3.1 Examine inequalities manifested due to the caste system and inter-group conflicts arising thereof

Preamble

We know that Indian society is inherently multidimensional and diverse. In short, Indian society is multi-regional, multi-lingual, multi-ethnic, multi-religious and multi-cultural, so there are several groups in India with different identities. Therefore, differences can occur between these groups, leading to conflicts and conflicts. The diverse nature of the country is responsible for creating social and economic disparities among people.

Concept of diversity as difference

India, one of her oldest civilizations, has always been a good example of the concept of diversity. There are 28 states and 7 Union Territory groups, each with different characteristics regarding language, culture, clothing, customs and social customs. Therefore, "diversity" should be understood as "difference".

But a true understanding of diversity should have a positive meaning as a perception of difference. It recognizes the different backgrounds of individuals and uses their influence to build stronger bonds and achieve the best for society as a whole. Unfortunately, in India, vested interest groups are taking advantage of these differences to push groupism and hatred, causing social tensions and riots, and a sense of nationalism at stake. To maintain, these differences must be resolved peacefully.

Concept of disparity as inequality

In any society, members always experience differences. But it is the disparities that result from those differences that cause problems. There is always stratification for social, economic and other reasons. Value judgments are made as to whether an individual belongs to the majority or minority based on factors such as gender, caste, religion, language, and place of residence. People are treated prejudiced and discriminated against because they come from a particular place or background. Due to the original urban-rural division, urban people perceive rural people as backwards, and the utilities and amenities available between cities and villages have been developed at different levels. There is a clear difference in charge.

Therefore, these inequality raises inequality in opportunities, interests, and equipment that all members of society should be ready to take advantage of. But over the years, these disparities have become more serious and have heightened inequality in our society. Example The gap between rich and poor is actually widening economically. Therefore, Indian policymakers have always had a difficult task in closing this gap and solving the problem of interstate disparities.

Cause

The causes of the caste system are as follows.

Effect / influence

The outcomes and influences of the caste gadget are mentioned below the subsequent headings.

Measures to alter casteism:

While the caste machine has turn out to be a crucial part of the Indian society originating in historic mythology, preserve with the current technology a systematic method ought to be taken in knowledge the relevance of this approach today.

Casteism just like communalism is an impediment in accomplishing country wide suitable and therefore cognizance need to be raised amongst human beings approximately it’s peril. One ought to sell the notions of secularism and nationalism as precept above casteism.

Both print and digital media ought to behavior programmes and set up for discussions amongst pupils extensively emphasize the divisive affect of casteism on society.

Scholars from unique castes ought to permit higher knowledge a number of the hundreds approximately the idea of reservation as a fine discrimination for growing equality in possibilities for the downtrodden which might be oppressed for loads of years.

Policymakers need to paintings closer to a greater equitable distribution of wealth to overcome monetary disparities amongst castes.

Intercaste- Marriages and improved social interactions amongst human beings of diverse castes ought to be endorsed and accepted. The teens can take the duty to reinforce social cognizance approximately how a well-assimilated society is a higher off society.

Casteist forces adhered to political events or the opposite companies fuelling anxiety ought to be recognized and banned immediately.

The scars left at the hitherto ‘untouchables’ or backward castes can most effective be healed with humane and compassionate remedy being administered.

Access to a well-rounded training and same entitlement to all of the fundamental rights so additionally cultural improvement are the only manner to present social justice to participants of the decrease castes.

The caste system must be gradually phased out for the creation of a more equal and just society but serves far too many vested interests in our country to be removed completely.

Inter group conflicts

Groups play a very important role in the formation of an individual's personality. Groups have some common characteristics when two or more people approach each other, so for example they speak the same language or belong to the same community. Most groups come together for a common purpose or goal, but some are formed by chance.

Given that human beings are social beings and cannot exist without interaction and communication with fellow individuals, it is not surprising that individuals always belong to several groups. In this way, the formation of groups not only allows humans to maximize their potential, but also achieves the best for all, leading to the development of society.

