2.1 Meaning and definitions; Classification and types of resources, factors influencing resource

Meaning

Natural resources are components that exist within the world without human intervention. These natural resources range from renewable to non-renewable, biological to non-biological, and tangible to intangible. Natural resources are essential to the survival of humans and all other living things. All products around the world use natural resources such as water, air, natural chemicals and energy as basic components. Due to the high demand for natural resources around the world, they are rapidly depleted. As a result, most countries promote the proper management and sustainable use of natural resources.

Definition:

A naturally occurring substance that is considered valuable in its relatively unmodified (natural) form. The value of natural resources depends on the amount of substance available and the demand for it. The latter is determined by its usefulness for production. A product is generally considered a natural resource if the main activity associated with the product is extraction and purification rather than creation. Therefore, mining, oil mining, fishing, hunting and forestry are generally considered natural resource industries, but agriculture is not. The term was introduced to a wide audience by E.F. Schumacher in his 1970s book "Small is Beautiful".

Classification of natural resources

Natural resources are mainly classified into renewable resources and non-renewable resources.

Renewable resources are generally biological resources (fish, reindeer, coffee, forests, etc.) and can be replenished (regenerated) by themselves if used in a sustainable manner without over-harvesting. When renewable resources are consumed faster than their natural substitution rate, inventories (see Renewable Energy) are reduced and eventually depleted. The sustainable utilization of renewable resources depends on the substitution rate and inventory of that particular resource. Non-living renewable natural resources include soil and water.

Flow renewable resources are very similar to renewable resources, but unlike renewable resources, they do not require regeneration. Flow renewable resources include renewable energy sources such as solar, geothermal, biomass, landfill gas, tides and wind.

Resources can also be classified as biological and abiological based on their origin. Biological resources are derived from living things. Non-biological resources come from the non-biological world (eg land, water, air). Mineral and electricity resources are also non-biological resources, some of which are of natural origin.

Non-renewable resources

Non-renewable resources are natural resources that are present in a certain amount and cannot be recreated, regrown, or regenerated as quickly as they are consumed and consumed.

Some non-reproducible resources are reproducible, but updating takes a very long time. For example, fossil fuels take millions of years to form and are not really considered "renewable." Many environmentalists have proposed to tax the consumption of non-renewable resources.

Resource type

Resources can be divided into various groups, such as:

a) Forest resources,

b) Water resources,

c) Mineral resources,

d) Food resources,

e) Energy resources,

f) Land resources.

Let's take a brief look at each of these resources.

The resources that humanity depends on are provided by various sources or "spheres". The atmosphere provides oxygen for human respiration (metabolic requirements), oxygen for wildlife in natural ecosystems and livestock for human use as food, and oxygen for plant growth as part of carbon dioxide. .. The atmosphere forms a kind of protective shield on Earth.

The stratosphere is 50 kilometers thick and contains a layer of sulfate that is important for rain formation. It contains an ozone layer and absorbs ultraviolet rays that are known to cause cancer. Without the ozone layer, life cannot exist on Earth. The sun does not warm the atmosphere evenly. This leads to changes in airflow and climate, temperature, and precipitation in different parts of the globe. This is a complex dynamic system. When that property is destroyed, it affects everything

Hydrospheres are derived from clean drinking water (metalytic requirements of living processes), water for cleaning and cooking, water used in agriculture and industry, sea food resources including fish, shellfish, seaweed, and freshwater sources. Provide food. Water that flows down from mountainous areas used to generate electricity in hydropower projects, such as fish and aquatic plants. The hydrosphere covers her three-quarters of the Earth's surface. Most of the hydrosphere is marine marine ecosystems, but only a small portion occurs in freshwater.

The lithosphere is responsible for the soil, which is the foundation of agriculture that feeds us. These include stones used for construction, sand, gravel, micronutrients in soil essential for plant growth, microscopic plants, small soil animals and fungi in soil, and important organisms that break down plant debris. And animal excrement are also included. To nourish the plants. It is composed of many minerals that are the basis of our industry, such as oil, coal and gas extracted from underground resources. Powers cars, agricultural machinery, industry, and our homes.

The biosphere is responsible for food from crops and livestock that provide human metabolic requirements. Meet energy demand by providing food, along with biomass fueled wood from forests and plantations, other forms of organic matter used as an energy source, wood and other construction materials. This is a thin layer on earth where life can exist and prosper. In it, air, water, rocks, soil, and organisms form structural and functional ecological units that, together, are considered to be the vast global life system of our Earth itself.

Utilization and Overfishing: Scientists estimate that India should ideally have 33% of its land under forest. Today we only have about 12 percent. Therefore, it is necessary not only to protect existing forests, but also to increase forest coverage. People living in and near forests know the value of forest resources. Because their lives and livelihoods are directly dependent on these readily available resources. But others also benefit greatly from forests that we may not be aware of. The water we use depends on the existence of forests and watersheds around river valleys. Our homes, furniture and paper are all made of wood in the forest. We use many medicines based on the products of the forest. And we rely on the removal of oxygen produced by plants and the carbon dioxide we exhale into the air. People have used forests in our country for thousands of years. As agriculture became more widespread, forests were either cleared or left in plots primarily controlled by tribal people. They hunted animals, collected plants, and lived entirely on forest resources. Deforestation became a major concern when large amounts of timber were harvested to build ships. This resulted in significant loss of forest coverage and gradual deterioration of the forest.

Forest function.

Watershed protection:

• Reduce the surface runoff rate of water.

• Prevent flash floods and soil erosion.

• Causes long-term gradual outflows and prevents the effects of drought. Atmospheric regulation:

• Absorption of solar heat during evapotranspiration.

• Maintaining carbon dioxide levels for plant growth.

• Maintain local climatic conditions.

Sabo:

• Hold the soil (so that rain does not wash the soil directly).

Land Bank:

• Maintaining soil nutrients and structure.

Community Use-Consumption of Forest Products by Locals Collecting It for Livelihood- (Consumable Use)

• Food — Collecting plants, fishing, hunting in the forest.

• Feed-for cattle.

• Firewood and charcoal for cooking and heating.

• Poles-build homes, especially in rural areas and wilderness.

• Wood – household items and construction.

• Fiber – Weave of baskets, ropes, nets, strings, etc.

• Nourishing Ser – For silk.

• Beekeeping – Bee production for honey. Forest bees also pollinate crops.

• Medicinal plants-Traditional medicines that are being studied as a potential source of new modern medicines.

Market use-(productive use)

• Most of the products used for consumption are also sold because they are a source of income that supports the lives of people living in the forest.

• Small Forest Products-(Non-Timber Products): Firewood, fruits, gum, textiles, etc. collected and sold in local markets as a source of income for forest dwellers.

• Major timber harvesting—construction, industrial use, pulp and paper, etc. In India, the Forest Department collects timber, but illegal logging continues in India and many of the world's forests.

