Unit II
Concept of Disparity- 1
Introduction
Disparity
Differences exist in all people and in all societies. They are part of human existence, and human differences range from biological to historical. Differences also exist between societies, which have existed ever since they evolved from simple to complex communities. The more we progress, the more our society and communities look different.
However, differences do not necessarily create unequal rights among members of the community. It does not have to provide unequal opportunities to be offered to all members of society. Disparities arise when rights and opportunities that should be available to everyone are not available for a variety of reasons.
Definition of inequality
Etymologically speaking, "gap" is usually synonymous with the word "difference." Most dictionaries define it as a condition in which there are significant differences between things and people who are comparing to each other. It may be about taste, taste and aesthetics. Alternatively, you can use it to compare products, models, and objects. In this context, Disparity simply means a difference.
The term "gap" can also be used to describe the gap between expectations and reality, or the gap between what is expected and what ultimately happened. Instead of comparing things, people, or other creatures, it is events and expectations that are compared in this context. Nevertheless, it still simply means: no difference.
Social stratification
Social stratification is a gadget that ranks people and companies in society. It refers back to the rating of humans in society into socio-financial instructions primarily based totally on elements which include wealth, income, race, education, and power. You may also recollect the word "stratification" in a geology class. The clean horizontal layers determined in rocks called "stratums" are an exemplary approach for visualizing social structure. The layers of society are made of humans, and the assets of society are erratically dispensed in every layer. Social stratification changed into a part of all societies courting again to the rural revolutions that occurred in distinct components of the arena among 7,000 and 10,000 BC. However, in contrast to the exceedingly even layers of rock, every layer of society has the identical quantity of humans. There are typically only a few layers withinside the higher part, very many layers withinside the decrease part, and distinct populace layers withinside the middle.
Social inequality
Social inequality is the unequal distribution of treasured items and opportunities. There is social inequality in all societies today. Examining social stratification calls for a macrosociological angle to look the social gadget that visualizes inequality. While people may also assist or combat inequality, social stratification is created and advocated via way of means of society as an entire via values and norms, and a constant and lasting stratification gadget.
Most folks are aware of considering stratification as financial inequality. For example, you could evaluate wages withinside the United States with wages in Mexico. But social inequality is as dangerous as financial inequality. Prejudice and discrimination, whether or not in opposition to a specific race, ethnicity, religion, etc., may be due to growing and exacerbating situations of financial inequality inside and among countries.
Gender inequality is any other worldwide concern. Consider the debate surrounding lady circumcision (additionally called lady genital mutilation or FGM). Countries that assist this exercise frequently guard it as a long-status cultural culture among sure tribes, via a gadget of patriarchal authority, arguing that the West ought to now no longer interfere. But Western countries are blaming this exercise and looking to find it.
Inequality primarily based totally on sexual orientation and gender identification exists everywhere in the world. According to Amnesty International, quite a few crimes are common (even though they're culturally defined) in opposition to folks who do now no longer suit into conventional gender roles and sexual orientations. Abuse is serious, from culturally diagnosed rape to state-diagnosed executions. These legalized and culturally regularly occurring sorts of prejudice, discrimination and punishment are ubiquitous from the US to Somalia and Tibet, restricting character freedom and frequently endangering their lives. Exposed (Amnesty International 2012).
Key takeaways:
- Differences exist in all people and in all societies.
- Etymologically speaking, "gap" is usually synonymous with the word "difference.
- In this context, Disparity simply means a difference.
- Social stratification is a gadget that ranks people and companies in society.
- It refers back to the rating of humans in society into socio-financial instructions primarily based totally on elements which include wealth, income, race, education, and power.
- Social inequality is the unequal distribution of treasured items and opportunities.
- Prejudice and discrimination, whether or not in opposition to a specific race, ethnicity, religion, etc., may be due to growing and exacerbating situations of financial inequality inside and among countries.
- Inequality primarily based totally on sexual orientation and gender identification exists everywhere in the world.
- Gender inequality is any other worldwide concern.
Gender inequality as a form of inequality is a manifestation of socio-cultural discrimination against women in society. Physical differences between men and women, which are biological properties, are considered "sex." However, the phenomenon of "sex" is not hierarchical. In other words, being biologically a boy or a girl is no match for either. It is a structure of sociocultural norms and patriarchy that translates "sex" into "gender" and associates power and authority with one at the expense of the opposite. The term patriarchy is "father." It comes from two words, "patriarch" and "great prince," which means "domination." This means "father's rule" or male rule. And this patriarchal structure of the general society, especially the family, creates gender inequality and gender bias.
Gender inequality is often defined as an "unequal and hierarchical situation," and therefore the socially constructed roles or stereotypes assigned to women as housewives and mothers are class, caste, race, and culture. It is considered a "norm" that should always be followed beyond. This prejudice often leads to denial of opportunity and unfairness towards women. "
Declining sex ratio:
The sex ratio is calculated as the number of women per 1000 men. The sex ratio of any country is not a demographic variable, but an important indicator of that country's gender development index. And the unfavorable sex ratio reveals the imbalanced development of society and the violation of human rights. India is one of her countries with a shortage of women in the world, and the sex ratio of men per 1,000 is calculated. In most developed countries, female foets tend to live longer than male foets, so the sex ratio is usually calculated as the number of males per 1,000 females.
