2.1 Concept of Disaster and general effects of Disasters on human life- physical, psychological, economic and social effects.

Introduction

Changes in quality cause environmental problems. Or the amount of environmental factors that directly or indirectly affect human health and well-being in an unfavorable way.

The problem can be studied from two different perspectives. One is just to do

Look for adverse effects to detect, regardless of their cause tendency that requires further investigation. The other is trying to understand better Prediction and Appropriate Cause-Effect Relationship. It can be managed.

Time is fairly widely known, as awareness is rising at all levels of society, including governments, the general public, and scientists community. However, with the structure biosphere function is not sufficient to allow accurate assessment of expect the overall situation to indicate some broad problem areas.

It's a serious potential problem that we haven't noticed yet. Other known the problem may not be as serious as we think. The Commission conducted an extensive investigation and analysis of them. Issues that are currently considered critically important. ·

The following criteria were used to assess the importance of problems to be solved in the near future:

a) Number of people and countries involved,

b) Geographical distribution of the problem,

c) Temporal distribution of problems (temporary or long-term)

d) Degree of irreversibility of impact,

e) Health, standard of living, social structure, and economy,

f) Degree of international importance of the problem,

These criteria are duplicated and may not be exhaustive, a useful basis for judgment.

The consensus of the Commission's investigation was that it was fairly limited.

It turns out that many problems are repeated over and over again.

The problem can be summarized as follows:

Environment for human health and well-being. That possibility changes in the environment can lead to increased mortality and frequency disease, reduced nutritional status due to reduced agricultural productivity, or reduced psychological value of the environment. It was widely expressed that these possible effects on humans may be directly caused.

Injecting toxic substances into the environment or improper land use. Climate change as a result of human activity.  For example, reduced crop productivity, and increased energy consumption, etc.

These problems are the global environment monitoring system is as follows.

1. Potentially unfavorable climate change due to human activity.

2. Potentially harmful changes in biota and humans due to pollution. Toxic substances containing radionuclides.

3. Potential adverse effects of biological productivity due to improper causes

Land use (decrease in soil fertility, soil erosion, expansion of arid areas, etc.)

The second category, which is very important.

By its very nature, or by its very nature, it is not suitable for early global monitoring.Because more research is needed to decide if they should included in the global environmental monitoring system. These issues are:

1. Potentially unfavorable changes in growth, structure and distribution population.

2. Changes in subjective human perception of the environment.

3. Eutrophication of water.

4. Decrease in freshwater resources.

5. Natural disaster.

Concept of disaster

CRED defines a disaster as “a situation or event [which] overwhelms local capacity, necessitating a request to a national or international level for external assistance; an unforeseen and often sudden event that causes great damage, destruction and human suffering.”

Disasters are the convergence of hazards with vulnerabilities. As such, an increase in physical, social, economic, or environmental vulnerability can mean an increase in the frequency of disasters.

(VULNERABILITY+ HAZARD) / CAPACITY   = DISASTER

The complete EM-DAT divides disasters into 2 categories (natural and technological), and further divides the natural disaster category into 5 subcategories, which in turn cover 12 disaster types and more than 30 subtypes. The principal categories and subcategories are shown below.

Characteristics of Disasters

In order to be able to identify that a situation is a disaster, the following characteristics must be eminent

And must seem to resonate with the events leading to the situation:

It is an extra-ordinary event.

Usually occurs because of one of the danger sources, whether caused by nature or human action.

Seriously and substantially impact the most vulnerable groups. 

Results in serious imbalance in the community functions.

Results in significant losses in human lives, materials and environment. 

Exceeds the ability of an affected community to cope with using its own resources.

Types of disaster

Natural and man-made disasters affect thousands of people each year. Major adverse events such as these can cause catastrophic loss of life and physical destruction. They are often unexpected and can shock the entire community.

People who survive a disaster can experience emotional distress. Symptoms such as anxiety, constant anxiety, sleep disorders, and other depression are common responses to disasters before, during, and after an event. Many people can "recover" from a disaster with the help of their families and communities, but others may need additional help to deal with it and follow the path of recovery. .. Anyone, including survivors, first responder and recovery workers living in the affected areas, can be at risk.