Some groups are working on improvements and positive changes for everyone, while others are working on destructive activities. If there are many groups, the profits will conflict. When these groups take extreme positions and are willing to sacrifice common national interests to realize their selfish interests, it leads to social turmoil. Such imbalances cause tensions outside the community, language riots, regional conflicts, and even violence and attacks against terrorist activity.

To mention some of the factors that cause conflicts between groups, there is a stereotype that individuals belong to a particular category with fixed perceptions and misconceptions. Former urban dwellers may consider people from the countryside to lack education and sophistication. Religious people are also sceptical of the thoughts and customs of individuals belonging to other religions. We also often distinguish between "inside a group" ("my friend", "my family", "my country") and "out group" ("his friend", "their family"). .. When these emotions are motivated and actively encouraged, they affect the harmony of society. In addition, the group as a whole may suffer from superiority complex and complexity and become more aware of inequality through discrimination. Only male candidates occupy certain positions within the original corporate organization. There may also be differences in individual political and philosophical tendencies. Some or all of them cause conflicts between groups.

Key takeaways:

3.2 Understand inter-group conflicts arising out of communalism

Major intergroup conflicts in Indian society

Now that we understand the concept of intergroup conflicts and the factors that cause these conflicts, we can list the four major intergroup conflicts in Indian society.

1. Communism,

2. Casteism,

3. Language,

4. Regionalism.

These major intergroup disputes are briefly described as follows:

Communalism in India:

Meaning: -India is a secular state where several religions coexist, so the Constitution requires all citizens to be tolerant of other religions. However, despite the provisions of the Indian Constitution to protect the interests of individuals belonging to all religions, communalism has often endangered our country's peace and harmony in some past cases.

Communalism actually stems from religious fundamentalism, which gives rise to the belief that one's religion is the only true belief. Communism itself is an idealism of social, political, or religious groups, whose religions and customs are superior to other groups. Religion is a personal and delicate matter for many. Therefore, signs of hostility or rudeness to religion quickly trigger hatred and violence. Communalism is divided in that it emphasizes that one religion is more important than another. Virtually all religions have the same preaching and values, but it is conflicts of interest and desire for control that cause hostility.

It is also observed in various situations that religious leaders arouse the fanatic behavior of believers through fundamentalist speeches and that political leaders do the same to secure a voting bank to gain power. It has been.

Historically, community tensions between Hindus and Muslims have occurred on a regular basis. The seed of this conflict resides in the division and formation of Pakistan. One example is the problem of Ram Mandir and Babri Masjid, which caused violent community clashes across the country, resulting in innocent life and property losses. Religious fundamentalism and fanaticism have led to the consolidation of stereotypes, leaving such scars in people's psyches. Muslims are often considered suspicious and difficult to assimilate. The terrorist attack on the Twin Towers in New York has caused other problems such as racism at the airport, creating a great sense of alienation in Islamic society.

Joint conflicts between Hindus and Sikhs, Hindus and Christians, or perhaps Muslims and Christians have been observed, but are modest.

Cause:

The roots of communalism may be located in "Divided and Rule", "British Governance Policy in India". Britain used a divisive tactic of confronting Hindu and Muslim rulers with every different with the intention to decide colonial hegemony and extend its power. They extensively utilized radical religions. Encouraged the formation of a joint agency with a tendency.

1. Vested interests:

Certain politicians or political events circuitously assist or sponsor network companies or sports to sell their interests. Many of them have an earthly tendency of their very own proper and can make political selections that in part inspire communalism.

2. Flexibility withinside the Civil Code of Religion:

There isn't  any unified civil law. Secure your vote and go back to authorities power. Gives positive non secular groups unique provisions to comply with their very own norms, however different smaller groups say that freedom isn't always allowed to conform with their very own private legal guidelines and is discriminated against. You ought to sense it.

3. The upward thrust of network corporations:

Community corporations mounted with the pretext of selling and selling faith socially via cultural sports have rather exacerbated the trouble of network politics. SIMI, RSS, Bajrang Dal, etc.

