3.1 Development of Science- the ancient cultures, the Classical era, the MiddleAges, the Renaissance, the Age of Reason and Enlightenment.

Science as a body of knowledge developed with the understanding of human nature. Everything a person has done to survive is part of the story of the growth of science. The development of science can be studied in the next stage.

1. Development of science in ancient culture:

The ancient history of mankind dates back more than a million years. The ancients were completely dependent on nature to survive. He observed nature and devised an easy way to explain it. He tried several experiments based on his observations.

a. Stone Age:

In the early Stone Age, humans were completely dependent on what was available in nature. He experimented with food, housing and clothing resources. Simple stone tools, fire discoveries, and animal leather clothing are some of the discoveries he made using his knowledge of nature. He also formed a simple social and religious system. His writing is unknown, but the various cave paintings of this era found around the world show his devotion to culture. These paintings may have also been a means of communication.

The Neolithic began when one attempted to create his own resources by manipulating nature. This shows that he had accumulated a lot of knowledge about nature by this time. In the absence of writing, this knowledge was passed on verbally across generations. He invented agriculture about 9,000 years ago by understanding the cycle of the seasons and the use of water. He also tamed the animals. At this stage, the relationship between humans and nature has changed. He has become less dependent on nature.

b. Stage of civilization:

Around 3500 BC, mankind developed civilization. A new urban society where agriculture has developed, writing has been invented, and trade and commerce have flourished. The development of writing is one of the greatest milestones in human history. It allowed people to accumulate knowledge. The initial writing style was symbols. Some inscriptions from Egyptian and Mesopotamian (ancient Iraqi) civilizations give us knowledge of life during that period. Art and science developed between these civilizations.

The Sumerians of Iraq have contributed to modern science with numerical data. For e. g. The 60-based number system is the basis of a 360-degree circle. The astronomical periods identified by them are still widely used in the lunar calendar. Babylonian astronomy was the first attempt at a sophisticated mathematical description of astronomical phenomena. Ancient Egypt has made significant developments in astronomy, medicine and mathematics.

2. Development of science in the classical era:

The classical period spans more than 1000 years from the 8th century BC to the 6th century BC. It is an era of cultural progress in Greek and Roman civilization. Philosophers of this period developed such knowledge in science, which became the basic basis for later scientific research. Classical Greek art has begun a trend towards a more natural portrayal of the world. Therefore, it reflects the shift in philosophy from the abstract supernatural to the more direct global concerns. Philosophers simply stopped "suggesting" the human form and began to "explain" it exactly.

Thales (7th century BC) is considered the father of science. He first stated that the movement of the earth and earthquakes are geological phenomena, not the work of God. Pythagoras (6th century BC) founded a school of mathematics, and Euclid (3rd century BC) devised axioms, theorems and proofs of mathematics. Both mathematical devices are still considered the basic foundation of geometry. Aristarchus (2nd century BC) first proposed a heliocentric model of the solar system. e. The sun was in the center and the earth was orbiting it. Eratosthenes has calculated the approximate exact circumference of the Earth.

Hippocrates, the father of medicine, and his associates first described many illnesses and medical conditions. Herophilos described the nervous system.

Leucippus and his student Democritus introduced the theory that all matter is made up of indivisible units called atoms.

Plato and Aristotle gave a philosophical explanation of natural phenomena. They also made important contributions to biological science. With the spread of the Greek empire, scientific knowledge also spread to Egypt. Greek has become the first language of science. The School of Science was founded in Alexandria, Egypt. The German work was then translated into Latin by a Roman philosopher. During this period many scientists were pioneers in their field. It was the knowledge that paved the way for this era to be "classical" for posterity.

3. Development of medieval science:

The period between the classical period and the European Renaissance is called the Middle Ages. It showed both the decline of scientific progress and its subsequent resurrection. The Middle Ages is studied in three parts. Fast, high, and later. Early Middle Ages (476-1000 AD)

Following the decline of the Roman Empire, economic and cultural deterioration began in Europe. Knowledge of Greek has declined and scholars have restricted the original work of studying. By the beginning of the 5th century, Christianity had spread extensively throughout Europe.

There was the rise of monastic life. The extant manuscripts of Roman classics were reproduced in the monastery. These served as a source of information for research into philosophers. However, few original works have been produced. By the 6th century, the monastery had become a center of education and learning. The Bible has become the center of research. Even if nature was studied, it was for a practical purpose for e. g An astronomical study to calculate Easter days. It was not done for theoretical research.

Under the control of Charlemagne in Italy, science was encouraged. He introduced several educational reforms and brought about the Cultural Revolution. His rule, which I knew as the Carolingian Renaissance era, because of the transformation he brought about. He established a new school throughout the empire. Some experts believe that the scientific studies under Charlemagne's rule are not original and are based on studies of ancient Roman texts. Due to the lack of original scientific contributions and the loss of some ancient works, this period is called the Dark Ages. In the Dark Ages, much art was lost and science declined significantly.