Natural Disaster

An earthquake may be a sudden and violent tremor of the bottom that causes great destruction as results of the movement of the crust. Earthquakes can be tsunamis and volcanic eruptions.

The 2004 magnitude 9.2 magnitude 9.2 earthquakes in Indonesia are the second largest earthquake ever recorded. The worst quake struck central China, killing more than 800,000 people in 1556. People of that era and the region lived in the cave, and the cave collapsed and died.

b.  Cyclone:

A cyclone (or more accurately called a tropical cyclone) is a type of violent spinning storm that occurs over the waters near the tropics.

Australia's most famous historic cyclone was Cyclone Tracy in December 1974, which killed about 11 people in Darwin, the Northern Territory. The direction in which they rotate depends on which hemisphere they are in. It rotates clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere.

c.  tsunami:

A tsunami is a huge wave, usually initiated by a sudden change in the relative position of an underwater structural plate. Sudden jerks are enough to propagate the waves. However, its power can be strengthened and supplied by the position and boundaries of the moon, which concentrates its energy.

d.  volcanic eruption:

Volcanic eruptions occur when lava and gas are released from the volcanic spout. The most common result of this is population movement, as many people are often forced to flee moving lava flows. Volcanic eruptions often cause  landslides and temporary food shortages of volcanic ash called lahars.

The most dangerous type of volcanic eruption is called a "shining avalanche". This is when the newly ejected magma forms a hot pyroclastic flow with temperatures up to 1,200 degrees Celsius. Pyroclastic flows are formed from rock fragments after a volcanic eruption, and the flow swoops down the sides of the volcano at velocities up to several hundred kilometers per hour, often up to 10 km, and in some cases up to 40 km from the original disaster. .. Point.

The League of Nations response will be coordinated to meet the needs of each particular situation. Providing safe areas, shelters, water, food and health supplies is fundamental, as migration is often the result. In general, the response prioritizes temporary shelter materials. Safe water and basic hygiene. Grocery; and short-term provision of basic medical services and supplies.

. Volcanic disasters can cause massive damage and serious personal injury. Secondary disasters such as debris flows are often caused by rainfall after a volcanic eruption.

e.  flood:

Floods are the presence of abnormal water in the land to a depth that affects normal activity. Floods can result from river floods (river floods), short-term heavy rains (flash floods), or abnormal seawater inflows into land (sea floods). Marine floods can be caused by storms such as hurricanes, high tides, tidal floods, seismic events (tsunamis), or large-scale landslides.

Man-made disaster:

1. Traffic accident:

Road accidents are common in India due to reckless driving, untrained drivers, and poor maintenance of roads and vehicles. According to the Lifeline Foundation, an Ahmadabad-based organization working for road safety, India accounts for 13 percent of the world's road accident fatalities.

With 130,000 deaths in 2007, India has the highest number of deaths in road accidents, surpassing China's 90,000. Most of these deaths were caused by poorly designed roads and the lack of a proper traffic management system to separate the various traffic streams.

2. Collapse of buildings and bridges:

Building collapses occur frequently, especially in the western part of the country, in India, where construction is often done in a hurry with little consideration of safety regulations.

3. Terrorist attack:

Catastrophic acts, such as terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, leave many concerns about the potential and potential consequences of future incidents in the United States. Terrorism can include catastrophic activity using weapons of mass destruction, ranging from chemicals, biological hazards, radioactivity or nuclear weapons, and other explosives.

General effects of Disasters on human life- physical, psychological, economic and social effects

Physical –

Disasters are by nature sudden events that strike a large number of people, and consequences on the physical and mental health are broad and can persist for many years. Disasters resemble disease outbreaks and share with such epidemics an increased ‘burden’ on the health care system. It is generally assumed that by assessing the extent of the demand for care and monitoring the course of the health effects after a disaster, the long-term risk of chronic health effects could be reduced. Research has shown that in addition to psychological effects, such as anxiety, depression, avoidance, and intrusion,people can be confronted with various physical reactions after a disaster.

