input from society. Therefore, contributions to society in the form of employment, income, exports and infrastructure. Business outcomes should be displayed in the project report.
What is a detailed project report? How is it different from the feasibility study report?
A feasibility study report is created to support your investment proposal. The feasibility of various aspects related to technology, commerce and finance will be investigated in detail by the experts and consultants brought into the feasibility study report. The Feasibility Study Report is called the Techno Economic Feasibility Study. This is the main report on the formulation of investment proposals. The detailed project report is the basic documentation for planning and implementing your project.
Introduction and essential elements of Report writing (Reporting for a meeting)
Creating a report is a formal style of elaborately creating a topic. Report tones are always formal. The audience it is intended for is always a well-thought-out section. For example, report on school events, report on business cases, and so on. Before you start writing your report, why not make a clear distinction between your essay and your report? These terms are sometimes used interchangeably, but there is definitely a difference in their purpose. Let's see the difference between an essay and a report.
Essential Elements for Reporting
From the previous section, you need to understand a small idea of what the report looks like. Let's expand from that point and break it down further here
The report is written with many analyses. The purpose of reporting is essential to inform readers about a topic, except for opinions about the topic. It's just a depiction of the facts as they are. Inferences provide solid analysis, charts, tables, and data. In most cases it will be specified by the person who asked to report whether they would like your take. In many cases, all you need is your suggestion for a particular case after the facts have been reported. It depends on why you are writing the report and for whom you are writing the report in the first place. Knowing the viewer's motivation for the report is very important because it sets the direction of the facts focused on the report. In the next chapter, which illustrates this in action, you'll see what we mean.
further,
The flow of the article is as follows – introduction, text, conclusions, summaries. The layout is very clear, with title pages, numbered subheadings, clear bullets, recommendations, references, appendices, dates, and timing reports accurately. This format is consistent throughout.
All facts and information displayed in the report should not only be unbiased, but also 100% accurate. Proofreading and fact-finding should always be done as a rule of thumb before submitting a report.
Part of a Business Report
Therefore, the subheadings of the report for business students are roughly listed in the order of executive summary, table of contents, introduction, text, conclusions, references, and appendices.
This gives you a wide range of ideas about how to maintain a flow of thought when creating a report.
Example report for business students
XYZ case study
Short Business Report: Guidelines
This document gives an overview of our annual business. Follow this format when creating case reports.
Contents
The report should start with a table of contents. It describes the target audience, author, and basic purpose of the attached report. It should be short and focused.
Date: March 24, 2018
TO: Mr. Siddhartha Malik
FROM: XYZ marketing team Jeena Claudette
executive summary
The second page of the document should have a report title at the top and provide an executive summary, one or two paragraphs summarizing the report. You need to provide a good overview of the report so that executives (who don't have the time or energy to read a long report completely) can actually get the point in advance.
Most importantly, the summary should include (a) the purpose of the report, (b) what you did (analysis), what you found (results), and (c) recommendations. These recommendations should be short and should not exceed the page.
Report-
Organization of Press Report:
Wikipedia’s Press Release Definition
It’s also worth noting what Wikipedia has to say on the subject. according to them, “a press release may be a written or recorded communication directed at members of the news media for the aim of announcing something ostensibly newsworthy. Typically, they're mailed, faxed, or e-mailed to assignment editors and journalists at newspapers, magazines, radio stations, online media, television stations or television networks.”
What is the most important thing about a press release?
When writing a press release, it’s important to start with basic questions like who did what, when and where it happened, what it was for, etc. Keeping this form makes it easier to judge whether the material is newsworthy or not. If it’s not, without any media attention it'll just get lost on the web.
The crucial a part of getting coverage is directing the release to the right group of people. The research on the topic shows that 67% of journalists claim they receive irrelevant materials not within the area of their work or interest. So if a journalist specializes in technology, do not send a release about a new line of cosmetics – he won’t even bother to read it.