Deforestation

Deforestation is the permanent removal of trees to secure a place outside the forest. This includes carving out land for agriculture and grazing, and using wood for fueling, construction, or manufacturing. The places where civilization has carefully used forest resources to care for forests have prospered. On the other hand, where the forests were destroyed, people gradually became poorer. Today, logging and mining are serious causes of forest loss. Dams built for hydropower and irrigation have submerged forests and are now expelling tribes who lived dependent on forests.

According to the World Wildlife Fund, forests cover more than 30% of her land surface on Earth. These regions have the potential to provide food, medicine and fuel to more than a billion people. Today, most deforestation occurs in the tropics. New roads in the dense forest have made it possible to access areas that were previously inaccessible.

Logging often occurs when forest areas are cleared and opened to give way to agriculture and grazing. Deforestation in the tropics affects the way water vapor is produced on the canopy, causing reduced rainfall. A study published in Ecohydrology in 2019 showed that some of the Amazon rainforest was converted to agricultural land. These areas have high soil and temperatures, which can exacerbate drought conditions. In contrast, on forested lands, the rate of evapotranspiration was almost three times faster, helping to add more water vapor to the air.

Trees absorb carbon dioxide and remove greenhouse gases emitted by human activity. Deforestation itself causes greenhouse gas emissions, in addition to the removal of vegetation, which is important for removing carbon dioxide from the air.

b.  Water resource

The water cycle, through evaporation and precipitation, forms rivers and lakes and maintains the aquatic system that supports a variety of aquatic ecosystems. Wetlands are an intermediate form between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and are composed of plant and animal species that are highly water-dependent. All aquatic ecosystems are used in many people's daily lives, such as drinking water, washing, cooking, watering animals, and irrigating fields. The world depends on a limited amount of freshwater. Water covers 70% of the Earth's surface, but freshwater is only 3% of her. One of the biggest challenges facing the world in this century is the need to manage water resources. The world population has exceeded 6 billion. Based on the number of young people in developing countries, the population will continue to grow significantly over the next few decades. This imposes enormous demand on the world's limited freshwater supply. The total annual freshwater intake today is estimated at 3800 cubic kilometers, which is twice as much as he was only 50 years ago (World Commission on Dams, 2000). Studies show that a normal person needs at least 20-40 liters of water a day for drinking and hygiene. Around the world he does not have access to clean water for more than a billion people and even more people do not have access to safe water. Examples include Ethiopia, upstream of the Nile, and Egypt, downstream, which relies heavily on the Nile. International agreements that consider the equitable distribution of water in such regions are important for world peace. India and Bangladesh have signed a negotiation agreement on the use of water on the Ganges.

Overuse and pollution of surface and groundwater: As the population grows, more and more water is needed to meet a variety of basic needs. At this time, many parts of the world are unable to meet this requirement. Overuse of water occurs at various levels. Most people use more water than they need. Most of us waste a lot of water by using baths and showers and doing laundry. Many agronomists use more water than they need to grow their crops. There are ways farmers can reduce their water usage without reducing yields, such as by using drip irrigation techniques. Agriculture also pollutes surface and groundwater reservoirs with excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides. Agricultural pollution of surface and groundwater is reduced by using biomass as fertilizer, using non-toxic pesticides such as neem products, and using integrated pest management systems. The industry tends to maximize short-term economic benefits by releasing liquid waste into streams, rivers and oceans without worrying about it. In the long run, polluter products may become obsolete as people become more aware of the use of "green products" made by environmentally sensitive industries. Industries that are environmentally friendly and cause pollution, such as paying bribes to cover the costs of using sewage treatment facilities, can eventually be arrested, punished, and even shut down. .. Public awareness can put more and more pressure on the industry to produce only eco-friendly products that are already gaining in popularity. As people begin to learn about the serious health hazards caused by pesticides in food, public awareness begins to put pressure on farmers to reduce the use of chemicals that are harmful to their health.

Global Climate Change: Global climate change caused by increased air pollution is now beginning to affect our climate. In some parts of the world, global warming has unprecedented consequences. In other areas, it has led to long droughts. The "greenhouse effect" of air pollution is everywhere leading to increasingly irregular and unpredictable climate impacts. This has a serious impact on the hydrological situation in the region.

Floods: Floods have been known to be a serious environmental disaster for centuries. However, the turmoil caused by river floods is increasingly damaging as people cut down their catchments and strengthen their use of river floodplains, which once functioned as safety valves. Floodplain wetlands are usually natural flood control systems that can lead to excess river runoff and retain water like a temporary sponge, causing rapidly flowing water to damage the surrounding land. Prevents  giving. Deforestation in the Himalayas causes floods, killing people, damaging crops and destroying homes every year in Ganges and its tributaries, Brahmaputra. During floods, rivers divert and large amounts of valuable soil are lost to the sea. When forests deteriorate, rainwater does not penetrate the subsoil and flows down the hillside with a large amount of topsoil.

Drought: In most dry regions of the world, rain is unpredictable. This leads to a period of severe shortage of drinking water, farm use, or water for urban and industrial use. Thus, drought-prone areas face irregular periods of starvation. Farmers are always afraid of drought because they have no income and no stable income due to the yearly shortage. Although monsoon failures cannot be completely prevented, proper environmental management can reduce the negative effects of the monsoon. Water scarcity during droughts affects families, agriculture and industry. It also leads to food shortages and malnutrition, which have a significant impact on children in particular. Several measures can be taken to minimize the serious effects of drought. However, this should be done as a precautionary measure to minimize the impact on the lives of the locals in the event of a monsoon failure. During the monsoon season, we use up water wisely without saving enough water. Therefore, in dry years, there is not even drinking water in drought areas. Deforestation is one of the factors that exacerbate the effects of drought. When the forest cover is removed from the slopes of the hills, rainwater runs down the river and is lost. Because it is covered with forest, water can penetrate the area and penetrate the ground. This will increase the underground storage of water levels in the natural aquifer. This can be used in the event of a drought if the store is full at good times in the monsoon. Excessive use of water from underground depots lowers groundwater levels and damages vegetation. Soil and water management and tree planting are long-term measures to reduce the effects of drought.

Sustainable Water Management: “Saving Water” campaigns are critical to creating people conscious of the risks of water scarcity. Some measures need to be taken to better manage the world's water resources. These include the following measures:

• Build a number of small reservoirs instead of some megaprojects.

• Develop a small catchment dam to protect wetlands.

• Soil management, micro-collection development, and tree planting will allow refilling of underground aquifers, reducing the need for large dams.

• Treatment and recycling of agricultural wastewater.

• Prevention of leaks from dams and waterways.

• Prevention of loss in municipal pipes.

• Effective use of rainwater in urban environments.

• Water-saving measures in agriculture such as drip irrigation.