The sex ratio in India has been declining since the turn of the century. The male-female ratio, which was 972 per 1000 males in 1901, decreased to 933 in 2001. Her 0-6 years have declined even more significantly in India. From her 976 in 1961 to her 927 in 2001, and according to the 2011 Interim Census Report, it has been reduced to even more catastrophic scale. 914. (See table 2.1)
Table 2.1
Sex ratio in India (1901-2011)
Statement Sex ratio
India: 1901 – 2001
Census year | Sex ratio (females per 1,000 males) |
1901 | 972 |
1911 | 964 |
1921 | 955 |
1931 | 950 |
1941 | 945 |
1951 | 946 |
1961 | 941 |
1971 | 930 |
1981 | 934 |
1991 | 927 |
2001 | 933 |
Reference: https://www.censusindia.gov.in/Data_Products/Library/Provisional_Population_Total_link/PDF_Links/chapter6.pdf
The sharp decline in the sex ratio is not evenly distributed in Japan. Economically weal Differences exist in all people and in all societies. They are part of human existence, and human differences range from biological to historical. Differences also exist between societies, which have existed ever since they evolved from simple to complex communities. The more we progress, the more our society and communities look different.
However, differences do not necessarily create unequal rights among members of the community. It does not have to provide unequal opportunities to be offered to all members of society. Disparities arise when rights and opportunities that should be available to everyone are not available for a variety of reasons.
Definition of inequality
Etymologically speaking, "gap" is usually synonymous with the word "difference." Most dictionaries define it as a condition in which there are significant differences between things and people who are comparing to each other. It may be about taste, taste and aesthetics. Alternatively, you can use it to compare products, models, and objects. In this context, Disparity simply means a difference.
The term "gap" can also be used to describe the gap between expectations and reality, or the gap between what is expected and what ultimately happened. Instead of comparing things, people, or other creatures, it is events and expectations that are compared in this context. Nevertheless, it still simply means: no difference.
Social stratification
Social stratification is a gadget that ranks people and companies in society. It refers back to the rating of humans in society into socio-financial instructions primarily based totally on elements which include wealth, income, race, education, and power. You may also recollect the word "stratification" in a geology class. The clean horizontal layers determined in rocks called "stratums" are an exemplary approach for visualizing social structure. The layers of society are made of humans, and the assets of society are erratically dispensed in every layer. Social stratification changed into a part of all societies courting again to the rural revolutions that occurred in distinct components of the arena among 7,000 and 10,000 BC. However, in contrast to the exceedingly even layers of rock, every layer of society has the identical quantity of humans. There are typically only a few layers withinside the higher part, very many layers withinside the decrease part, and distinct populace layers withinside the middle.
Social inequality
Social inequality is the unequal distribution of treasured items and opportunities. There is social inequality in all societies today. Examining social stratification calls for a macrosociological angle to look the social gadget that visualizes inequality. While people may also assist or combat inequality, social stratification is created and advocated via way of means of society as an entire via values and norms, and a constant and lasting stratification gadget.
Most folks are aware of considering stratification as financial inequality. For example, you could evaluate wages withinside the United States with wages in Mexico. But social inequality is as dangerous as financial inequality. Prejudice and discrimination, whether or not in opposition to a specific race, ethnicity, religion, etc., may be due to growing and exacerbating situations of financial inequality inside and among countries.
Gender inequality is any other worldwide concern. Consider the debate surrounding lady circumcision (additionally called lady genital mutilation or FGM). Countries that assist this exercise frequently guard it as a long-status cultural culture among sure tribes, via a gadget of patriarchal authority, arguing that the West ought to now no longer interfere. But Western countries are blaming this exercise and looking to find it.
Inequality primarily based totally on sexual orientation and gender identification exists everywhere in the world. According to Amnesty International, quite a few crimes are common (even though they're culturally defined) in opposition to folks who do now no longer suit into conventional gender roles and sexual orientations. Abuse is serious, from culturally diagnosed rape to state-diagnosed executions. These legalized and culturally regularly occurring sorts of prejudice, discrimination and punishment are ubiquitous from the US to Somalia and Tibet, restricting character freedom and frequently endangering their lives. Exposed (Amnesty International 2012).
Gender inequality as a form of inequality is a manifestation of socio-cultural discrimination against women in society. Physical differences between men and women, which are biological properties, are considered "sex." However, the phenomenon of "sex" is not hierarchical. In other words, being biologically a boy or a girl is no match for either. It is a structure of sociocultural norms and patriarchy that translates "sex" into "gender" and associates power and authority with one at the expense of the opposite. The term patriarchy is "father." It comes from two words, "patriarch" and "great prince," which means "domination." This means "father's rule" or male rule. And this patriarchal structure of the general society, especially the family, creates gender inequality and gender bias.