The press release is supposed to be kept simple and short – and preferably in a form that allows copying and pasting. Journalists are always busy, and if they have to read and edit text that's too long, they just might give up before ever starting. Experts admit that they need releases to be clear and straight to the purpose, without waffling over the topic. A release that's written in the style of a finished article has bigger chances of wide distribution.
Press Release
News releases are usually one or two-page documents that share breaking news with the general public. They’re typically read by journalists, but sometimes general audiences might encounter them, too. Typically, they emulate a news article format, using the reverse pyramid to put the most important information first.
Why Should My Business Send Press Releases?
Organizations of all sizes use press releases to attain all types of goals. Some common objectives include:
When Should I Send a Press Release?
Any time you've got something newsworthy to share. This includes:
Make sure you have something your audience (and the media’s audience) will care about. this may dramatically increase the odds that your release will earn coverage.
When should you consider sending a press release? Get the solution here:
What Information and Content Should a Release Include?
Here’s what you should include in your press releases:
(Press Release Format)
The next step in learning how to write a press release understands the press release format.
If your press release conforms to a format that a journalist is acquainted with, your odds of getting published are higher.
Here’s a typical press release format:
Typically, the reporter can get in-tuned with to get more information.
Note: While there’s no preferred font for your press release, sticking to a common font like Arial or Times New Roman may be a good idea.
Here are kinds of press release examples and why they have nailed it.
Product Launch Press Release
Take a glance at this product launch PR Release from Apple. it's all the elements of a good press release within the perfect order.
Let’s analyse them one-by-one.
The Headline
It’s clear, concise and simple. It’s also attention grabbing – something that’s sure to attract reporters and customers.
The Location
Before the intro Para or lead, it mentions where the news is happening. in this example, the location is New York.
The Lead
The lead gets right to the point. The journalist knows that this is often a new product release. They’re also made conscious of the various features that make this laptop so impressive to customers.
The Body
The body copy follows the inverted pyramid format to a tee.
It starts off by including a quote from a senior ranking official describing why this new release is a huge achievement for Apple. This establishes a human element that helps them reach their audience better.
The Boilerplate
There’s a reason why the Apple boilerplate may be a frequently used example for what a boilerplate should appear as if in marketing circles. It’s clear, avoids jargon, lists out all their offerings, includes data and notes down what they strive to do.
The Media Contact
There are tons of things this press release example does well just like the title, lead and quotes.
Note how the media release also follows the inverted pyramid formula well. At the start of the article, it distils the aim of the robot into very easily understandable terms.
It’s only towards the end of the article, after you’ve got a good idea of what the robot is, does it enter the technical facts and details.
Key takeaways:
Record Management: Classification; filing system
A file classification scheme (also known as a file plan) is a tool that allows you to classify, title, access, and retrieve records. It is presented as a classification-level hierarchy and is based on business activities that generate records in the business settings of a particular organization.
The classification level is the degree of specificity, and file classification schemes usually have three main components.
How to develop a file classification scheme
The development of file classification schemes identifies the categories of business activities and the records they generate and groups them, if applicable, to facilitate retrieval, description, control, and linking, and to determine their processing and access status. It is a process to do. The development of file classification schemes is based on an analysis of the features and activities performed by your organization. That is, it is based on an analysis of what your organization does.
The primary responsibility for developing a file classification scheme for records, which is evidence of UN business activities, lies with the individual offices. However, ARMS will help. If you need such assistance, please contact us.
To get started, the office records management focal point must perform an analysis of office features and activities to set up activities for key groups (features) and their subgroups (subgroups). You can use a variety of methods to do this. We recommend that you refer to the office mandates, policy documents that may provide office entrustment terms, and standard operating procedures available. Interviews with colleagues in the office can help you understand the key tasks performed to accomplish each of the identified functions. It is advisable to refer to existing file classification schemes to determine common substantive functions and reuse these structures in the development of new classification schemes (such as peace operations file classification schemes and retention schedules). I will.
Steps to improve file classification-
When it involves managing files effectively, a functional arrangement is that the most effective way. This two-part post describes the essential principles of file classification and practical strategies for developing and implementing the proper system. Part 1 describes where to start and strategies for subdividing files.