• Pricing water for its true value allows people to use it more responsibly and efficiently, reducing waste of water.

In deforested areas where the land is degraded, soil management by bundling along the slopes of the hills to create "oak" plugs allows for water retention and replanting of degraded areas. The management of the river system is best done by keeping the course as unobtrusive as possible. In monsoons, dams and canals cause large-scale floods, and wetland drainage has serious consequences for flooded areas when rainfall is high.

Dams: Currently, there are more than 45,000 large dams around the world, and these dams play a very important role in the communities and economies that use these water resources for economic development. Two of the world's most populous countries, China and India, are building about 57% of the world's largest dams.

Dam problem

• River disruption and physical changes.

• Serious impact on river ecosystems.

• The social impact of large dams caused by the movement of people.

• Water Water and water and salinization of the surrounding land.

• Eliminate animal populations, destroy habitats, and block migration routes.

• Fishing and boat trips suspended.

• Greenhouse gas emissions from reservoirs due to vegetation rot and carbon influx from catchment areas are recently identified effects.

Large dams have had a profound impact on life, life, culture and the existence of indigenous peoples and tribes. They are overly suffering from the negative effects of dams and are often excluded from sharing profits. Conflicts over dams have increased over the last two decades because of their social and environmental impacts and their failure to meet their goals not only to achieve their promised benefits, but also to protect their costs. Recent examples. Shows that affected people could not play an active role in the pros and cons of the project and its alternatives because it failed to provide a transparent process that involved the effective participation of locals. I will. The loss of traditional local control over equitable distribution remains a major cause of conflict.

c.  Mineral resources

Minerals can be defined as natural substances with a clear chemical composition and distinguishable physical properties. An ore is a mineral or combination of minerals that can be used to extract useful substances such as metals and produce useful products. Minerals have been formed over millions of years in the Earth's crust. Iron, aluminum, zinc, manganese and copper are important industrial raw materials. Important non-metal resources include clay, salt, coal ,cement and silica. Stones used in building materials such as granite, marble and limestone make up another category of minerals. Minerals with special properties that people value aesthetically and decoratively are gems such as diamonds, emeralds and rubies. The brilliance of gold, silver and platinum is used for ornaments. Minerals in the form of oil, gas and coal were formed when ancient plants and animals were converted to underground fossil fuels. To use minerals and their ores, they need to be extracted from inside the earth. This process is called mining. Mining work usually goes through four stages, following him.

(1) Exploration: Search for minerals.

(2) Exploration: Assessment of deposit size, shape, location, and economic value.

(3) Development: The task of preparing access to the deposit and allowing minerals to be extracted from the site.

(4) Exploitation: Extract minerals from mines. In the past, deposits were discovered by prospectors in areas where the deposits are finely exposed to the surface.

But now, the exploration and exploration process is collaborating with a team of geologists, mining engineers, geophysicists, and geochemists to discover new deposits. Modern exploration methods include exploring and studying the geology of the area using sophisticated equipment such as GIS. The technology used for mining must be determined by whether the ore or deposit is close to the surface or deep underground. The topography and physical properties of the deposits in this area have been extensively studied. There are two types of mines, open pit mines (open pit mines or strip mines) or deep mines or shafts. Coal, metals and non-metallic minerals are all mined in different ways according to different standards. Ultimately, the method you choose for mining depends on how you will bear the lowest cost under existing conditions, minimize the risk to mining personnel, and obtain the highest yield. Most minerals need to be treated before they can be used. Therefore, "technology" depends on both the existence of resources and the energy required to make them "available."

Mining Safety: Mining is a very dangerous profession, and miner safety is an important environmental issue for the industry. Open-pit mining is less dangerous than underground mining. Metal mining is less dangerous than coal mining. In underground mines, falling rocks and roofs, floods and inadequate ventilation are the greatest dangers. A large-scale explosion at the mine killed many mine workers. The use of explosives in metal mines has plagued many miners. The mining industry poses some long-term occupational dangers to miners. Dust generated during mining operations is harmful to health and causes a lung disease known as black lung or pneumoconiosis. The smoke produced by an incomplete dynamite explosion is highly toxic. Methane gas released from the coal seams is not toxic at the concentrations normally encountered in mine air, but it is harmful to health. Radiation is dangerous in the uranium mine.

Environmental issues: Mining operations are considered to be one of the leading causes of environmental degradation. Extracting all these products from the lithosphere has a variety of side effects. Depletion of available land by mining, waste from industry, conversion of land to industry, pollution of land, water and air by dumping industrial waste to the environment due to the use of these non-renewable resources It is a side effect. Public awareness of this issue is global, and government actions to stop damage to the natural environment have led to many international agreements and laws aimed at preventing activities and events that could adversely affect the environment.

d.  Food resources

Today, our food is almost entirely sourced from agriculture, livestock and fisheries. India is self-sufficient in food production, but it is unsustainable and it is only because of modern agricultural patterns that it pollutes our environment with excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) defines sustainable agriculture as protecting the genetic resources of land, water, plants and animals, environmentally friendly, economically viable and socially acceptable. Doing. Most large farms grow single crops (single cultivation). When this crop is attacked by pests, the entire crop is devastated and farmers lose income that year. On the other hand, if the farmer grows several different crops using traditional varieties, the chances of a complete failure are greatly reduced. Many studies have shown that alternatives to fertilizers and pesticides can be used. This is known as integrated crop management.

Global Food Problems: In many developing countries, where the population continues to grow rapidly, food production cannot keep up with increasing demand and is inadequate. Food production in 64 of the 105 developing countries lags behind the level of population growth. Many of these countries are unable to produce any more food or have the financial means to import from other countries. India is one of the countries that has been able to produce sufficient food by cultivating most of the arable land by irrigation. The Green Revolution of the 1960s reduced hunger in the country. However, many of the technologies that have been used to achieve this are currently being questioned.

• Our fertile soil is being exploited faster than it can recover.

• Forests, grasslands and wetlands have been converted to agriculture, creating serious ecological problems.

• Our fish stocks, both marine and inland, show evidence of depletion.

• There is a huge disparity in the availability of nutritious foods. Some communities, such as tribal people, still face serious food problems that lead to malnutrition, especially among women and children.

These issues raise new questions about how demand will be met in the future, even if population growth slows. Today, the world is witnessing a trend of changing eating habits. As living standards continue to improve, people are eating more non-vegetarian food. As people shift from grain to meat, so does the global demand for agricultural-based livestock feed. This requires more land per unit of food produced, and as a result, the world's poor are unable to get enough food.

Women play a very important role not only in food production, but also in cooking meals and feeding children. In most rural communities, they have little access to educated / learning-trained technical training and healthcare professionals on nutrition-related issues. Girls and women often receive less food than men. These disparities need to be corrected.