Gender inequality is often defined as an "unequal and hierarchical situation," and therefore the socially constructed roles or stereotypes assigned to women as housewives and mothers are class, caste, race, and culture. It is considered a "norm" that should always be followed beyond. This prejudice often leads to denial of opportunity and unfairness towards women. "
Declining sex ratio:
The sex ratio is calculated as the number of women per 1000 men. The sex ratio of any country is not a demographic variable, but an important indicator of that country's gender development index. And the unfavorable sex ratio reveals the imbalanced development of society and the violation of human rights. India is one of her countries with a shortage of women in the world, and the sex ratio of men per 1,000 is calculated. In most developed countries, female foets tend to live longer than male foets, so the sex ratio is usually calculated as the number of males per 1,000 females.
Https://www.censusindia.gov.in/Data_Products/Library/Provisional_Population_Total_link/PDF_Links/chapter6.pdf
The states and areas with high literacy rates have lower sex ratios than areas of much better tribes and illiterate people. Urban areas are far behind rural areas. States such as Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan have historically been and still are short of women. However, the 2011 census now adds to the list of states lacking women with low sex ratios of 925 and 918, respectively, even in states such as Maharashtra and Gujarat.
Causes of decreased sex ratio:
- Sex Determination (SD) and Sex Selective Abortion (SSA)-Amniocentesis and ultrasonography are big hits among doctors and pregnant families with the introduction of the latest reproductive technology in India in the 1970s. Did. In addition to knowing fetal abnormalities, this technology also revealed the gender of the child, helping the elderly to find out the gender and abort the unwanted female foetation. This is believed to be the main cause of the decline in sex ratio.
- Female Infant Killing and Abortion-Several Indian states have historically been known for female infant killing. Due to the belief that girls are a burden to their families, a large number of girls have been eliminated in Gujarat by various practices such as "drowning" (drown in milk), choking, and opium seed intake. Technology was available in the transition from killing to pesticides.
- Son's tastes and patriarchal values-Patriarchy reinforces certain norms from Indian religion and culture. Sons are preferred in Indian families for social, economic and non-religious reasons. He is the winner of bread and is believed to support his aging parents. His son is also believed to inherit his surname and pedigree (Vansh). Following Hindu tradition, the son needs to ignite his parents' fire in order for them to achieve salvation. These myths and beliefs expect to own at least one son in the family and have the norm of a small child or the norm of one child of an educated family in the city, the family Daughters are excluded to maintain the size and structure of the family.
- Dowry and Marriage Expenses-Dowry is the money or kind of gift that the bride's parents give to the groom's family. High dowry demands make girls responsible for their parents, making it a burden to marry the right groom. Increased marriage costs and dowry habits that only the bride's family has to bear. Increasingly evil is the basic cause of what a family member considers a girl to be a child-killing or fetish-side disposal product. Burden later.
- Poor nutrition and health of women-Biologically, a woman's foetation is strong in sustaining illness and avoiding miscarriage, but then due to cultural inequality, women at home Eat less, stop eating leftovers to the end, become less nutritious, and tend to be less nutritious. Poor health. Early unsafe pregnancies, maternity and lack of postnatal health care all result in high female mortality and, as a result, low sex ratios.
- Lack of strict implementation of the PCPNDT Act-In 1994, pre-pregnancy and prenatal diagnostic procedures (regulation and prevention of misuse) were passed in 1994 to stop the practice of sex-determination and sex-selective abortion. It was then modified in 2003. It banned pre-pregnancy or post-fertilization sex determination and prohibited sex promotion and exposure by any form of health care worker. Under this law, several raids were carried out, ultrasound equipment was sealed, and licenses were revoked in the last decade. However, no doctor has ever been convicted or imprisoned. The law is not strictly enforced and there are still many loopholes that are insufficient to solve the problem.
Lower sex ratios have dangerous consequences for society. It creates a major imbalance in India's gender balance and increases violence against women.
Violence against women-meaning and form:
India has always lived with the paradox of beautifying women as goddesses (Davi) on the one hand and treating them as demons on the other. From the cradle to death (in fact, long before it reaches the cradle), or from her womb to the graveyard, she is discriminated against and treated as her stepmother. She faces brutal exploitation from existing ubiquitous patriarchal structures at all levels of her life, including her family, marriage, religion, education, economy, law, media and politics. ..
Meaning of violence against women (VAW):
The 1993 UN Declaration states that violence against women is "gender-based violence that can lead to, or perhaps lead to, physical, psychological or sexual harm or distress to women. Threatening, coercion or coercion of such acts. Arbitrary arbitraryarbitraryIncluding voluntary deprivation. " Freedom, whether in public or private life. " This is often a comprehensive definition of VAW.
Her basic human rights violence often occurs in different ways. These include infant ignorance in the areas of certain sexual decisions and sex-selective abortions, nutritional health care, illiteracy, dropouts, domestic work, workplace inequality and harassment, dowry and related harassment. It includes many acts such as bride dowry, sexual assault, rape, religious ceremonies, cultural practices, and false statements in the media.
According to the facts of the National Crime Records Bureau
- Crime against women occurs every 3 minutes.
- Molester occurs every 30 minutes for her.
- Sexual harassment every 53 minutes.
- Rape case every 29 minutes.
- 4 out of 10 of her Indian women are facing domestic violence.
- Every hour she is killed by a woman for a dowry.
Forms of violence against women:
Violence against women often falls into three broad categories .