Step 1—Start with business features
Professional record managers talk a lot about "classifying functional records" for good reason. Submit documents to support your work and daily work. Then, in the event of an audit or proceeding, we will use the file as evidence to defend those activities. It makes sense to incorporate these features and activities into the filing system itself.
The most common way to incorporate features and activities into your filing system is to start with the features and work down. The top level of the filing hierarchy should consist of a wide range of organizational-wide features such as "financial management" and "environmental protection".
Each function is then decomposed into more specific activities. These activities define a major collection or other group that is populated in a file room or electronic repository.
Step 2-Subdivide as needed
The point of the classification system is to divide the files into categories. This makes it easy to find the file. If there are too many files in a category to identify a particular file, you need to subdivide those files into subcategories.
When adding value, be sure to add subcategories. Multiple layers of subcategories can lead to overly complex systems that are difficult to use.
Step 3 — Consistently subdivide
Just as too many subcategories make the filing system less effective, inconsistent definitions of these categories can lead to complete unavailability. When subdividing a category, make sure that all subcategories are defined according to the same filing element.
Importance of Record Classification & Tips for Improving Filing Accuracy
Record classification is a hot topic. The debate over the classification of records seems unstoppable as it continues to be central to the records management issues that many experiences. In my view as a record manager, the importance of classification tends to be misunderstood or rejected even by end users and IT professionals. On the opposite hand, i feel record managers should focus more on developing strategies to deal with the concerns expressed by others.
For those unacquainted the concept, classification is that the systematic identification and placement of business activities and / or records into categories consistent with the logically structured rules, methods, and procedural rules represented by the classification system. That is "(ISO15489-1).
The term is also known as a classification system, classification scheme, file plan, and record retention and disposal schedule (which forms part of the classification system). The reader may also point out that classification and classification systems are considered two different terms. This blog treats both the same, but either approach works fine. Basically, classification is represented by a system (classification system).
The Need for Classification – Why Classification Is Important
1. Classification provides the context of the record
Many people, especially IT professionals, question the need to categorize documents if the enterprise system can fully index the content. Indexing content or metadata is not enough to establish the context of a record. This is important because you can separate valuable records from records that have little or no value. Although the value of certain information is a subjective matter and depends on the purpose for which you are looking for it, categorizing records can help you narrow down where reliable information may exist.
Then it supports searchability. If there is a particular topic for a record to search for, but little information other than a few keywords is provided, the user initiates an investigation by identifying the classifications that may apply to that particular topic. I will. The success rate of this methodology is often high if the records are properly filed and / or systematically audited by the record manager.
2. Classification specifies retention and disposal of records
"Why does one bother to delete data when storage is cheap?" Another popular statement that others often say. Indeed, portable storage units are cheaper. However, getting rugged, reliable, and enterprise-ready storage can be costly. In fact, why keep records when they are not needed, or when they do not need to be kept and are subject to unnecessary proceedings? Records destroyed in accordance with legal and organizational policies, along with retention / disposal schedules, are far less likely or unlikely to be subject to proceedings. This is a financially sound risk management strategy.
4 tips to improve filing accuracy
Many will agree with me. The Electronic Document Records Management System (EDRMS) is only as good as the success rate of its implementation. Your organization may have purchased a modern records management application with all the bells and whistles, but if your end users don't like it, the application has little value or use to your organization. In other words, if the records are not filed in the correct classification, they may not be easily found and the retention and placement applied to them may be incorrect. On the other hand, end users often find it a time-consuming task to identify the correct classification for filing a document, but other users are afraid to accidentally file a document. Here are four tips to improve your organization's filing accuracy while making it easier for users to classify records.
1. Simplify the file plan scheme
Is there a subset of classification codes or too many subsets of subsets? End users often prefer a desktop folder-like structure, but continuous drilling down into aggregations to find the right classification can also be a daunting task. Analyze which aggregates can be grouped and which aggregates need to be classified. Grouping can be done if the functional activity seems too broad, if the amount of records in the group is too large to move or manage within the group, or if the retention schedule is significant. Only if different.