India lacks cultivable and productive land. Therefore, the size of the farm is too small to support a family with produce alone. With each generation, the farm is further subdivided. Poor environmental agricultural practices such as shifting cultivation, shifting cultivation, and "rabbi" (wood ash) cultivation degrade forests.

Globally, 5 to 7 million hectares of agricultural land are deteriorating each year. Nutrient loss due to overuse of pesticides is a major cause of land degradation. Water scarcity is an important aspect of declining agricultural production. Salinization and inundation are affecting many agricultural lands around the world.

Loss of genetic diversity in crops is another problem that leads to reduced agricultural production. Rice, wheat and corn are staple foods in almost two-thirds of the world's population. The loss of wild relatives of crop plants in the world's grasslands, wetlands and other natural habitats has deprived them of their ability to enhance disease- and salt-tolerant traits. Genetic engineering is an unattended, high-risk alternative to traditional cross breeding.

Food Security: It is estimated that nearly 18 million people worldwide die from hunger and malnutrition each year, most of them children.

The earth can only supply a limited amount of food. Anarchy and conflict continue when the needs of the world's growing population cannot be met. Thus, food security is closely linked to population control through family welfare programs. This is also related to the availability of agricultural water. Food security is only possible if food is evenly distributed to all. Many of us waste a lot of food. This ultimately puts a great deal of stress on environmental resources.

Fisheries: Fish is an important protein food in many parts of the world. This includes marine and freshwater fish. Fishery food supplies increased tremendously from 1950 to 1990, but in some parts of the world overfishing has reduced catches. Modern fishing technology uses mechanized trawlers and small mesh nets, which directly leads to overexploitation and is not sustainable at all. Obviously, if you need to use the yield sustainably, you need time for the fish to breed and grow well. Small traditional fishermen suffer the worst blows comparable to organized trawlers.

Loss of Genetic Diversity: 50,000 known edible plants have been recorded worldwide. Of these, only 15 produce 90% of the world's food. Modern agricultural practices have resulted in a significant loss of crop genetic diversity. Grains with multiple varieties grown in different locations do not spread the disease rapidly.

The most effective way to introduce the desired traits into a crop is to take advantage of the characteristics found in the wild relatives of the crop plant. As the wilderness shrinks, these varieties are rapidly disappearing. Once they are lost, it is not possible to introduce the desired properties when needed in the future. To ensure long-term food security, it is necessary to protect wild relatives of crop plants in national parks and wildlife sanctuaries.

It is estimated that by 2025, her 60,000 plant species, 25% of the world's total, will be lost if the genetic loss of plants around the world does not slow down. The most economical and effective way to prevent this is to expand the network and coverage of the protected area. Collection in genetic resources, seed banks, and tissue culture facilities is another possible way to prevent extinction, but it is very expensive.

Scientists work to meet our future food needs based on new ethics of land and water management, including environmental friendliness, fairness, conservation of varieties of biodiversity, and in-situ conservation of plants. , Believe that the world is soon in need of a second green revolution. Wild relatives of crop plants. This not only provides food for all, but also supports a more equitable distribution of both food and water and reduces reliance on agriculture for the use of fertilizers and pesticides (long-term for human health). Has a negative effect on). Strengthen support for the protection of wild relatives of crop plants in protected areas. Water pollution, land degradation and desertification must be improved rapidly. Agricultural production that meets future needs by adopting soil conservation measures, using appropriate agricultural techniques, especially on hill slopes, fortifying the soil with organic matter, crop rotation, and managing the basin at the micro level. It is the key of. Most importantly, food supply is closely linked to the effectiveness of population control programs around the world. The world needs better and more sustainable food production methods, an important aspect of land use management.

e.  Energy resources

The sun is the main source of energy for our lives almost everywhere in the world. We use it directly for its warmth and through various natural processes that provide food, water, fuel, and housing. The sun's rays form our food material, provide the oxygen we breathe, and are involved in the growth of plants that absorb the carbon dioxide we breathe. The energy from the sun evaporates water from the sea, rivers and lakes, forming clouds that turn into rain. Today's fossil fuels were once forests that grew prehistoricly with the energy of the sun.

The chemical energy contained in a compound is released when the animal breaks down in the presence of oxygen. In India, manual labor is still widely used to work in agricultural systems, with livestock being used to pull carts and pull to. Electrical energy can be generated in several ways. Energy can be obtained from solar-powered hydroelectric power plants that support evaporation, or fossil fuel-powered thermal power plants. Nuclear energy is held in the nucleus of an atom and is currently used to develop electrical energy.

We use energy to carry out household, agricultural, industrial product production, and transportation. Modern agriculture uses chemical fertilizers and consumes large amounts of energy during production. The industry uses energy to power manufacturing units and the urban complexes that support them. Energy-hungry roads and railroads are built to transport products from place to place and reach raw materials in mines and forests.

There is no completely “risk-free” energy-related technology, and the unlimited demand for energy increases this risk factor many times over. The use of all kinds of energy produces heat and raises the temperature. Many forms of energy release carbon dioxide, causing global warming. Nuclear power plants cause great environmental losses due to leakage of nuclear material. The inability to effectively manage and safely dispose of nuclear waste is a serious global concern.

Currently, about 2 billion people worldwide have no access to electricity. While more people need electrical energy, the demand for those who can use it continues to grow. Also, most of the energy from electricity is wasted not only at the user level but also during transmission. It is widely accepted that long-term trends in energy use should be towards cleaner global energy systems with lower carbon intensity and less reliance on finite renewable energy sources. It is estimated that the combined use of renewable energy and non-renewable fossil fuel sources currently in use is insufficient to meet the predictable global power generation demand for the next 50 to 100 years. It has been.

In this way, when we waste energy, we are causing great environmental destruction to the earth. We all need to be responsible energy users.

Increasing energy needs: Energy is always inextricably linked to human economic growth and development. Current development strategies focused on rapid economic growth use energy use as an indicator of economic development. However, this indicator does not take into account the long-term adverse effects of overuse of energy on society. Global electricity demand has doubled in the last 22 years. Electricity is currently the fastest growing final energy consumption in the world. Coal continues to be the main fuel for power generation, but the use of nuclear power has increased since the 1970s and 1980s, and the use of natural gas has increased rapidly in the 1980s and 1990s.

Energy types: There are three main types of energy. Those classified as non-reproducible. What is said to be reproducible. And nuclear energy that uses a small amount of raw material (uranium) whose supply is virtually infinite. However, this classification is not accurate. This is because some renewable resources can be depleted faster than renewal if they are not used "persistently".

Non-renewable energy: When generating electricity from non-renewable resources, it ignites the material. The fuel is placed in a well-contained area and set on fire. The heat generated turns the water into steam, which moves through the pipes and spins the turbine blades. This converts magnetism into electricity and is used in a variety of devices.