Psychological effects

Tornadoes, hurricanes, floods and wildfires cause massive property damage. The physical damage caused by natural disasters is devastating in terms of cost and reconstruction. The psychological consequences of a disaster also affect the survivors of the disaster. Physical damage from natural disasters is often repaired long before long-term psychological consequences are identified. The imminent stress of natural disasters causes adrenaline to have a primitive physical response to fear. Adrenaline responses provoke both physical and psychological coping mechanisms, enabling rapid response to imminent threats and the ability to protect and seek protection.

Immediately after the disaster threat has passed, relief services for the injured are usually initiated and the search for missing and dead begins. As the shock of an imminent disaster begins to fade, it will be replaced by the long-term shock of natural disaster victims and rescuers. As the rush of survival instincts begins to diminish, mental turmoil, anguish, and helplessness begin to overcome the victims, seeing the ruin of home debris, memories, and their personal possessions. Others who have been hit by natural disasters are experiencing the sadness of losing their loved ones, neighbors, or acquaintances.

When an entire community is destroyed by a natural disaster, there is a common psychotic reaction to the loss of personal property, homes, memories, as well as neighbourhoods and entire towns. The comfort of the first group can relieve the first shock when others gather to provide shelter, food, medical and physical assistance. Assistance from outside the disaster area temporarily relieves the victim's psychological stress. Relief personnel are temporarily relieved of stress and anxiety by meeting the physical needs of the victim and later appear in the form of psychological scars.

In the event of a disaster, recognizing that the effects will continue after physical recovery and the belief that the psychological services provided with food and housing are an important part of recovery efforts, algae scientists are now rescue workers.

Stage of psychological distress after a disaster

The first shock of an event, such as a flood, fire, hurricane, tornado, or bomb, is a mental shock. Shock is a natural mental defense mechanism that manifests itself in physical reactions. Shock as a medical condition is life-threatening. Shock changes blood pressure, altering mental arousal, respiratory function and arousal.

b.  Anxiety – When a disaster occurs at home or elsewhere, you lose your sense of security. In everyday life, people expect safety at home, at school, or at work. In the event of a disaster, these familiar and safe havens suddenly become vulnerable and dangerous places. When the houses around you are destroyed, your sense of security is shattered. Anxiety felt after surviving a disaster exacerbates and can cause depression-leading anxiety, further contributing to psychological damage.

c.  Post-traumatic stress (PTSD) – The term was disseminated by psychological counselors who were treating veterans in Vietnam, but is now a perceived psychological state that stems from highly stressful situations. Is. Immediately after the disaster, some people deal with the first shock and move on to the restructuring phrase as if nothing had happened. Symptoms of PTSD can occur weeks, months, or even years later.

d.  Obsessive-compulsive disorder – Extreme anxiety caused by the loss of a safe haven in the event of a disaster can lead to obsessive-compulsive disorder for safety. Obsessive-compulsive behavior from disaster survivors can include over-preparation for any event. Disaster Symptoms Psychological obsessive-compulsive disorder may include excessive preparation for the same type of disaster that you have experienced, but it also includes excessive precautions in your daily life. Compulsions caused by the untreated psychological consequences of surviving a disaster may include irrelevant behaviors such as constantly checking keys and closing doors.

e.  Fear – Injustice is a common psychological disorder in people who survive a disaster. It is a disorder that is difficult to diagnose and treat because it is caused by different stimuli for different reasons. Even victims find it difficult to explain exactly what caused the risk of a panic attack.

Mental health professionals have found a large number of disaster survivors, including generalized anxiety disorder, extreme stress, extreme eating disorders, and other problems that survivors are trying to control the environment before the disaster reoccurs. We often see irrelevant psychological effects of. The psychological consequences of a disaster are not limited to the victims and survivors of the event. Relief and aid workers also exhibit the psychological symptoms of devastation, injury, death, homelessness, sadness and shock.