A) Domestic violence: Violence by domestic or known perpetrators is considered violence. Assault on wife, assault on wife, dowry harassment, psychological abuse by relatives, sexual abuse, marital rape (essentially unconsensual sexual intercourse), deprivation of daily necessities, discrimination within the family, financial Denial violence of rights.
B) Criminal violence: An act that is considered a crime and is punished under Indian criminal law called criminal violence. Rape, molestation, trafficking of girls, harassment at work, burning of brides, kidnapping and kidnapping, teasing of Eve, female abortion or infant murder are all part of criminal violence.
C) Social violence: The violence that women face because of social norms and religious practices is part of social violence. This includes sati, banning widows from remarriage, child marriage, Devadasi, refusal to enter religious places and worship, and atrocities against women in the name of caste and the community.
Some types of VAWs are described as follows:
- Wife's beating and assault: The physical torture a woman suffers from her husband's hands and the law is one of her violent types of violence against women. In many cases, it can lead to physical injury, loss of limbs and, in some cases, loss of life. Dowry demands and addiction are the main reasons.
- Dowry Death and Bride Burning: The law and the ongoing and increasing demands of dowry by husbands are an explanation for the great suffering of women and the curse of Indian society. A young newlywed girl is depicted as a case of suicide, burned for dowry or brutally killed. The bride may commit suicide to escape torture at the couple's home
- Workplace Discrimination and Harassment: As mentioned earlier, 40% of her women face harassment at work. As the number of girls going out and contributing to the economy increases, so does harassment at work. Inequality in wages, refusal of promotion by authorities and colleagues, or pretending to be sexually friendly are common characteristics of urban economics.
- Rape and Sexual Abuse: One of the most vicious crimes against women is rape. In addition, in more than 60% of cases she is a known member of the victim. Victim trials continue after acts of condemning and questioning her personality and loss of virginity in society and systems. Most cases are not registered in court because of the risk of social stigma associated with rape. Usually, kidnapping and kidnapping are followed by rape and murder.
- Eve Festival: One of the crimes that has never been taken seriously is the Eve Festival. It can range from obscene comments and whistling to acid attacks and sexual abuse. Public spaces such as parks, gardens, train stations, and open spaces became venues for the eve of the festival. Ignorance or neglect is a common tool used by girls and can have serious implications later.
- Women's Trafficking: Buying and selling women for slavery or sexual trade can be a serious crime that needs to be mentioned. Women are used as slaves and are physically, mentally or sexually tortured by buyers. Sex trade and sex tourism are rampant at national and international levels where women are used as sex toys. Poor families sell girls for debt repayment in developing countries.
MEASURES AGAINST VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN:
There are several government and non-government organizations working towards gender equality and fighting against all sorts of violence against woman. Following are a number of the landmark legal measures and acts concerning woman’s rights.
Table 2.2
YEAR | ACT/Law |
1829 | Abolition of Sati act |
1856 | The Widow Remarriage Act |
1871 | The Female Infanticide Prevention Act |
1929 | Child Marriage Restraint Act |
1934 | The Devdasi( Prevention) Act |
1961 | The Prohibition of Dowry Act |
1971 | The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act |
1994 | PCPNDT (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) Act. |
2005 | Domestic violence Act |
2007 | Sexual harassment at workplace bill |
There are several articles within the Indian Constitution which promise equal rights and liberties to allwomen in India. There are special provisions for woman in terms of positive discrimination or social action in terms of reservation of woman in local self-government, educational institutions, job opportunities and conveyance.
There are variety of government bodies, NGOs and civil society organizations helping women to achieve justice and equality in the society. They work in the areas of research, sensitization, awareness, law making or amendment within the existing law, campaigns for empowerment of woman. There’s a special ministry for women and child welfare at the centre and state to seem into the policies and programmes for woman within the nation. The National Commission for Woman (NCW) is that the statutory body of state of India at the central level that looks in to the matters concerning gender justice.
Some more measures taken against the violence:
- Using Social Media-Social media has the impact of empowering you to ship articles. You can unfold the phrase with the pressing of a button. Young humans do now no longer want mainstream media to specific their evaluations!
- Report – If you discover a picturegraph that abuses a female or younger female on social media webweb sites which includes Facebook or Instagram, document that picturegraph.
- Have media literacy and be essential-in case you aren't essential of what you spot, it'll be normalized and we can be insensitive! The media often makes use of photographs of violence towards ladies , We promote merchandise for women and ladies. Women also are objectified in movies, tune and magazines. If you spot advertisements or advertisements which might be sexist and insulting ladies, write or e-mail the company.
- Block sexist / homophobic and transphobic phrases-phrases are powerful, in particular whilst spoken via way of means of humans in strength over others. We stay in a society wherein phrases are used to appearance down on women and ladies. Gender is used and the message is despatched that women and ladies aren't absolutely human. Thus, whilst women and ladies are taken into consideration inferior, it's far simpler to deal with them disrespectfully and forget about their rights. If you communicate differently, your manner of wondering will extrade.
- Stop Abuse – If you discover a guy pushing a female into her locker at college, say something to forestall the person from persevering with to abuse. If you're attending a celebration and certainly considered one among her colleagues or pals is inebriated and brought away via way of means of a guy, that man or woman will forestall being together along with her and she or he will move home. Please assist me.