Non-Renewable Energy Sources: These consist of mineral-based hydrocarbon fuels coal, oil, and natural gas formed from ancient prehistoric forests. It is called "fossil fuel" because it is produced after life is fossilized. At the current rate of extraction, there is sufficient coal for a long period of time. However, oil and gas resources can be exhausted within the next 50 years. When these fuels burn, they produce waste and release into the atmosphere as gases such as carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen, and carbon monoxide, all of which cause air pollution. They have caused lung problems in millions of people around the world, and acid rain has killed many forests and lakes. Many of these gases also act like greenhouses that take in sunlight and trap heat inside. This has led to global warming, global warming, increased drought in some areas, floods in other areas, melting ice caps, and rising sea levels that are slowly submerging coastal areas around the world. I will. Warming of the sea also leads to the death of sensitive organisms such as corals.

Petroleum and its environmental impact: Most of our natural gas is related to petroleum, which wastes almost 40% of the gas available. The processes of drilling, processing, transporting and using oil and natural gas have serious environmental implications. Examples: Leaks that contaminate air or water, or accidental fires that can continue to burn for days or weeks before you can control the fire. During oil refining, solid waste such as salt and grease is generated, which has a negative impact on the environment. Oil slicks occur offshore oil fields, cleaning oil tankers, and at sea from shipwrecks. The most well-known disaster is when oil-powered vehicles emit carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxide, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter, which is a major source of air pollution, especially in densely populated cities. Occurred in. Leaded gasoline causes nerve damage and reduces concentration.

Coal and its environmental impact: Coal is the world's largest source of greenhouse gases and one of the most important causes of global warming. Many coal-fired power plants are not equipped with equipment such as electrostatic precipitators used to reduce the emissions of suspended particulate matter (SPM), which is a major source of air pollution. Burning coal also produces oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, which can combine with water vapor to cause "acid rain." As a result, forest vegetation will die, and there are concerns about damage to architectural heritage, pollution of water quality, and impact on human health. Thermal power plants that use coal emit waste in the form of "fly ash." A large amount of garbage dump is required to dispose of this waste. Several attempts have been made to use fly ash to make bricks. The cost of transporting large amounts of fly ash and its final disposal is a cost that must be included in the cost-benefit calculation of thermal power generation.

Renewable energy: Renewable energy systems are constantly being replaced and typically use less polluted resources. Examples include hydropower, the sun, wind, and geothermal energy (energy from the heat inside the earth). In addition, we burn wood and garbage as fuel and process other plants into biofuel to obtain renewable energy. One day, all our homes may get energy from the sun and the wind. Car petrol tanks use biofuels. Your trash may contribute to the energy supply of your city. Renewable energy technology improves the efficiency and cost of energy systems. The time may come when we are no longer dependent on fossil fuel energy.

Some of the major sources of energy are:

1. Hydroelectric power generation.

2. Solar energy.

3. Solar power generation.

4. Solar thermal power.

5. Biomass energy.

6. Biogas.

7. Tidal force and wave power.

8. Geothermal energy.

9. Nuclear energy.

f. Land resources:

Land as a resource: Topography such as hills, valleys, plains, river basins, and wetlands includes various resource-producing areas on which the people who live there depend. Many traditional agricultural societies have had ways to protect resource-using areas. If you make good use of the land, you can say that it is a renewable resource. Trees and grassroots connect the soil. Depletion of forests and overgrazing of grasslands can make land unproductive and wasteland. Intensive irrigation leads to inundation and salt damage that prevent crops from growing. When toxic industrial waste and nuclear waste are dumped, the land also turns into non-renewable resources.

Land on earth, like any other natural resource, is finite. Humans have learned to adapt their lifestyles to different ecosystems around the world, but in the near future they will not be able to live comfortably in polar ice caps, seabeds, or space.

People need land to support their industries by building houses, cultivating food, maintaining pastures for livestock, developing industries that provide commodities, and creating towns and cities. Equally important, humans need to protect wilderness areas such as forests, grasslands, wetlands, mountains and coasts in order to protect our invaluable biodiversity. Therefore, the rational use of land requires careful planning.

Land degradation: Agricultural land is so widely used that it is under threat. Each year, 5 to 7 million hectares of land are added to existing devastated farmland worldwide. Extensive use of soil by farming results in faster erosion by wind and rain. Excessive irrigated farmland can lead to salt damage as water evaporation brings salt to the surface of soil where crops do not grow. Excessive irrigation also causes topsoil inundation, affecting crop roots and degrading crops. Increased use of fertilizers pollutes the soil and ultimately makes the land unproductive.

Agricultural land and forests shrink as the city center grows and industry expands. This is a serious loss and has a long-term negative impact on human civilization.

Soil erosion: The characteristics of natural ecosystems such as forests and grasslands depend on the type of soil. Different types of soil support different crops. Ecosystem misuse leads to the loss of valuable soil due to monsoon rain and wind erosion. The roots of the trees in the forest support the soil. Thus, deforestation leads to rapid soil erosion. The soil is washed away into streams, carried into rivers and eventually lost to the sea. This process is more pronounced in areas where deforestation has eroded steep hillsides, such as the Himalayas and the Western Ghats. These areas are called "ecologically sensitive areas" or ESAs. Conservation of the remaining natural forests is essential to prevent the loss of millions of tonnes of precious soil each year. Reforestation of logging areas is just as important. The association between the presence of forests and the presence of soil is greater than the physical soil binding of forests.

Factors influencing resources

Demand for natural resources has traditionally been correlated with economic growth, but it involves more factors than simple economics. Population changes alone do not increase the demand for natural resources. Factors such as rising incomes, changes in the environment, technological advances, and price pressures all have an impact.

1. Economic growth

The rise of emerging markets has become a decisive feature of the global economy of this century. Their growth helped boost global gross domestic product (GDP) to $ 73.1 trillion in 2015. Emerging markets are expected to account for 66.0% of global economic growth by 2030.

These economies remain more resource-intensive than developed countries and act to boost consumption of various resources. In 2010, China overtook the United States to become the world's largest energy consumer, but per capita consumption remains low, indicating that China's energy demand still has a way to go. In addition, her per capita energy use per capita in India, the world's fastest growing major emerging market in 2016, is only one-third of her in China. It is not surprising that he increased energy consumption growth in emerging and developing countries by 17.3% between 2010 and 2015.

Growth in Final Consumption of Energy: 2010-2015

This does not mean that growth will tend to be linear, directly maintaining the relationship between economic growth and energy consumption growth seen in the past. A related anti-trend is the improvement of the energy efficiency of the global economy as it requires less resources to produce $ 1 of GDP. Nevertheless, for the foreseeable future, economic growth in emerging and developing countries will increase energy usage.