2. Use easily recognizable code
The file code should be easily recognizable. Use numeric or alphabetic codes that are easy to identify or that end users often use as part of their business activities.
Acronyms and abbreviations are easier to recognize if they are adopted throughout the organization. Incorporate them as part of the classification code. Which classification code is simpler to know and identify? About Distribution – Times Magazine, "055-33" or "055-TIMES"?
Incorporate a unique identifier or device number for your organization (the office of primary responsibility)
ty) Used to specify procedural or contract documents. The fewer numbers and codes the user needs to be familiar with, the easier it will be to hire.
3. Create a cheat sheet for the user
Quickly analyze the types of documents that end users (or their colleagues) frequently generate or receive. Find those codes and create a commonly used classification list for your users to use as a reference. Alternatively, create a list of groups of users who share similar duties.
4. Consider an intuitive solution
What if you could classify your documents correctly while preventing users from having to perform that task? Can I really bring the cake and eat it? Collab ware CLM for SharePoint provides a way to automatically classify documents by leveraging the type of metadata values that end users enter or select as part of their normal activity. For example, when a user creates a contract document and enters the contract number in the document, CLM recognizes the value of that contract number and classifies the document accordingly. In addition, you can enter (enter) other required values associated with the classification of the document's profile into the metadata field. Isn't it too good and true?
An index is a reference list for finding a particular document in a file. Indexing helps you to:
1. Easy location of files
2. Guarantee cross-reference
3. Improve record management efficiency and reduce costs
A good indexing system
1. Easy to operate and use,
2. Flexible expansion,
3. Suitable for organizations.
Index Type-The index type is also known as the index method / system. Each office uses the indexing method appropriate for its filing system. The following are some of the indexing system types.
1. Page Index-The page index consists of pages of each letter of the alphabet, with tabs showing the letters. Each letter has a name that begins with that letter and quotes the associated page number. Bound book indexes, loose-leaf indexes, and vowel indexes are part of the page index format.
Simple and cheap, this type of indexing is inflexible and looks shabby without removing unused names.
2. Loose or Vertical Card Index-Used to overcome the shortcomings of page indexes. The card index consists of a number of small size cards (12 cm x 7 cm), each associated with one item in the index. The heading is at the top of the card.
It is useful for keeping investment records, names and addresses of customers, dealers, etc., signatures of sample bank account holders, catalogues of books, etc.
Advantage:
1. You can place them in any order, such as alphabetical order, numerical order, or geographical order.
2. It's cheap.
3. Provides a complete list.
4. Very elastic.
5. Flexibility
6. Can be used for various purposes. 7. You can record and get it quickly. 8. You can use cards of different colors to easily classify customers or subgroups.
Cons: Disadvantages:
1. Risk of card loss or destruction 3. Difficult to monitor 4. · Continuous handling ruins and requires replacement 5. Relatively costly ..
2. Visible Card Index-In this system, cards are laid flat on a shallow tray or a transparent cover of metal flame. Each card is attached to a metal hinge and narrows to overlap the previous card. The bottom strip containing the name or title remains visible.
Automatic card index. Visible Books and Staggered Card Index are some of the variations.
Advantage:
1. It occupies less space,
2. Many costs are offset by the time and effort savings, but
3. You can add additional information without interfering with your order,
4. Quick reference,
5. Management support in managing purchases and sales, production, etc.
Disadvantages.
1. More expensive.
2. Training required.
However, its advantages allow users to understand its drawbacks.
3. Strip Index-The Strip Index is designed to maintain a list of correspondent names, addresses, and phone numbers. It consists of a frame that allows you to attach strips of hard paper in the required order. The frame containing these strips can be fixed to the wall or placed on a rotating stand.
The strengths and weaknesses of this type are similar to the strengths and weaknesses of Visible card Indexing.