- Stop harassment at the street-Do now no longer have interaction in any shape of sexual harassment, which includes cat calls or undesirable hand touches. And do not allow your pals and co-workers do that! It's now no longer sufficient now no longer to get concerned in such behavior. Don't appearance away!
- Make an Action Plan – Plan in advance of time what to do in conditions wherein a person you understand or stranger is abusive or sexist. It can be simpler to droop and forestall abuse in case you understand earlier what you are saying and a way to technique the situation.
- Recognize-the position of gender in violence-do not forget that boys and guys are experiencing abuse, however the majority of sufferers of abuse are ladies and the bulk of perpetrators of violence are boys and guys. It is crucial to keep.
- Stop blaming the victim-do not blame the female or female for the way she or she judges her outfit or behavior. Violence can not be avoided via way of means of restricting the liberty of women. This best continues the violence going, because the perpetrators disappear and witnesses stay silent.
- Stop Rape Culture – One manner to forestall rape way of life is to jokingly reduce or normalize rape in order that humans do not perpetuate it. When a chum or colleague jokes approximately in some way violently attacking a female or female, say you do not assume it is humorous and inform them that it is now no longer okay.
- Call gender-primarily based totally violence non-bullying. Labeling violence towards women and ladies with the phrase bullying hides the fact of what's certainly happening. If a person you understand at college is experiencing courting or sexual violence from a schoolmate, labeling it efficaciously will forestall the way of life of normalizing and minimizing violence towards women and ladies.
- Educate yourself approximately the roots of violence-Violence towards women and ladies stems from male domination and male socialization. Learn approximately the roots of violence towards women and ladies! Read books and articles, be a part of college businesses and take part in to be had training. Learn approximately the myths and fact of gender violence and apprehend how our society tolerates it.
- Create a secure region to talk about gender-primarily based totally violence – create an after-college membership or institution wherein you may brazenly talk your evaluations and reviews and assist your peers.
- Face your self / your thoughts-Look again at your ideals and why you've got the ones ideals, actions, and evaluations. Be honest, admit your errors and promise to extrade your manner of wondering and behavior.
- Stop stereotyping male and lady roles-Social roles and expectancies can have an impact on guys's selections approximately relationships. Men are taught that expressing feelings isn't always masculine. Examining your social position and mastering a way to specific your feelings immediately and non-violently will let you construct deeper and greater significant interpersonal relationships. You do not need to show yourself.
- Remember that violence is a choice-do not make excuses for violent pals and associates. Stop helping the concept that violence is resulting from intellectual illness, loss of anger management, alcohol and drug use, strain and greater.
- Be cooperative-Girls believe it when they talk about the violence they have experienced in their lives. It is very rare for a girl to tell a story about rape or abuse. You may be the first and only she speaks. She believe in her and support her decision without criticism.
- Pay attention to resources for girls and women-Assist girls and women by providing information on where to get more help and safety. Familiarize yourself with resources for local girls and women, such as women's centers, counselling centers and medical service institutions. Sharing information and making referrals can be a positive resource for girls near you.
- Talk to others about ending violence and become a mentor-take time to prevent violence by talking to others. This raises awareness of the problem and motivates others to act.
- Understanding Consent-When entering a sexual relationship, boys and young men need to be respectful and should not feel that the body of a girl or woman has rights. Just because you are a "good person" does not mean that you can expect anything.
Remember that gender violence is not an individual issue. We all have a role in eliminating violence against girls and women, and it is important to take responsibility for eliminating violence.
Portrayal of women in media:
Media is the unit through which messages, information, data, thoughts, and concepts are communicated or communicated. Mass media is a type of media in which transmission and communication are carried out to a large number of individuals at the same time throughout society. Media is often categorized as print media, including newspapers, magazines, journals, pamphlets, leaflets, print advertisements, etc., while audiovisual or electronic media includes television, movies, radio, computers, the Internet, etc.
At the same time, these media tools communicate to the masses over a period of time, so their content and concepts have a great influence on the way of thinking of society. The media did not try to change the perception of society. Therefore, the depiction of a girl in the media definitely influences and forms the way of thinking and perception of women in society. The media can raise people's awareness and sensitivity to issues related to women. Positive images depicted in the media create a positive environment for women, and traditional stereotyped images can reduce the status of girls.
Active role of the media:
- Awareness and Sensitization-Media, especially newspapers, magazines and news channels, help people become aware of the current situation and situation of girls in society. You can analyze girls' problems and make readers and viewers sensitive to their equivalents. For example, the recent television show SatyamevJayate has covered to some extent some issues with women and reports of violence against highly sensitive women. Dissemination of knowledge about policies and programs for women.
b. Achievement Highlights-Women's achievements are often emphasized in areas such as science, technology, education, economy, industry, entertainment, arts, literature, music, welfare, and politics. For example, telling the story of KiranMajumdar Show as a businessman and LataMangeshkar as an artist creates a positive image of a girl in an individual's mind.
c. Strong female traits-Television serials and movies often show strong female traits that are ideal for viewers.