4. Religious Fundamentalism:

Some non-secular leaders are passionate about following the hordes of fans and exerting have an impact on via incendiary speeches to deceive the masses. The ignorant masses, in particular, are obsessed on non-secular enthusiasm and are inclined to apply violence.

5. Conversion:

Religious conversion is a sensitive trouble in India. It is regularly installation with the aid of using non secular companies to vow food, blanketed with the aid of using the poor, and every person sees it with suspicion.

6. Politicization of nearby problems:

Local problems or problems concerning one-of-a-kind groups that can be resolved with the aid of using neighborhood governments are every now and then magnified and given political aspects, stimulating the ardour of the network and every now and then inflicting riots. Example Maregaon and Bhiwandi.

7. Law and order:

The management won't be capable of cope with small network disputes that may result in critical conflicts. There will also be numerous delinquent forces withinside the call of faith engaged in unlawful sports which includes drug trafficking, smuggling, trafficking, theft and murder. Their sports have been confined and that they needed to make reservations to keep social balance.

8. External threat:

There are many overseas powers that offer the ultra-modern guns for education militants and undertaking terrorist sports to gas the lack of confidence of the home network.

Consequences

The consequences of communalism are significant and destroy the social structure of society.

1. Communism brings hatred and aggression towards others.

2. Create prejudice and build stereotypes for a particular community.

3. Promotes hostility, causes violence, and causes clashes and riots.

4. Society cannot maximize the potential of each individual in any community.

5. Riots disrupt economic and social activities and affect the smooth functioning of a company.

6. It undermines the image of a country that affects its international trade, investment and other interests.

7. Obstructions to social harmony, national unity and security goals.

8. Alienate and isolate members of a particular community, making the atmosphere suspicious and difficult.

Measures to regulate communism:

Below are some important steps taken to regulate communalism.

1. Role of legal order management:

Police have an important role to play in intercepting and spreading community riots and riots before they become large. They need to act responsibly in combating violence and work with members of the Peace Commission and conflict areas to resolve tensions.

2. The role of education:

The curriculum should not include any community content or partial views on a particular religion. It should, in fact, teach secular principles, gratitude and respect for all religions. Schools and better educational institutions need to use a variety of materials that promote harmony between national values ​​and communities. Teachers should be trained to motivate students to implement her program in the community with the participation of parents, neighbors and others. Promote secularism, nationalism, cooperation and tolerance.

3. Role of religious leaders:

Religious leaders play an important role to play as their sermons are delivered by the masses. People believe in leaders, so these leaders should teach the importance of community harmony through discourse.

4. The role of media:

The media should act responsibly and avoid delivering news that further encourages violence. Instead, the media should identify and publish common elements. It needs to create a forum for discussions to disseminate information about the negative effects of joint activities.

5. Role of NGOs:

NGOs need to choose large-scale promotional campaigns in the media that promote community harmony and national unity. They must focus their people on more pressing national issues and educate people about the negative effects of religious intolerance caused by riots and destruction.

6. Prohibition of joint parties:

Political parties that are directly or indirectly associated with community forces should not be approved by the government. It is permissible to tamper with the religious sentiment of the general public or use them for political gain. It should not be. This helps to strengthen harmony between different communities.

7. General perception:

We need to raise public awareness about the harmful effects of communalism. Our Constitution, which considers India a secular state, provides provisions to protect the interests of all religions and goes beyond the norms of all religions. Therefore, we must learn to prioritize national interests over our religious views.

8. Security:

All communities must be treated equally. People in small communities should not feel isolated. Instead, they need to instil confidence so that they can rest assured that they are free to participate in the growth of the nation.

Key takeaways:

3.3 Examine the causes and effects of conflicts arising out of regionalism and linguistic differences

Indian Regionalism:

Meaning: -There are various aspects that connect people living in a particular area. Regions are characterized by standard language, culture, demographics, geographical features, social, historical and political backgrounds. Therefore, individuals tend to be very loyal to a particular region of the country. Regionalism means excessive loyalty to one's region or state, which tends to pose a danger to national unity. There are differences in the natural resources, endowments and even developments of different regions. These inequalities are literally intensified by politicians who have devoted resources to the development of certain nations for vested interests. Within the state, certain areas are favoured and others are ignored. Imbalances in these regions caused by political motivation are responsible for regional conflicts in India.