Wheel Index-This is a kind of modern method of visible index. Here, the cards are placed around wheels that are portable or can be set in a cabinet or desk. One wheel can hold up to 5,000 cards, and the clerk can easily install six wheels within easy reach.
Advantage:
1. Save time because it is quick and easy to browse. 2. You can save space. 3. It has the flexibility to insert and remove cards without disturbing the order. Four. Range of expansion.
Signature-The signal can be a metal clip, plastic table, or glue attached to the exposed edge of the record. Its purpose is to draw attention to certain facts recorded on the card.
Public Relations
PR describes the various ways companies use to disseminate a message a few product, service, or overall image to customers, employees, shareholders, suppliers, or other interested members of the community. the purpose of PR is to urge the general public to think positively about the corporate and its offerings. Commonly used PR tools include news releases, press conferences, lectures, and community service programs.
Advertising is closely associated with PR, but it's also associated with promoting the company's products and gaining public acceptance, therefore the goal of advertising is to get sales, and therefore the goal of PR is to get good intentions. That is. The effect of excellent PR is to scale back the gap between how a corporation sees itself and the way others outside the organization perceive it.
Public relations include two-way communication between the organization and its general public. this needs not only taking note of the members the organization depends on, but also analyzing and understanding the attitudes and behaviors of these audiences. Only then can a corporation perform an efficient PR campaign.
Public relations goals
Some of the most goals of PR are to make, maintain and protect an organization's reputation, enhance its fame and present a positive image. Research shows that PR can have a transparent impact on sales and revenue, as consumers often make purchase decisions supported the company's reputation. PR are often an efficient a part of a company's overall marketing strategy. For-profit companies got to coordinate PR and marketing to form sure they're working to realize an equivalent goal.
Another major PR goal is to make goodwill for the organization. This includes features like employee relationships, shareholder-investor relationships, media relationships, and community relationships. PR activities can serve to teach a specific audience about many things associated with a corporation, like business generally, new legislation, and the way to use a specific product, and to beat misunderstandings and prejudices. for instance, a non-profit organization may seek to teach the overall public on a specific perspective, while a trade association may implement an academic program on a specific industry and its products and practices.
Public relations campaign procedure
Effective PR requires knowledge of all the factors that influence the public's attitude towards the organization, supported analysis and understanding. Certain PR projects or campaigns could also be administered aggressively or ex post facto (to manage certain image crises), but in each case the primary basic step is to things. Analysis and research to spot all relevant factors. during this initiative , your organization understands the varied components and therefore the key factors that influence your organization's perception.
In the second step, the organization establishes an overall policy regarding the campaign. This includes defining goals and desired outcomes, also as constraints on how the campaign will run. Such policy guidelines got to be established to assess the proposed strategies and tactics, also because the overall success of the campaign.
In step 3, the organization outlines its strategy and tactics. Organizations use their knowledge of the audience and their own established policies to develop specific programs to realize their goals. Step 4 involves actual communication with the target public. The organization then uses specific PR techniques, like press conferences and special events, to succeed in the audience.
Finally, in step 5, the organization receives feedback from the overall public. How did they react to the general public relations campaign? Are there any unexpected developments? within the final step, the organization evaluates the program and makes the required adjustments.
Public relations field
Public relations may be a multifaceted activity involving different audiences and differing types of organizations, all with different goals and objectives. As a result, PR has several specific areas.
Product PR
When it involves promoting new or existing products or services, PR and marketing work closely together. PR play a crucial role in introducing new products by raising awareness, differentiating them from other similar products, and even changing consumer behaviour. PR can assist you introduce new products by hosting a spread of special events and handling sensitive situations. for instance, when introduced by the Prince Matchable division of Chesbrough-Pond's USA
There was a replacement men's Cologne, 21 other men's fragrances introduced that year. To differentiate a replacement product called Hero, Prince Matchabelli created a National Hero Awards program to honor real male heroes and involved Big Brothers / Big Sisters of America to hitch in to offer the program credibility. Similarly, when Coleco unveiled the Cabbage Patch Kids, PR efforts helped raise awareness through licensed tie-up products, trade fair exhibits, press parties, and even window displays at Cartier jewellery stores. I did.