Negative role of the media:
- Women as a sex symbol-Women in the media have been abused as her symbol for sex to sell products in advertisements and to provide entertainment in TV shows and movies. A woman in skimpy clothes is the subject of her distraction, and her sexuality is the only aspect of her personality.
b. Beauty Contests and Western Standards-Rampaging Beauty Where Women Are Considered Models With Perfect Faces and Shapes Her contests often misunderstand her as a stupid personality or a brainless beauty. Thanks to the media, Western fairness and slim body standards have become enthusiastic among young Indian girls.
c. Stereotyped images-There are stereotyped images that are portrayed as perfect buffs, fragile daughters, and savvy vamps with c c. Strengthening the traditional role of women, confined to home and personal spaces, and following customs and rituals further promotes traditional mental states and attitudes towards women in society.
Key takeaways:
- Gender inequality as a form of inequality is a manifestation of socio-cultural discrimination against women in society
- Gender inequality is often defined as an "unequal and hierarchical situation," and therefore the socially constructed roles or stereotypes assigned to women as housewives and mothers are class, caste, race, and culture.
- The sex ratio is calculated as the number of women per 1000 men.
- The violence that women face because of social norms and religious practices is part of social violence.
- An act that is considered a crime and is punished under Indian criminal law called criminal violence.
- There are several government and non-government organizations working towards gender equality and fighting against all sorts of violence against woman.
- Do now no longer have interaction in any shape of sexual harassment, which includes cat calls or undesirable hand touches.
- Media is the unit through which messages, information, data, thoughts, and concepts are communicated or communicated.
- There are stereotyped images that are portrayed as perfect buffs, fragile daughters, and savvy vamps .
Social inequality and those with disabilities
People with disabilities have disabilities now no longer best due to the fact they may be bodily or mentally disabled, however additionally due to the fact society is constructed in a manner that doesn't meet their needs.
Only lately have the rights of folks with disabilities been recognized, rather than the warfare for Dalits, Adibashi and women's rights. But in all historic times, in all societies, there had been human beings with disabilities.
In India, labels which includes incapacity, handicap, incapacity, visible impairment, and listening to loss are used as synonyms. Often, those phrases are thrown at human beings as an insult. In a tradition of best frame, any deviation from best frame manner anomalies, imperfections and distortions. Labels which includes bechara emphasize the reputation of sufferers of disabilities. Underlying this mindset is the cultural perception of incapacity because of fate. Destiny is visible because the culprit, and the disabled are the sufferers. The popular belief is that incapacity is retaliation for beyond karma and isn't rewarded from it. Therefore, the dominant cultural shape in India regards incapacity as an inherently non-public characteristic. A famous photograph of mythology depicts human beings with disabilities in a totally poor manner.
The time period disabled demanding situations every of those assumptions. Terms which includes intellectually disabled, visually impaired, and bodily handicapped have changed extra poor phrases which includes delay, incapacity, or incapacity. People with disabilities emerge as disabled now no longer due to the fact they may be biologically disabled, however due to the fact society does so. There is but some other issue to the social production of incapacity. There is a near courting among incapacity and poverty. Malnutrition, moms weakened via way of means of common childbirth, insufficient vaccination programs, and injuries in overcrowded houses all growth the prevalence of incapacity withinside the negative as compared to the ones residing in a less complicated environment. In addition, incapacity creates and exacerbates poverty via way of means of growing isolation and monetary burden now no longer best for people however additionally for families. It is best lately that the efforts of folks with disabilities have made society aware about the want to reconsider their disabilities. Awareness of incapacity lacks broader instructional discourse. This is clear from historic practices withinside the training gadget that maintain to alienate the difficulty of incapacity via way of means of retaining separate streams.
Disability-Visual, Hearing and Orthopedics:
A person who is unable to perform normal physical activity in daily life due to some disability is called a disabled person. It is further divided into three types, which support the deformation of specific organs. People who are visually impaired are called blind or visually impaired. People with language and hearing problems fall into the category of hearing-impaired or hearing-impaired, and people with limb loss or deformity are called orthopaedic. In India, about 49% of all disabled people are blind, 13% are hearing impaired, and 28% have orthopaedic disabilities. Malnutrition, ignorance and inefficient medical functions are the main causes of disability in our country.
A) Visually impaired:
People who have complete or partial loss of vision, or who have vision less than 6/60 of hers, are called blind or visually impaired. Blindness is a major obstacle in all forms of India.
Causes of blindness:
1) Cataracts: Despite the large awareness programs implemented and the ease of treatment of cataracts, it is one of the leading causes of blindness in India. It is related to aging and can be easily cured with simple surgery or laser treatment.
2) Glaucoma: Pressure on the cornea causes this type of disease that can cause partial or complete blindness.
3) Trachoma: A toxic conjunctivitis caused by bacteria. Can it cause the spread of illnesses such as blindness if not treated immediately?
4) Night blindness and color blindness: Vitamin A deficiency can lead to night blindness, in which vision is lost after sunset, and nutrient deficiencies and hereditary disorders can cause color blindness.
5) Accident: The eye is one of the most delicate body organs. Any kind of damage to the cornea or retina is often dangerous to vision.
6) Other disorders: Hypertension, diabetes, or stroke often cause partial or complete blindness.
Treatment
It is often treated accordingly based on the cause of blindness. Treatment of diseases that cause blindness, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and malnutrition, is often cured with medication. Timely surgery for cataracts can also save patients from blindness. Corneal transplants are also possible for inborn injuries and hereditary disorders.