Social and Economic effects

Economic and social development around the world is often disrupted by extreme events. The Pacific Rim is particularly vulnerable to natural disasters and, therefore, to social and economic losses. Disasters affect both developed and developing countries, the latter of which can lead to a sharp increase in poverty. It is important to assess the global, regional, economic and social impact of disasters, as they pose significant challenges to the development of the Pacific Rim. Most economic assessments of the impact of a disaster focus on the direct loss, the economic cost of property damage. Equally important are the indirect and secondary consequences of disasters, such as the destruction of communities and the negative impact on families. The challenges posed by the potential disasters of the Pacific Rim countries require swift action and vigorous risk management strategies. To mitigate these negative impacts, countries need to perform an overall risk assessment, including (i) risk identification, (ii) risk mitigation, and (iii) risk transfer. Collaborative actions on risk management are expected to help raise awareness of the overall importance of the economy, or natural disasters, and the problems they pose to long-term development. Therefore, this heightened awareness leads to increased resilience of Pacific Rim countries.

Key takeaways:

Capacity, necessitating a request to a national or international level for external assistance; an unforeseen and often sudden event that causes great damage, destruction and human suffering.”

5.   An earthquake may be a sudden and violent tremor of the bottom that causes great destruction as results of the movement of the crust. Earthquakes can be tsunamis and volcanic eruptions.

6.   A tsunami is a huge wave, usually initiated by a sudden change in the relative position of an underwater structural plate

7.   Volcanic disasters are caused by lava flows, lahars, and pyroclastic flows caused by volcanic activity such as eruptions.

8.   Catastrophic acts, such as terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, leave many concerns about the potential and potential consequences of future incidents in the United States.

9.   Disasters are by nature sudden events that strike a large number of people, and consequences on the physical and mental health are broad and can persist for many years.

10.   The psychological consequences of a disaster also affect the survivors of the disaster.

2.2 Some locally relevant case studies of environmental disasters.

Environmental Justice Case Study: Union Carbide Gas Release in Bhopal, India

Bhopal, India

Background

In 1969, Union Carbide established a pesticide factory in Bhopal, India. This facility was part of India's "Green Revolution" and industrialization policy. These pesticides were considered essential in promoting self-sufficiency in agriculture.

The integrated facility proved beneficial, so in 1979 the existing Union Carbide facility was selected to manufacture and store methyl isocyanate (MIC), a particularly dangerous and poorly understood chemical. Exports of these types of chemicals to developing countries are very common. Using existing facilities ignored serious health and safety concerns, but was convenient and cost-effective.

What happened on December 23, 1984 was that it had to be the worst industrial disaster in the world. This is often referred to as the Three Mile Island in the chemical industry. As a result of technical, industrial, legal and human error, the incident robbed 2,500 people of love, injured about 400,000 and the number of casualties continues to grow to this day.

That night, a toxic MIC leak occurred when it reacted with a significant amount of water flowing into the MIC storage tank. Staff and supervisors were too slow to contain the leak, and 40 tonnes of MIC spilled out of the tank over a two-hour period. And even if they reacted immediately, the safety standards accepted at the factory did not allow them to do anything about it. In this way methyl isocyanate leaked into the air, with a population of 900,000. It flowed eight kilometers downwind over the city of Bhopal, poisoning everyone on its path. The areas most severely affected were the areas closest to the factories and the poorest sector of the population.

Problem

Developing countries are often very vulnerable to exploitation by multinational corporations. They want to support industrialization, but they lack the infrastructure to manage it properly. Without proper legislation and regulation, developing countries are not ready for such efforts. In their efforts to attract business, these countries often (whether intentional or unintentional) overlook health and safety breaches of companies doing business at the border. Attracted by low-cost workforce, new markets, and lower operating costs, companies have little incentive to deal with environmental and human risks once they are established. The release of Union Carbide's toxic gas (methyl isocyanate) in Bhopal, India was a direct result of such a situation.

After 2,500 deaths and her 400,000 injuries / illnesses were caused by the leak, the Indian government further killed the people of Bhopal. India has settled with Union Carbide for $ 470 million. The amount distributed to about 550,000 plaintiffs in the proceedings could not even cover most of their medical costs, not to mention their suffering. People were left to cover the balance. Out-of-court resolutions also ruined future hopes that Indian and Bhopal people would impose this issue. Of course, this assumes that India will want to push it-to date, they are aggressively pursuing this issue for fear of offending the highly needed petrochemical industry. Not. In fact, uprisings by people to address government issues have been, and are still, suppressed. I was assaulted, arrested, and deaf.