Global Population Growth: 2015-2030

2. Vital growth

The world's population is growing, reaching 8.5 billion by 2030, an increase of 16.7% from 2015. Again, this population expansion is driven by the young and growing population of emerging and developing countries. Growing urbanization is a related trend that boosts demand for raw materials by increasing demand from construction, transportation and infrastructure. In 2007, the world's urban population will overtake rural populations for the first time, with 4.2 billion urban inhabitants by 2030, an increase of 36.2% or 1.1 billion from 2015. It is almost twice the total population of the world.

3. Income gain

One of the main drivers of demand for natural resources is the expansion of the world's middle class, or increased consumer spending. In 53 emerging and developing countries for which Euromonitor International collects data, the number of households above US $ 10,000 (at 2015 prices) increased by 37% between 2010 and 2015. , This increase is expected to continue until 2030. Therefore, it is not surprising that consumer spending in emerging and developing countries is expected to increase by 89% in real terms between 2015 and 2030.

Household Possession of Selected Durable Goods in China: 2000/2015/2030

For example, disposable income, which was less than 40% in 2010, is expected to exceed US $ 10,000 in 2030 in her three-quarters or more households in China. Increasing demand for raw materials across natural resources such as energy, metals and water.

4. Environmental changes

Environmental concerns contribute to the demand for some materials at the expense of other materials. A prime example is the changing energy mix, where coal is depleted at the expense of renewable energy and natural gas.

Changing Energy Mix: 2014-2015

Similarly, increasing pressure to replace the use of toxic substances such as lead in batteries with lithium has increased the demand for certain niche materials. From 2010 to 2015, lithium production increased by 30% globally.

Consumer demand for sustainable raw materials and supply chains also impacts the demand for natural resources. This can be seen in the increasing importance of recycling and the pressure from manufacturers and retailers to reduce the use of packaging. One example is the introduction of a 5-pence fee for disposable plastic carry bags in the United Kingdom. In 2012, the government estimated that his 7 billion disposable plastic bags were distributed from supermarkets in the UK alone. Since the change in law, some retailers claim that the number of bags used has decreased by up to 80%.

5. Technological progress

Technological improvements also affect the economic feasibility of natural resources and their prices. Therefore, technology can increase the demand for some resources, often undermining alternatives. In addition, the advent of new technologies may increase the demand for certain natural resources.

Global Production of Cobalt, Graphite and Lithium: 2000-2015

High-tech products and environmentally friendly technologies are good examples. Bloomberg New Energy Finance predicts that by 2040, 25% of the world's cars will be electric cars. This impacts the demand for petroleum and resources used in automotive batteries such as lithium, graphite and cobalt. On the other hand, the spread of mobile phones is boosting the demand for rare earth metals. The strong growth of photovoltaics is increasing the demand for silicon used in solar cells.

Why is this important?

Natural resources are central to all businesses, and understanding the factors driving demand helps us predict the changing resource environment for our business. Natural resources offer many opportunities for businesses, from improving resource efficiency to adopting a circular economy and introducing new product lines. Conversely, there are many risks involved, from production line disruption to reputational damage to loss of market share due to unpredictable consumer demand for sustainability.

6. Price pressure

Price fluctuations can change the economic feasibility of natural resources and act to increase demand, often undermining alternatives and vice versa. Solar and wind power, in particular, saw remarkable growth in 2015 as their costs fell. Bloomberg New Energy Finance predicts that by 2040, the cost of onshore wind will fall by 41% and the cost of solar will fall by 60% over the same period. Limit. The same source expects to reach a turning point in 2027, when new solar and wind power will be cheaper than running existing coal and gas generators. Such price movements cannot affect demand.

Global Installed Capacity: 2015 and 2040

Key takeaways:

2.2 Resource conservation- meaning and methods- l and non-conventional resources, problems associated with it, management of water, forest and energy resources.

Meaning:

Resources are somehow a characteristic of an environment that is important and valuable to humans

There are many ways to protect natural resources

Non conventional resources are energy resources that can be used repeatedly. In short, renewable resources are those that can be reused effortlessly and receive energy at a much lower cost. Such resources are never exhausted

Non conventional energy resources have many advantages

Maintain ecological stability by maintaining appropriate measures for environmental protection, conservation and restoration

Measures must be taken to prevent the outbreak of forest fires.

Water is indispensable for sustaining life on earth. Indispensable for drinking, cooking, washing, irrigation, industrial use, power generation, navigation, recreation, etc.

Of the two types of energy, non-renewable energy sources are under great stress due to diverse activities, population growth and high energy demand.

However, the progress of modern civilization has a great impact on the earth's natural resources. Therefore, the protection of natural resources is very important today.

Method 1

Material alternatives:

There are many material alternatives that can limit the use of material resources by finding alternative resources. The problem here is that many materials are widely used and shared.

Copper plates can be replaced with aluminum, while at the same time reducing the demand for lead and soldering agents made from lead. Aluminum is widely used as an alternative to tin, especially in the manufacture of metal cans and containers. Previously, lead and zinc were used for plastics, but they are used for insulation and rust prevention purposes.

However, the main points of the material substitution discussion are as follows.

(a) You cannot expect a proper "gradual" of depletion, such as when one resource is exhausted, another is available. A complete set of alternative raw materials can be depleted at about the same time.

(b) Substitutions may occur with a delay sufficient to disrupt the productive activity of the economy.

(c) In addition, alternative materials can cause more contamination than the materials used. For example, an aluminum smelter can be more polluted than a tin smelter.

(d) Alternative materials may require higher energy inputs, as in the case of low grade copper mining.

Non conventional resources

Resources are somehow a characteristic of an environment that is important and valuable to humans. There are many ways to protect natural resources. Non conventional resources are energy resources that can be used repeatedly. In short, renewable resources are those that can be reused effortlessly and receive energy at a much lower cost. Such resources are never exhausted

Non conventional energy resources have many advantages.

Maintain ecological stability by maintaining appropriate measures for environmental protection, conservation and restoration.

Measures must be taken to prevent the outbreak of forest fires.

Water is indispensable for sustaining life on earth. Indispensable for drinking, cooking, washing, irrigation, industrial use, power generation, navigation, recreation, etc.

Of the two types of energy, non-renewable energy sources are under great stress due to diverse activities, population growth and high energy demand. Hydro energy, solar energy, geothermal energy, tidal energy and bioenergy are some of the renewable resources.

Maintain ecological stability by maintaining appropriate measures for environmental protection, conservation and restoration

Measures must be taken to prevent the outbreak of forest fires.

Of the two types of energy, non-renewable energy sources are under great stress due to diverse activities, population growth and high energy demand are:

Problems associated with non conventional resource:

Perhaps the most well-known impact of using non-renewable energy sources is the emission of greenhouse gases that cause climate change, especially carbon dioxide and methane.

Different types of non-renewable energy fuels emit different levels of greenhouse gases.