Regional conflicts have sometimes taken extreme forms, such as demands for autonomy, river conflicts, and border conflicts.

• Separatist Incitement – ​​The Kashmir debate has been fierce for decades. The people of Kashmir are always in fear because the threat of internal fundamentalists and transnational terrorism appear to be a daily reality. Telangana's demands in Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu's anti-Hindi position as a national demand, have irreparably damaged national identity. Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Uttarakhand are states created due to disparities between states.

• Interstate River Water Conflict – Karnataka, Tamil The water problems on the Kaveri and Krishna rivers between his Nadu and Kerala have recently caused bloodshed. Punjab and Haryana clashed over the difficulties of the Ravibias waters.

• Border dispute-eg. Belgaum, on the border between Karnataka and Maharashtra, has a large Marathi-speaking population and was caught during a language dispute with Karnataka.

Cause:

The purpose of nearby conflicts is largely the disparity among international locations, which may be in brief defined as follows.

1. There are interstate disparities in in step with capita earnings in extraordinary states. Percapita earnings are excessive in positive states together with Maharashtra, Punjab and Gujarat, whilst Bihar and Mudiya have low stages of PCI in his BIMARU states together with Pradesh and Orissa. Purchasing strength gaps create dissatisfaction.

2. The diploma of urbanization in every kingdom varies. A higher degree of urbanization way greater superior commercial improvement and, therefore, more monetary, social and political progress.

3. Agricultural manufacturing imbalances as a result of a few risky rainfall and heavy monsoons also are ok irrigation centers in different regions, with massive gaps in annual manufacturing, and Punjab farmers are greater than Rajasthan farmers are additionally wealthy.

4. The boom fee of enterprise varies significantly from kingdom to kingdom, ensuing in more employment possibilities and monetary improvement in positive states than in different states.

5. Cities and townships in advanced international locations have a ways greater state-of-the-art infrastructure than states which might be underdeveloped.

6. A kingdom with a excessive-magnificence historic historical past may also appearance down on different states that have a tendency to purpose nearby conflicts. In addition, there are prejudices and stereotypes that widen the space among states.

Measures to lessen regionalism:

1. Central and kingdom governments ought to make efforts to sell country wide solidarity and solidarity.

2. States ought to be inclined to cooperate with every different to solve disputes for the more gain of the State. Cultural, sports activities and literary exchanges among international locations ought to be recommended to sell nearby cooperation.

3. Financial and different incentives should be that industrialists and agencies have a tendency to restore factories and operations in underdeveloped regions to sell their improvement. Example Subsidies and tax exemptions

4. Tribal, hilly and desolate tract regions want to put in force unique nearby improvement applications for his or her boom.

5. A coordinated plan among the middle and the kingdom is wanted for the equitable allocation of budget for nearby improvement. Natural assets ought to be dispensed pretty and equitably.

Indian linguism:

As we have already seen, India is a multilingual country. A country consisting of 28 states and her 7 Union Territories, 1652 languages ​​are spoken, 18 of which are recognized as official languages ​​within the 8th schedule of the Constitution. The Indian state is part of the state's identity because it was created in support of language barriers.

The first official language committee was appointed by the government. On June 7, 1955, he chaired India under the chair of Mr.BGKher. Since 1965, the main official language, English, has been replaced by the supplementary official language, Hindi. It caused disappointment and anxiety among the southern states of the country. They opposed imposing Hindi because Hindi is the official language and they prefer to use English. Prime Minister Pandhita to contain the possibility of a riot. J. Nehru soothed LokSabha's angry state, saying that it would not impose Hindi on non-Hindi-speaking states and that English would remain a quasi-language indefinitely.