This case provides solid evidence that multinationals can actually avoid murders in Third World countries, and that they can be profitable. Investors found the company's pursuit out of control, so the settlement raised Union Carbide shares by $ 2 per share.

Key actor

Indian government

The Indian government has rolled the ball in Bhopal b in pursuit of a "green revolution" tactic for increasing agricultural production and industrialization. This has openly invited interested multinational corporations (MNCs) to exploit and sacrifice the people of Bhopal. Inadequate legislation and lack of oversight of the activities of multinational corporations within the border allowed them to escape murder.

When the leak occurred, the government immediately began to curb the facts. I was afraid that the escaped information would damage their industrial purpose. I'm sad to hear the biggest democracy on the planet. All investigations into the technical and administrative causes of the leak were completed prematurely and all information collected by the government has been categorized to this day.

After halfway bringing Union Carbide to court in a civil lawsuit, the government sold out their people and settled them for the original US $ 3 billion, or just US $ 470 million. Among other frauds against the public, the Government of India was unable to address the employment constraints of those affected by the leak, failed to provide adequate medical care to those affected, and union his carbide for compensation. I have wasted a lot of the money I decided on.

Union Carbide Chemical

Union Carbide, a major multinational chemical company, is, of course, similarly negligent. They deliberately used facilities for the production and storage of MICs that were never intended to function at their capabilities. To reduce costs and prevent production delays, some safety systems in substandard facilities were already missing or disabled and were not addressed.

Senior plant managers noticed that the problem had occurred almost an hour before the spill occurred, and the general public did not hear the emergency siren until one hour after the spill began. It was already damaged. In an attempt to circumvent Reed's liability, Union Carbide officially stated that Leak was the work of a dissatisfied employee. When that didn't work, they used freight trucks to carry away the corpses and curb the destruction of the incident.

Finally, when brought to an Indian court in a civil lawsuit, the company did everything it could to strongly arm the government to settle outside the court. India, of course, is afraid to offend the important chemical industry. Union Carbide's senior executives hid themselves when charged with manslaughter and several other crimes by Indian courts. Union Carbide actively avoids justice in all situations.

On February 6, 2001, Union Carbide merged with a subsidiary of Dow Chemical Company to become a wholly owned subsidiary of Dow Chemical Company. Dow bought all of Union Carbide's shares, but Union Carbide continues to exist as an independent legal entity with its own assets and liabilities.

Demographics

Bhopal is the capital of India's inland state called Madhya Pradesh. Bhopal also has several hospitals, a music academy, the University of Bhopal, and some small universities. Nearly two-thirds of the 900,000 Indian citizens were directly affected by gas leaks. Eighty percent of his citizens in Bhopal, a predominantly industrial city, were the working poor with hard labor and low-paying jobs. Prolonged obstacles from gas leaks have left many people unable to continue to do business, further putting the region in poverty. Attempts have been made to provide jobs, but only 100 have been provided, and 50,000 are still in serious need of financial rehabilitation. Her initial death toll was a staggering 2,500, but has more than doubled since the disaster to more than 5,000 (unofficial reports show him as high as 16,000).

Racial distribution is not an issue, as it was almost entirely Muslim Indians affected. We must pay attention to the fact that it is all wealthy white Americans, or senior non-Muslim Indian government officials, who have the authority to make the decisions that led to this disaster and felt the impact. The fact that there is nothing. Indeed, in the case of distributive injustice.

Strategy

Main strategies used in Bhopal:

Community organization

The aforementioned community groups and local college students were mobilized to provide government relief and rehabilitation measures, eliminate criminal exemptions for Union Carbide executives, obtain control of compensation fund allocations, and raise global awareness of the Bhopal disaster. .. The importance of raising awareness should not be underestimated, especially in an atmosphere such as government oppression and control of third world multinationals.