For example, coal is considered to emit the most carbon dioxide. In the United States, CO2 emissions from the electricity sector calculated in 2015 show that 71% was due to coal. For example, natural gas produces about 28% of carbon dioxide emissions,

In fact, natural gas emits much less carbon dioxide, specifically 50-60% less than coal, and when used as a power source for automobiles, it is a heat trap gas compared to gasoline. Emissions are also reduced by 15-20%.

But that doesn't mean that natural gas helps mitigate climate change. It has the potential to trap heat.

Concerns about greenhouse gas emissions and climate change are cross-cutting. It is not just the direct effects of rising temperatures and changes in weather patterns that accompany floods and the surge in the dry season that affect human life.

Climate change affects ecosystems, reduces their ability to adapt to changing conditions, and threatens important ecosystem services on which biodiversity and our lives depend.

b.  Air pollution

Non-renewable energy sources do more than just change the Earth's atmosphere by increasing greenhouse gas emissions. It also emits various pollutants that affect people's health and the environment.

For example, coal-fired power plants are the only largest source of mercury emissions in the United States. When mercury is released into the air, it deposits on the ground and in water. In this way, it can traverse the food chain and accumulate in species of organisms (such as fish) that live in the area.

This has serious implications for our biodiversity, but people have found that exposure to mercury can lead to neurological and neurobehavioral effects in embryos and young children.

Other air pollutants emitted by burning fossil fuels include sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter.

c.  Acid rain and water pollution

It's not just the air we breathe that is polluted. Hazardous pollutants released into the air can be involved in the water cycle. This is the case of acid rain, which occurs when sulfur and other chemicals are taken into the atmosphere from industrial processes. Chemicals floating in the air make rain weakly acidic.

Acid rain corrodes machinery and disrupts local ecosystems. On the environmental side, acid rain changes the acidity of lakes and streams and can be very harmful to fish and other aquatic life. It also damages trees, thereby weakening forest ecosystems.

Another aspect of water pollution from the use of fossil fuels such as coal and nuclear energy is known as "thermal pollution".

Both fossil fuel power plants and nuclear power plants require running water to cool the power plants. The water they use is also needed for other purposes, such as maintaining local ecosystem functions and agriculture. When a plant returns its water to the environment, its temperature changes and, as a result, its water quality deteriorates.

Heated water that has been reintroduced into the environment has low levels of dissolved oxygen and can stress native wildlife, including increasing the heart rate and reducing fertility of fish.

d.  Soil pollution and waste generation

It is also important to remember the environmental impacts that result from the mining of non-renewable resources and the disposal of generated waste.

There is very clear evidence of the effects of short-term and long-term open-pit mining. For example, large amounts of excess rock and soil are dumped elsewhere, such as nearby valleys that affect their ecosystems.

When it comes to mined lands, these sites have poor soil quality in the long run, and sometimes chemicals can pollute the land and nearby water sources.

Especially for nuclear energy here, as both uranium extraction and waste treatment create some very important problems for which no long-term solution has been found due to the radioactive nature of the ore being mined. It is important.

e.  Accidents such as oil spills

Finally, there is something to mention about unintended consequences, or rather unexpected and contingent effects. Oil spills are causing serious damage to nearby coasts and ecosystems.

Quantifying this, analysts estimate that the 2010 British Petroleum oil spill will cost $ 2.5 billion in the Louisiana fishery market alone, and Florida will lose $ 3 billion in tourism revenue.

Biologists were worried that the oil released in the Gulf of Mexico would wipe out the algae that are essential for hundreds of animals. Similarly, as a result of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, catastrophic effects have been seen on both nature and humans. These are accidents caused by carelessness, technical failure, lack of preparation, or a combination of all of them.

However, it is important to emphasize here that by continuing to use non-renewable energy, such disasters are acceptable and preferable to switching to low-carbon, renewable energy sources.

Conventional resources: Challenges

These renewable sources also have some drawbacks. Some of them are:

In addition to providing timber, timber, food, foliage, etc., forests offer many invisible environmental benefits. These include oxygen release, leaf protein preparation, soil erosion control, hydrological and carbon dioxide manipulation, humidity circulation control, wind flow control, shelter provision for birds, squirrels and insets, air. Includes pollution control and mitigation. Forests also protect the economy from floods, droughts and natural disasters.

From a vital perspective of forests in maintaining ecological stability and maintaining the biophysical system of the environment. The government revised his 1952 old forest policy in 1988.

The main objectives of the new national forest policy are:

2. Maintaining appropriate forests to maintain the climatic and physical conditions of the country and meet the needs of conditional people.

(a) Permanent cultivation should take precedence over forests.

(b) Meeting the needs of locals at uncompetitive rates should override all income considerations, if not free. And

(c) After the above conditions are met, achieving maximum profits should be a guide.

Significant progress has been made even after 91 years of work at the Forest Department and his 58-year declaration of national forest policy. It was not created to protect the wealth of the forest. For this reason, it was felt necessary to review the national forest policy.

On May 12, 1952, our new national forest policy was announced and embodied in Resolution 13-1 / 52-F, achieving the following objectives:

(1) A balanced and complementary land-use system needed to evolve to be the most productive and least degraded.

(2) It was necessary to check the deforestation in the mountainous areas. Because in these regions, the lasting water supply of our system depended on the regions that make up the fertile core of the country.

(3) Erosion had to be checked on the embankments of treeless rivers to prevent and prevent the formation of canyons.

It is necessary to prevent invasion of sea sand and dunes.

(5) It was necessary to create forests to improve the weather and physical conditions.

(6) It is necessary to increase the supply of small timber for grazing facilities and farm tools.

(7) The supply of timber and other forest products needed for defense, telecommunications and industry needed to be maintained at high levels in both quantity and quality.

(8) It was necessary to continuously achieve maximum profits in line with the above needs.

Therefore, a planned extended forest is needed. However, since 1952, efforts in this direction have been dismal, and since then significant forest area has been lost. As a result, today's forest area is smaller than in 1952.

Forest conservation is possible by adopting the following methods.

1. Since forests are renewable resources, they can be conserved by intensive tree planting and social forestry.

2. Available forests need to be protected by taking the necessary measures.

. Measures must be taken to prevent the outbreak of forest fires.

4. The use of firewood should be stopped and replaced and promoted by the use of biogas plants and low smoke solar chula.

5. We need an intensive and extensive social forestry program in which people are actively involved.

6. Appropriate tree planting programs should be encouraged on wastelands and hillsides.

7. Indiscriminate logging and shifting cultivation should be strictly prohibited.

8. Wildlife conservation should be ensured by strict enforcement of wildlife conservation legislation and by declaring more forests as protected forests.

9. Community forestry and agroforestry should be promoted.

10. More national parks, sanctuaries and biodiversity sanctuaries are needed to protect flora and fauna.

11. Plants such as acacia, eucalptus, and leucaena should be grown in wastelands and devastated lands that serve as fuel forests.