Later, when the official language bill was passed by Parliament in 1963 and Hindi became the main official language of the Union in 1965, when Hindi was adopted, South India and the West against speaking Hindi. An anti-Hindi riot broke out in Bengal, and some of those states threatened to withdraw political support to parliament within parliament. Finally, to regulate things getting out of hand, the central government has agreed to amend the law, and English is now Hindi for public purposes against non-Hindi-speaking states. We have made a statutory guarantee that it will not be replaced.

However, in response to this move, anti-British riots interrupted calls to Delhi and other parts of North India and used violence against speaking English. It spurred retaliation in the South. In addition to the Hindi-English riots, there are also language conflicts in other states. The original U.P., Maharashtra, had a dispute with Gore and Belgaum. Goa wanted him to have two official languages, .viz. Although it was Konkani and Marathi, the Belgaum City Authority clashed with the Government of Karnataka when trying to adopt Marathi as the official language instead of Kannada.

Some of these causes are explained below.

1. Geographical cause:

Geographical isolation and diversity promote regional identity and people's uniqueness. Regional differences are also accompanied by linguistic diversity and the development of various ideas that impede national integration.

2. Historical cause:

The Indian language gained momentum during the Indian struggle for freedom. The leaders of our country criticized the British system of dividing India across linguistic boundaries and called for the division of India into different states along linguistic boundaries. After independence, in 1956, the states were reorganized based on linguistic homogeneity. "The restructuring of the state on the line of language has created more problems than it has solved. Identity with the state has been sacrificed for identity with the language state."

3. Psychological and emotional causes:

Language is the most important social device that society has evolved into. It is not only the greatest force of socialization, but also has certain psychological and emotional characteristics that evoke ethnocentric sentiment in similar groups. As a means of communication, we can process all ideas of communication and interaction. In India, language groups are connected by a common concern. This creates a spirit of regionalism and sectarianism in the minds of the inhabitants, resulting in separatist sentiment that goes against the concept of national unity.

4. Economic cause:

Language can also develop due to financial causes. The government encourages certain languages ​​and prepares for the spread of the language through financial incentives. This raises concerns for other language groups who feel prejudiced and have a strong resentment.

5. Political cause:

Narrow and narrow-minded politicians and certain local political parties create a sense of language among the people of the region and use that feeling during elections and in various political affairs.

The harmful effects of linguistics are:

1. Increasing regionalism and narrowness:

People from different language groups concentrated in one state seem to think only in terms of their own interests. This undermines the view of national issues and causes narrow sentiment.

2. Formation of a regional political party:

Linguisticism brought about regionalism and eventually led to the formation of regional parties in some states. Some of these regional parties formed governments. When such parties come to power, the relationship between the central and the state is often complicated.

3. Persecution of linguistic minorities:

The State Restructuring Commission provided for the protection of state linguistic minorities. But in reality, linguistic minorities are being harassed in various states. The result is certain complexity and disturbing tendencies that appear to threaten national unity.

4. Individual state requirements:

A politician's selfish motivation causes a language conflict. These politicians instigate linguistic minorities and demand the division of states along linguistic boundaries. The demands of independent nations cause problems not only for the nations involved, but also for the centers.

5. Erosion of national sentiment:

Nationalism is eroded by language and loyalty to the community. Erosion of national sentiment threatens national sovereignty.

6. Border dispute between nations:

Language issues are creating tensions on bilingual borders. For example, the Goans are divided based on Konkani and Marathi.

How to resolve linguistic inconsistencies:

Currently, the Dominion of India has adopted a bilingual policy, and both English and Hindi have been adopted by the government. For official purposes and for use in Congress. The Official Language Amendment Act of 1968 created provisions to regulate future language riots.

The law allows the optional use of Hindi or the official language of the state in addition to English.

1. States that do not use Hindi as their official language can continue to use English for communication between federal and state states. Between states where any state may not accept Hindi, the correspondence must be accompanied by an English translation.

2. The state may adopt the local language as its official language and use it as a medium of education in education. Candidates to participate in the U.P.S.C competition exams are given the freedom to write down in their local language.

3. Efforts are being made to promote the use of Hindi among non-Hindi speakers.

Key takeaways:

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