Solution

Legal action:

The Indian government has filed Union Carbide in an Indian court in a civil suit. The effect of this solution was negligible, with the government reconciling out of court for US $ 470 million, less than one-sixth of the intended US $ 3 billion. This compensation was not enough to cover the medical costs of life, not to mention the enemy of the death of a loved one. In addition, much of the money was wasted on government projects in other parts of the country and never reached those in need.

Recommendations

I feel that it is necessary to tighten regulations on hazardous chemical substances in India in order to prevent the outbreak of “second Bhopal”. Laws must be passed to more closely monitor industrial activity. This requires a change in the Indian government's view of the balance between civil welfare and industrialization.

A comprehensive assessment of health and employment in Bhopal needs to be done and work still needs to be tailored to the ability of the hose to be hindered by the injury. Without it, their community would continue to collapse.

In the global scene, I feel the need to establish a global industrial oversight organization, similar to the international EPA. The main purpose of this organization is to set the standards for the operation and behavior of multinational corporations. A group, the Permanent People's Court, drafted the "Industrial Disaster and Human Rights Charter." The Charter summarizes all the lessons to be learned from the disaster in Bhopal to emphasize the need to pay more attention to industrial activities around the world. We encourage you to take these charters one step further and take action with the regulatory bodies mentioned above.

Finally, I feel that the Indian people must continue to protest the secrets and oppression of their government. Widespread pressure to make disaster information publicly available is a good first step. A sincere and constructive relationship between citizens and government can never occur under the current circumstances.

2.3 Dealing with Disasters - Factors to be considered in Prevention, Mitigation (Relief and Rehabilitation) and disaster Preparedness.

Disaster management aims to reduce or avoid potential hazard losses, ensure prompt and appropriate assistance to disaster victims, and achieve rapid and effective recovery. A disaster management cycle is an ongoing process in which governments, businesses, and civil society plan disasters, mitigate their impact, respond during and shortly after a disaster, and take steps to recover after a disaster occurs.

Appropriate action at all points in the cycle can help improve readiness, improve alerts, reduce vulnerabilities, or prevent disasters during the next iteration of the cycle. A complete disaster management cycle involves the formation of public policies and plans to correct the causes of disasters or mitigate the impact on people, assets, and infrastructure.

When disaster management is improved in anticipation of a disaster event, a mitigation phase and a preparation phase occur. Developmental considerations play an important role in contributing to community mitigation and readiness to effectively combat disasters. In the event of a disaster, disaster management personnel, especially humanitarian organizations, are involved in immediate response and long-term recovery phases.

Factors to be considered in Prevention, Mitigation (Relief and Rehabilitation) and disaster Preparedness.

Mitigation and prevention are used as synonyms. Some experts prefer to remove the term mitigation and use only prevention. Mitigation means reducing the severity of human and property damage caused by a disaster. Prevention is the prevention of human behavior and natural phenomena from causing disasters and emergencies. Primary prevention is to mitigate-avoid-avoid the risk of an event by removing hazards and vulnerabilities. For example, primary prevention is to avoid overcrowding and deforestation and provide services. Healthy people in a healthy environment are not vulnerable to most dangers. Immunizing people against smallpox reduced their vulnerability to the virus and gradually eradicated the disease. Secondary prevention means recognizing an event quickly and mitigating its impact,  that is, paying attention to the potential for population migration. Being ready to provide refugees with vaccinations, food, clean water, sanitation and medical care will help healthier people in a healthy environment better overcome emergencies.

Relief and rehabilitation

Immediate emergency response is provided in a very political and emotional environment. The general public is demanding, perhaps unnecessary, but visible action, at the expense of a proven and unobtrusive approach. The international community is eager to show solidarity and exercise its "right to humanitarian intervention," and its own relief based on the belief that local health services do not want or cannot respond. We are doing activities. Useless medicines and drug donations, as well as late arrivals of medical and fact-finding teams, increase the stress on local staff who may be personally affected by the disaster. The cultural neglect of the humanitarian community for a cost-effective approach in the event of a disaster and the tendency to make decisions based on perceptions and myths rather than facts and lessons learned from past disasters make disaster relief the most cost-effective. It is one of the low health activities.

The responsibility of national or local health authorities is important.