B) Hearing loss:
He is often referred to as a hearing impaired person who cannot hear the sound of 30 dbis. People with speech disabilities or stuttering are considered idiots. People who are deaf by nature are dull because they do not hear the sounds they need to speak or talk.
Cause:
--Hereditary disease or hereditary.
--Rubella for pregnant women.
--Overdose of antibiotics.
--Inefficient treatment of yellow Ja, meningitis, and viral infections can cause deafness.
--The eardrum of the nerve that connects the ear and the brain, an accident or serious injury to the inner ear.
--Continuous or sudden exposure to high decibel sounds near airports and blasts, or continuous or sudden exposure to high decibel sounds in industrial facilities where high decibel sounds are also partially or completely deaf. May cause.
—— Ear infections and inflammation can cause deafness.
Treatment:
Depending on the underlying cause of the hearing loss, hearing aids are available that enable hearing only if the hearing loss is often controlled, cured, or in some cases or completely lost. Speech therapy for stuttering and insensitivity assists patients in places where they can communicate using sign language.
c) Orthopaedic disorders: Inability to use hands or feet due to motor function, or loss of limbs is often included in orthopaedic disorders. This type of disorder can include all deformities of the hands, legs, spinal cord, and muscles.
Cause:
1) Polio-Poliovirus damages limbs and causes paralysis of the body. It affects patients in childhood. India has overcome this problem to a large extent by vaccination. However, there are few examples of this disease.
2) Spina bifida-Undeveloped or damaged spinal cord causes spina bifida. The movements controlled by the spinal cord become impossible, and the patient becomes immobile and dependent.
3) Cerebral palsy-The part of the brain that controls a person's motor skills can cause spastic paralysis if it is adversely affected or does not develop to optimal levels.
4) Muscular dystrophy-The muscle fibers in the body weaken and the body is affected by dystrophy.
5) Accidents and injuries-they always lead to limb loss and limb deformity.
Treatment
Regular vaccination should help prevent polio. Physical and occupational therapies also help patients become independent in their daily work. Prosthetic limbs, such as Jaipur's feet, help the movement of those who have lost their limbs.
Mental Illness-Level and Type of Mental Illness:
When an individual loses the ability to think independently and rationally and his or her intellectual level is underdeveloped, he or she is called a mentally ill person. Individuals with an IQ of less than 70 are often considered mentally retarded or mentally retarded.
Level of mental retardation:
Given the individual's IQ level, mental retardation is analyzed at her four different levels.
1) Mild mental retardation-Individuals with an IQ of 50-70 are called mild mental retardation. These children can comfortably complete primary education, but have difficulty concentrating and have very poor analytical skills.
2) Moderate mental retardation-Individuals with an IQ of 35-50 are called moderate mental retardation. They do not have a formal education and need the support of family members to perform their daily chores. They have some basic technical skills and can be independent and can be independent for their own health and safety.
3) Severe mental retardation-People with IQ 20-35 are severe people. Their brains are very limited and they want close scrutiny and support for their loved ones in their daily lives.
4) Severe mental retardation-People with an IQ of less than 20 are severe people. They cannot be stored at home and must receive intensive care at a psychiatric or psychiatric hospital.
Types of Mental Retardation-There are several types of mental retardation and mental retardation.
Down Syndrome– A genetic disorder in which a drug is present in the 21st chromosome pair.
Autism-The part of the brain that handles communication can break down, leading to autism. Eye contact, conversation, and sometimes even basic athletic performance are affected.
Psychosis and Neurosis-Dissociative Identity Disorder, Hallucinations, and Schizophrenia are all kinds of this disorder.
Learning Disabilities-Dyslexia, disgrafia, or dyscalculia are all part of a learning disability. Individuals have slow training abilities in this type of disability and require special methods for learning.
Treatment
Psychological counseling, behavioral therapy, and occupational therapy all help patients get to normal. Special schools and shelter homes provide skills in arts, handicrafts, or other technical skills, allowing them to be self-reliant and guaranteed. Training in social adaptation through safety, security and hygiene skills will make them more acceptable and adaptable to families and society.
PROBLEMS FACED BY PEOPLE WITH DISABLILITIES
In our daily lives, we face various challenges that indicate the limits of humanity. When faced with and overcome those challenges, we truly become God's greatest creation. "The only obstacle in life is bad posture," said Scott Hamilton. This kind of mentality is required of anyone who wants to find happiness in life. There is no benefit to thinking about spilled milk. You should always be positive and know that there is light at the end of the tunnel. How do they deal and what should we do to make their lives a little happier?
1. Accessibility – The world around us is not like walking in a park. You have to face some obstacles step by step. This is even more serious for the physically challenged. They mainly move around in wheelchairs and use crutches. Therefore, moving around freely is not a luxury they can afford. Moreover, the public places we have are rarely built with the comfort of people with disabilities in mind. There is no slope or the corridor is too narrow to move. Today, many wheelchairs are automated, and personal residential elevators are being built in the building to make it as easy as possible for people with disabilities to move.