12. There should be an incentive from the government to maximize tribal involvement for the proper management of forest resources.

b. Water resources management:

The following conservation methods should be adopted for proper water management.

1. We need to raise people's awareness of the importance of water and the unnecessary waste of water.

2. Measures must be taken to collect and store rooftop rainwater.

3. The village pond needs to be regenerated or restored.

4. Control measures are needed to prevent floods and improper use of river water.

5. You need to check for water leaks from pipes and faucets.

6. Qualitative deterioration should be avoided.

7. To conserve water resources, it is necessary to reuse wastewater, store groundwater, and move surplus water.

8. Measures must be taken to check for pollution of water resources.

9. Wastewater or wastewater from various industries must be properly treated and then reused for the benefit of humankind.

10. There should be an appropriate tree planting program. By planting, plants tie soil and soil ties water.

11. There should be a long range weather forecast for rain.

12. We need plants from a national and state level water sampling perspective.

There are several central and state organizations that have specific aspects of water resource management.

Some important organizations are:

(1) Central Water Committee for surface water,

(2) Central groundwater basin,

(3) Central and State Pollution Control Committees,

(4) Central public health environment, etc.

c. Energy resource management:

Some important causes of the energy crisis are:

(i) Anthropogenic activities that require a large amount of energy input.

(ii) Rapid depletion of fossil fuels.

(iii) Economic constraints for developing traditional energy sources.

(iv)  Lack of seriousness for energy consumption.

(v) Unplanned use of energy that causes serious environmental damage.

From the above, the need for energy saving is becoming more and more important.

The following is an overview of some energy saving methods.

1. Biogas and solar energy should be used instead of traditional energy sources such as firewood and coal.

2. Adopting appropriate technology should promote the use of alternative energy sources such as hydro, wind and tidal energy.

3. Unplanned use of energy needs to be checked or controlled.

4. We need to develop methodologies for utilizing increasingly large amounts of renewable energy.

Key takeaways:

2.3 Resource utilization and sustainable development

Resource utilization is a KPI that measures how effectively each resource is being used for its availability or capacity. This metric allows managers to assess and continuously monitor employee work rates and analyze for overwork or underwork.

Suppose an employee works beyond his or her capacity. In that case, the person is overutilized, and if he / she works less than the available time, it is underutilized.

To better understand this, consider an example.

The resource is reserved for him 10 hours a day, but the ability of that resource is her 8 hours. In this scenario, he is working two hours longer than the total time the resource is available, so it is clear that the resource is being overused.

Considering another example, an employee indicates that he is underutilized if he is booked 5 hours a day, that is, if he is 3 hours less than the available capacity.

Managers should be aware that 100% utilization does not mean that the resource is the most productive. Instead, it makes a difference depending on the type of work planned. This KPI is further categorized into his four types, which we will discuss in a later section.

What are the different types of Resource utilization ?

The purpose of subdividing utilization into different types is to understand how much time resources are spending on each task, such as billable, non-billing, strategic projects, management or her BAU activity. ..

The outline of each is as follows.

The time an employee spends on all activities (that is, billable, strategic, or non-billing) is added to the total availability of the employee and calculated as the overall utilization rate. Managers can easily get an overview of whether resources are fully using their available time.

Ii. Billable resource utilization

A billable project is one in which the client is billed for the cost of implementing the project. Billable resource utilization is a way to measure the number of hours a resource has been used for billable work. It plays an important role in determining employee productivity.

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Iii.   Use not subject to billing

Activities that cannot be billed to the client are non-billed work, and the time spent on this is known as non-billed use. All general meetings, BAUs, administrative work, training and workshops, etc. fall into this category.

Ideally, the non-billing usage should not exceed the billing usage.

Iv.    Strategic resource utilization

Every company has long-term goals, and the projects they carry out to achieve them are strategic projects. As with other categories, the time spent on these projects is known as strategic use.

Billable utilization and strategic utilization are both indicators of high productivity, performance, and profitability.

Sustainable development

A concept that first appeared in 1987, it is the publication of the Brundland Report, which warns of the negative environmental impact of economic growth and globalization, seeking to find possible solutions to the issues caused by industrialization and increase .

"Sustainable Development is development that meets your needs.

Present (people) without compromising future abilities.

A generation "Sustainable Development is development that meets your needs

.

Present (people) without compromising future abilities

A generation that meets their needs. " In other words, it is improving

Quality of life for the current generation without overuse, or abuse of natural resources next generation. n that meets their needs. " In other words, it is improving quality of life for the current generation without overuse, or abuse of natural resources next generation.

How to achieve sustainable development?

Many of the challenges facing humanity, such as climate change, water scarcity, inequality and hunger, can only be resolved globally by promoting sustainable development of social progress, environmental balance and commitment to economic growth.

As part of the new Sustainable Development Roadmap, the United Nations has approved the 2030 Agenda, which includes the Sustainable Development Goals. This agenda calls for action to protect the planet and ensure the global well-being of its people. These common goals require the active involvement of individuals, businesses, government agencies and countries around the world.

What are the Sustainable Development Goals?

Sustainable Development Goals, also known as Global Goals, address the major challenges facing humanity and ensure that everyone enjoys the same opportunities to live a better life without compromise. The United Nations calls on all countries in the world.

Explain the Sustainable Development Goals

17 goals for a better world

These 17 goals are interrelated, and in many cases the key to success is related to the most frequently related issues.

They can be summarized as follows:

The objectives of the Brundtland report are as follows:

Conservation and strengthening of resource infrastructure.

f.  Reorienting technology, building less technology.

Exploitative.

g.  Environmental and economic management in decision making.

Need for Sustainable Development:

Now, there are some challenges that need attention.

The stage of economic development and environmental destruction.

Therefore, the idea of ​​sustainable development is essential to tackle

The following problems are:

The concept of sustainable development is based on:

Principle

Maintenance

Rehabilitation and regeneration 216.

c.   While discussing the components of sustainability ,different standards are used depending on the development

d.  Level of context and decision making. The component is

Broadly divided into social, economic, environment.

a)    Social components-

• Workers health and safety.

• Impact on local communities, quality of life.

• Benefits to disadvantaged groups.

b)   Economic components:

• Creation for new markets and opportunities for sale growth.

• Cost reduction through efficiency and improvements and reduced energy and raw material inputs.

• Creation of additional value.

c).   Environmental components:

• Reduce waste, effluent generation, emission into environment.

• Reduce impact on human health.

• Use of renewable raw material.

• Elimination of toxic substance.

Key takeaways:

Reference:

1. Https://www.embibe.com/exams/natural-resources/

2. Https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/resources-conservation

3. Https://ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/modelcurriculum/Chapter2.pdf

4. Https://www.saviom.com/blog/what-is-resource-utilization-and-its-significance/

5. Https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/