2. Preparation:

The goal of the emergency preparedness program is to achieve a sufficient level of preparedness to respond to any emergency through a program that strengthens the technical and administrative capabilities of governments, organizations, and communities. These measures can be described as logistical support for disaster response and can be enhanced by response mechanisms and procedures, rehearsals, long-term and short-term strategy development, public education, and early warning systems.

Preparation can also take the form of ensuring that strategic stockpiles of food, equipment, water, medicines, and other necessities are maintained in the event of a national or local catastrophe. In the preparatory phase, governments, organizations, and individuals plan to save lives, minimize disaster damage, and strengthen disaster response operations.

Preparatory measures include a preparatory plan. Emergency exercises / training; Warning systems; Emergency communication systems; Evacuation planning and training. Resource inventory. Paramedics / contact list; mutual aid agreements; and public information / education.

As with mitigation efforts, preparatory measures depend on incorporating appropriate measures into national and regional development plans. In addition, its effectiveness depends on the availability of information on hazards, urgent risks, and actions to be taken, and the availability of this information to government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and the general public.

In the event of a disaster, humanitarian agencies are often required to respond quickly and respond to recovery. To be effective, these agencies have experienced leaders, trained personnel, appropriate transport and logistical support, appropriate communication, and guidelines for working in emergencies. Is needed. If the necessary preparations are not made, humanitarian agencies will not be able to meet the urgent needs of people.

Key takeaways:

2.4 Human Rights issues in addressing disasters- issues related to compensation, equitable and fair distribution of relief and humanitarian approach to resettlement and rehabilitation.

Natural disasters are the result of events caused by natural disasters that overwhelm the response capacity of the region and have a profound impact on the social and economic development of the region. Traditionally, natural disasters are viewed as situations that primarily create challenges and problems of humanitarian nature. However, it has become increasingly recognized that human rights protection needs to be provided even in these situations.

Tsunamis, hurricanes, and earthquakes that struck parts of Asia and the Americas in 2004/2005 highlight the need to pay attention to multiple human rights issues that victims of such disasters may face. I made it. In many cases, the human rights of victims are not fully considered. Unequal access to aid, discrimination in aid provision, displacement, sexual and gender-based violence, document loss, recruitment of children into combat units, unsafe or involuntary return or resettlement, and property Return issues are often encountered by people affected by natural disasters.

In addition, many internally displaced persons are displaced by volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, floods, droughts, landslides, or earthquakes that destroy homes and shelters and force affected people to leave their homes and settlements. Will be. Experience has shown that the longer you live in evacuation, the greater the risk of human rights abuses. In particular, discrimination and infringement of economic, social and cultural rights tend to become more systematic over time.

Human rights abuses are often unintentional or unplanned. It can also be due to lack of resources and capacity to respond to the consequences of a disaster. Often they are the result of improper policies, ignores, or oversights. These breaches could have been avoided if national and international stakeholders had taken into account the relevant human rights guarantees from the outset. Missions and assessments by the UN Secretary-General's (RSG) delegation on internally displaced persons' human rights show that they are often unaware of the relevance of human rights norms in the context of natural disasters, as well as national authorities. Many of the laws and codes of conduct that apply to natural disaster situations also confuse international organizations and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) on how to incorporate human rights-based approaches into emergency relief and response. I guarantee.

Human rights must be the legal basis for all humanitarian activities related to natural disasters. There is no other legal framework to guide such activities, especially in areas free of armed conflict. If humanitarian assistance isn't supported a person's rights framework, there's a risk that the main target are going to be too narrow and therefore the basic needs of the victim will not be integrated into the overall planning process. There is also the risk that important factors for reconstruction / reconstruction will be overlooked. Moreover, ignoring the human rights of those affected by natural disasters is not about living in the legal void, but of the laws, rules and institutions that should protect their rights. It means overlooking the fact that you live in a country. International Human Rights Principles should guide disaster risk management, including pre-disaster mitigation and preparatory measures, emergency relief and recovery, and reconstruction efforts. People at risk need to be protected from violence and abuse. Refugees need to be provided with protection and support and can safely and dignifiedly return to their original land and property, integrate locally in the areas where they fled, or settle elsewhere. Countries that need to help you. Adhering to international human rights standards helps ensure that the basic needs of victims and beneficiaries are met. Often, the challenge is how to apply these rules in the operational context.