Public relations is usually required to spice up existing products and services by creating or updating visibility. for instance, the California Raisins planning board hosted a national tour featuring live performances by California Dancing Raisins to take care of interest in raisins during the summer ad cessation. The tour produced national and native publicity through media events, pre-promotion, trade promotions, and media interviews with performer Ray Charles. Other PR programs for existing products include stimulating secondary demand or identifying new uses for the merchandise, like when Campbell's Soup published a recipe booklet to extend overall demand for soup. Includes things to try to to . PR are familiar to the media during a sort of ways, including holding seminars for journalists, holding special media days, and providing printed interest the media, from "backgrounders" (detailed news releases) to booklets. you'll get curious about a product or service. And pamphlets. Modifications to existing products provide additional PR opportunities to focus consumer attention. Effective PR campaigns can assist you place your products properly and overcome the negative perceptions of the overall public.
Relationship with employees
Employees are one of the most important audiences for a company and need an ongoing public relations program to maintain their goodwill and maintain their image and reputation among them. The essence of a good employee relationship program is to inform employees and provide a communication channel for senior management. Bechtel Group, a complex of privately held companies, has issued an annual report to provide employees with information about the company's business. The company used a survey to determine what information employees found useful. Various other communication devices were used, including monthly tabloids and magazines, quarterly video magazines, local newsletters, bulletin boards, telephone services, and a "brown bag" lunch with live presentations about the company.Proposal systems are another effective way to improve communication between employees and managers.
Other employee-focused public relations programs include training as a company spokesperson. Explain the benefits program to them. Provide them with opportunities for education, volunteering and citizenship. We hold special events such as picnics and open houses. Other programs can improve performance and increase employee pride and motivation. Public relations also can play a task in recruiting new employees. Processing of reorganizations, transfers, and mergers. Resolving labor disputes.
Financial relationship
Financial relationships include communication not only with corporate shareholders, but also with the wider community of financial analysts and potential investors. An effective investor PR plan can increase the worth of a company's stock and make it easier to boost additional capital. In some cases, special meetings with financial analysts are needed to overcome bad publicity, negative perceptions of the company, or investor indifference. Such meetings may take the form of an all-day briefing, formal presentation, or luncheon. A tour of the company's facilities may help raise the interest of the financial community. Mailing and continuous communication help businesses achieve visibility among potential investors and financial analysts.
Annual reports and shareholders' meetings are the 2 most vital PR tools for maintaining good investor PR . Some companies hold regional or quarterly meetings in addition to their regular annual meetings. Other companies are reaching more shareholders by moving the location of their annual meetings from city to city. Annual reports can be supplemented with quarterly reports and dividend check inserts. Companies that want to provide additional communication with shareholders may send them newsletters or company magazines. Personal letters to new shareholders and prompt response to inquiries guarantee additional means of good faith.
Community relations
A comprehensive and ongoing community relations program helps virtually every organization raise awareness as a good community citizen and win the goodwill of the communities it operates. Banks, utilities, radio and television stations, and major retailers have ongoing programs that may include urban renewal support, performing arts programs, social and educational programs, children's programs, community organizations, and construction projects. Is part of the type of organization most likely to have. .. On a more limited scale, small businesses may achieve community visibility by sponsoring local sports teams and other events. Support can take the form of financial or employee participation.
Organizations have the opportunity to improve their goodwill and show their commitment to the community when opening new offices, expanding facilities, or opening new factories. One company raised community awareness of its existence by turning an empty building into a permanent meeting place. Another company has built a new headquarters in a refurbished closed high school. One of the more sensitive areas of community relations is factory closures. Well-planned public relations campaigns, combined with proper action, can ease the tensions caused by such closures. Some elements of such a campaign include offering special programs to dismissed workers, notifying employees directly about proposed closures, and frank and direct communication with the community and employees. It may involve managing rumours.