2. Education – Education, as Gourdef Rabindranath Tagore dreamed of, in a perfect world, education will be free and available to everyone, but the reality is far from it. Children with disabilities are unable to attend school and are deprived of basic education. They can't race life like other ordinary kids. To solve this problem, several educational institutions have been set up focusing on the education of children with special needs. They will help you learn Braille systems and adaptive techniques and lead a better life.
3. Access to health care – In a country with a population of 1.3 billion, the health care system is already expanding. Poor people do not have access to adequate medical care, and the lives of people with disabilities are even worse. People with intellectual disabilities are often abused by health care workers, which exacerbates the situation. This can only be resolved with proper recognition and empathy. People with disabilities find some good points in this situation and help each other as much as possible. Therefore, everyone is required to make donations so that NGOs can better meet their medical needs.
4. Myths and stereotypes – In the last few decades some Indians have seen economic development, social uplifting and overall progress, but nonetheless in our culture, Hill's The dark orthodox nature that seems to stick to us remains. When interacting with people with disabilities, we arise from a lack of knowledge and sympathy for people with disabilities in certain myths. It will be a sacrifice.
5. Feel Ignored – When we interact with a person with a physical disability, it does not mean that the person also suffers from visual or hearing impairment. This thought process often prevents us from interacting with and communicating with such people. Barriers to these obstacles need to be demolished. This requires more awareness.
6. Lack of employment – Citizen employment is based on the education and skills acquired along the way. If these people are deprived of their basic education, they will lag behind other candidates for the job. The government has introduced a system to guarantee the employment of persons with disabilities.
7. Feel Incompetent – People with disabilities need more time to do a particular job than other normal people. Barriers to obstacles make it difficult for him to perform basic tasks. This allows a person with a disability to drag his companion down and feel filled with sadness and anger.
8. Teased or abused – People are often happy to discourage others. They find an advantage in bullying the vulnerable and underprivileged. People with disabilities are often subject to such violent and offensive behavior.
9. Being patronized – People with special needs often hear things like "I know what you are experiencing" or "This must be difficult". This kind of language does not fully explain the problems people are facing or the problems they are experiencing every day. An ordinary person cannot know exactly how he or she feels.
10. Relationships – Humans are complex. They judge others based on a set of parameters that may or may not apply in all situations. These prejudices are the root cause of all distrust and misunderstandings. Most people with disabilities are sought after as life partners, which often brings sadness and loneliness to their lives.
Key takeaways:
- People with disabilities have disabilities now no longer best due to the fact they may be bodily or mentally disabled, however additionally due to the fact society is constructed in a manner that doesn't meet their needs.
- In India, labels which includes incapacity, handicap, incapacity, visible impairment, and listening to loss are used as synonyms.
- A famous photograph of mythology depicts human beings with disabilities in a totally poor manner.
- A person who is unable to perform normal physical activity in daily life due to some disability is called a disabled person.
- People who have complete or partial loss of vision, or who have vision less than 6/60 of hers, are called blind or visually impaired. Blindness is a major obstacle in all forms of India.
- Depending on the underlying cause of the hearing loss, hearing aids are available that enable hearing only if the hearing loss is often controlled, cured, or in some cases or completely lost. Speech therapy for stuttering and insensitivity.
- Problems faced by people with disablilities.
- Education, as Gourdef Rabindranath Tagore dreamed of, in a perfect world, education will be free and available to everyone, but the reality is far from it.
- When we interact with a person with a physical disability, it does not mean that the person also suffers from visual or hearing impairment.
Reference:
- Https://www.lsraheja.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/CH2-ConceptofDisparity-1.pdf
- Https://diversity.social/disparity-definition/
- Https://www.careerride.com/view/declining-sex-ratio-reasons-and-governments-initiatives-to-tackle-it-20428.aspx
- Https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/news/news/disabilities-inequalities-cities.html
- Https://www.sociologyguide.com/socia_inequality_exclusion/social_inequality_disabled.php
Disability discrimination -Case study
A young woman suffered disability discrimination when she was turned away from a beauty clinic because she was accompanied by her guide dog. The woman was 28-years old when the incident occurred. She was born with a progressive condition which limited her eyesight and had been registered blind for over 15 years. Her guide dog accompanied her everywhere. In 2015, she attended a beauty clinic in Glasgow having booked to receive a facial treatment. Arriving with her guide dog, she was told by reception staff that the dog would not be allowed into the treatment room and would need to wait outside. Various reasons were given for this, including the room being too small. Although reluctant to leave her guide dog, she undertook to call a friend who could sit with the dog outside the room while she had the treatment. The reception staff told her she was not allowed to make the call from the premises and would need to leave the clinic to do so. The woman left the clinic distressed and humiliated. The Royal National Institute of Blind People subsequently contacted the clinic seeking an apology for the treatment which the woman suffered and offering training on disability discrimination. The management of the clinic denied any wrong-doing and declined to give an apology. They declined to respond to any further correspondence, including letters threatening court proceedings. Ultimately, the woman raised a small claim against the clinic seeking a monetary award in respect of injury to feelings. The director of the clinic defended the action, offering a number of arguments including the claim that the woman failed to present the correct voucher on arrival at the clinic. At a proof hearing in late 2016, the Sheriff dealing with the matter roundly dismissed these arguments and awarded the woman the sum of £950 (plus court expenses) for injury to feelings.