Key takeaways:

Reference:

Case Study

Kerala Flood

Kerala

Kerala is a state on the Malabar Coast in south-western India. This state is her 13th most populous state in India. Located in the tropics, Kerala is primarily exposed to the humid, tropical, rainy climate experienced by most of the planet's rain forests.

Cause

Kerala, India, receives some of India's highest rainfall during the monsoon season. But in 2018, the state experienced some of the highest levels of monsoon rainfall in decades. According to the India Meteorological Department (IMD), precipitation averaged 2346.3 mm instead of 1649.55 mm.

Kerala received more than 2.5 times more rainfall than the August average. Between August 1st and 19th, the state's precipitation was 758.6 mm. This is 164% higher than the average of 287.6 mm. This was 42% of the total monsoon season.

Unprecedented precipitation was caused by low pressure systems in the region. There was a complete confluence of the southwest monsoon-like system and the two cyclone systems formed in the Bay of Bengal and Odisha. Cyclones draw in the moist southwest monsoon winds and speed them up. It then collides with the Western Ghats, moving towards the sky and forming raining clouds.

Further heavy rainfall on already saturated lands caused surface runoffs, landslides and widespread floods.

In Kerala, 41 rivers flowed into the Arabian Sea and 80 dams were overwhelmed and opened. The water treatment plant was submerged and the motor was damaged.

Effect

In some areas, flood depths have reached 3 to 4.5 meters. Floods in Kerala, southern India, have killed more than 410 people in the worst floods of 100 years since June 2018, according to local authorities. Many of the dead were crushed under debris from landslides. More than one million people have lost their homes in 3,200 emergency relief camps in the area.

Part of Cochin, the commercial capital of Kerala, was submerged, roads swelled, and railroads throughout the state were blocked. The state airports used by domestic and foreign tourists were closed, causing great confusion.

Local farms were flooded, endangering the local rubber, tea, coffee and spice industries.

Schools in all 14 districts of Kerala have been closed and some districts have banned tourists due to safety concerns.

Maintaining hygiene and preventing illness in relief camps with more than 800,000 people was a major challenge. Authorities also needed to restore a regular supply of clean drinking water and electricity to her 33 million inhabitants of the state.

Authorities need to repair more than 83,000 km of roads, and the total restoration cost is estimated to be between £ 2.2 billion and $ 2.7 billion.

Response

Indians from different parts of the country have used social media to help people stuck in the flooded southern province of Kerala. Hundreds of people used social media platforms to coordinate search, rescue and food ration efforts and reach out to those in need. Social media was also used to support fundraising activities for people affected by the flood. Many bollywood  stars endorsed this.

Some Indians are opening their homes for the people of Kerala, who have been stranded in other cities due to the floods.

Thousands of troops have been deployed to rescue those involved in the flood. Army, Navy, and Air Force personnel have been deployed to assist people stuck in remote areas and hills. Dozens of helicopters have dropped large amounts of food, medicine and water on areas blocked by damaged roads and bridges. Helicopters were also involved in airlifting people who were in dire straits due to floods for safety.

More than 300 boats participated in the rescue attempt. The state government said each boat would receive her 3,000 rupees (£ 34) per day and authorities would pay for damage to the vessel.

As the monsoon rains began to ease, more efforts were made to deliver relief supplies to isolated areas, along with cleaning work where water levels were falling.

Recently, millions of dollars have been donated to Kerala from other parts of India and abroad. Other state governments have promised more than $ 50 million, and the minister and company chief have publicly vowed to give them a monthly salary.

Even the Supreme Court judges donated $ 360 each, and Khalsa Aid International, a UK-based Sikh group, set up its own relief camp in coaches, a major city in Kerala, with 3,000 people a day.

Questions:

Q1. How to mitigate the risk of such kind floods in future?

Q2.  What should be Rehabilitation strategy for such kind disasters?