Organizations can provide employee volunteers to work on community projects, sponsor education and literacy programs, conduct open house staging and factory tours, celebrate anniversaries, hold special exhibits, and much more to improve community relationships. We have a special program. Organizations are recognized as good community citizens by supporting programs that improve the quality of life of the community. Includes security, employment, environmental programs, cleansing and beautification, recycling, and restoration.
Crisis communication
Spokespersons become deeply involved in critical communication in the event of a major accident or natural disaster that affects an organization and its community. Other types of crises include bankruptcy, product failures, and management misconduct. In some cases, the crisis requires organizations to be involved in helping potential victims. In some cases, a crisis may require you to rebuild your organization's image. In any case, experts recommend that business owners prepare in advance plans to deal honestly and openly with potential crises. The main purpose of such a plan is to provide accurate information quickly to reduce uncertainty. For example, after the 1989 San Francisco earthquake, Bank of America used its public relations department to quickly establish communications with customers, the financial community, the media, and offices in 45 countries, and banks continue to operate. I confirmed.
Government and politics
Public relations activities in the political arena cover a wide range of activities, including staging debates, holding seminars for government leaders, impacting legislation, and testifying to parliamentary commissions. Candidate politicians carry out public relations activities similar to federal, state, and local government agencies.
Trade associations and other types of organizations are trying to thwart unfavourable legislation and support favourable legislation in a variety of ways. The California liquor industry helped defeat the proposed tax increase by engaging in early debate, gaining support, recruiting spokespersons, and fostering grassroots support. The Speakers Bureau trained approximately 240 industry volunteers, and important messages were communicated to the public through printed matter, radio and television commercials.
Public relations for the public interest
Organizations seek to generate goodwill and establish themselves as responsible citizens through a variety of programs implemented for the public good. Some examples are environmental programs (including water and energy savings) and pollution control programs. Health and healthcare programs are sponsored by various non-profits, healthcare providers, and other companies and industries. These range from encouraging other companies to develop AIDS policies in the workplace to the Great American Smoke Out of the American Cancer Society. Other programs offer political education, leadership and self-improvement, recreational activities, contests, and safety guidance.
Consumer education
Opportunities to educate consumers include sponsoring television and radio programs, creating manuals and other printed matter, creating materials for classroom use, and publishing survey results. In addition to focusing on specific issues and industries, educational programs may aim to inform consumers about economic issues and business in general.
Other public relations programs
Other types of programs under the umbrella of public relations include the corporate identity program, from renaming and new trademarks to changing the overall image of the company. Special events may be held to draw attention to the organization and focus on the goodwill of the people. These include anniversary celebrations, trade fair related events, special exhibits, or trade fairs and festivals. Speaker bureaus and celebrity spokespersons are effective public relations tools to convey an organizational perspective. Speaker bureaus may be organized by industry associations or individual companies. The face-to-face communication that the speaker can provide is often more effective than the message carried by the printed matter, especially if the target audience is small and well defined.
Public relations for small businesses
Like other types of organizations, SMEs can benefit from public relations in terms of relationships with customers, employees, investors, suppliers, or other interested members of the community. Small business owners are often the most prominent representatives of the company and are often directly responsible for many public relations functions. When the activity is primarily related to public appearance and participation in public events, the owner's natural abilities come to the fore. However, if you need to start a campaign and the funds are available, you may need the help of an expert.
Effective public relations professionals will be, among other things, familiar with the press. For continuous and day-to-day support, SMEs have turned to the services of experienced freelance writers with a broad journalism background who specialize in helping businesses "tell their stories." Engaging has helped me enough. Such an individual, In many cases, one person has a wide range of contacts and knows not only how to prepare, but also how to place the material on the right media. When a large campaign is imminent, such a consultant is also an ideal contact for choosing the right company for the large campaign.
Communication is the essence of public relations, but effective public relations campaigns are based not only on words but also on actions. Public relations, whether formal or informal, is an integral part of the survival of any organization. Small business owners cannot afford to ignore public relations. But you don't need a gorgeous party or gift. You can significantly improve the image of SMEs in your community while keeping public relations costs down.
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