Middle Ages (1000-1300 AD):

Innovation has gained momentum again since the 11th century. There was a new scientific discovery. European scholars during this period were influenced not only by classical Greek works, but also by Arabic texts. They translated these ancient classics into Latin and began to improve their knowledge base. Inventions such as windmills and compasses have developed agriculture and trade. The introduction of papermaking by the Chinese has changed the way knowledge is stored and distributed.

During this period, many new universities were established. This provided institutional support and encouragement for scientific research. Prominent scholars such as Albertus Magnus and Roger Bacon studied the old theory of empiricism and took it to a new level. They proposed a study of nature based on reason and logic.

This era witnessed the development of new forms of art. Gothic architecture was introduced and used extensively in the church.

Late Middle Ages (1300 to 1450 AD):

The most important development of this period was the separation of science from theology and philosophy. Scientific studies of the Byzantine and Islamic empires influenced Europeans during this period. Science was no longer tied to religious understanding. The most lasting and powerful basic theory was given by William Ockham (14th century). Today it is known as Occam's razor. The brief explanation is, "If you have two competing theories that make exactly the same predictions, it's better to be simple." It was then used by Newton and Einstein.

Therefore, the middle Ages was not dark all Science as a body of knowledge developed with the understanding of human nature

1. Development of science in ancient culture:

In the early Stone Age, humans were completely dependent on what was available in nature.

The Sumerians of Iraq have contributed to modern science with numerical data.

Philosophers of this period developed such knowledge in science, which became the basic basis for later scientific research. Classical Greek art has begun a trend

Hippocrates, the father of medicine, and his associates first described many illnesses and medical conditions. Herophilos described the nervous system.

The period between the classical period and the European Renaissance is called the Middle Ages.

The introduction of papermaking by the Chinese has changed the way knowledge is stored and distributed.

The most important development of this period was the separation of science from theology and philosophy

Therefore, the Middle Ages was not dark all

The time. There have been some scientific advances. But by the end of the 15th century, Europe was plague-affected. Not only did it lead to a significant decline in the population, but it also led to a diminished interest in science. During this period, science was primarily associated with religion.

Therefore, the Middle Ages was not dark all the time. There have been some scientific advances. But by the end of the 15th century, Europe was plague-affected. Not only did it lead to a significant decline in the population, but it also led to a diminished interest in science. During this period, science was primarily associated with religion.

4. Renaissance development (1450-1650).

The modern era of European history began with the Renaissance in the 15th century. The term Renaissance means reproduction in Italian. It was a cultural movement that brought new ideas and discoveries. After the rise of the Ottoman Empire in the mid-15th century, Turkish scholars emigrated to Europe with ancient and medieval classics. The rediscovery of classics by Europeans led to the reintroduction of reason and the emphasis on human emotions and ideas. The printing press was invented by Johannes Gutenberg in 1436, and the idea spread rapidly. The Renaissance gradually spread to Northern Europe by the 16th century, centering on Italy.

Scholars and philosophers of this era denied the medieval idea that God was the central idea of   nature and art. They have developed a new theory that rejects the classical theory.

Nicolaus Copernicus has developed a more detailed and accurate heliocentric theory of the planetary system. Explaining the revolution of other celestial bodies that orbit the Earth and the Sun, he was banned by the church because he believed in the Ptolemaic theory. He also conducted theoretical studies of mathematics.

Johannes Kepler was a strong supporter of Copernicus's theory. He studied it and added the fact that the planet rotates around the sun in an ellipse rather than a perfect circle. His contributions are the three well-known laws of planetary motion.

Galileo Galileo was a man of true Renaissance spirit. Not only was he an astronomer, he was also a physicist, mathematician and philosopher. His first scientific discovery was the law of the pendulum. He later succeeded in developing several devices such as magnets, compasses, thermometers and microscopes. But his breakthrough discovery was the use of telescopes to observe the universe. He is known as the father of modern physics because he developed the law of falling objects.

Francis Bacon argued that the truth needed evidence from the modern era of European history began with the Renaissance in the 15th century.

Scholars and philosophers of this era denied the medieval idea that God was the central idea of   nature and art.

Francis Bacon argued that the truth needed evidence from the real world. He devised an inductive method for the study of nature. He said scientists need to formulate axioms or brief statements and prove them through the process of experimentation and analysis.

Apart from astronomy and mathematics, the study of human anatomy has also evolved very differently from the classics. While Andreas Vesalius laid the foundation for modern medicine and anatomical research, William Harvey explained blood circulation.

Leonardo da Vinci is known as the Renaissance man. He was a scientist, mathematician, philosopher, architect and painter. He wrote and wrote on subjects such as geology, anatomy, flight, gravity, and optics, often jumping from subject to subject on a single page, writing in left-handed mirror writing. He prototyped bicycles, planes, helicopters and parachutes. Therefore, the Renaissance was an era of growth of new ideas and scientific knowledge.4. Renaissance development (1450-1650).

The modern era of European history began with the Renaissance in the 15th century. The term Renaissance means reproduction in Italian. It was a cultural movement that brought new ideas and discoveries. After the rise of the Ottoman Empire in the mid-15th century, Turkish scholars emigrated to Europe with ancient and medieval classics. The rediscovery of classics by Europeans led to the reintroduction of reason and the emphasis on human emotions and ideas. The printing press was invented by Johannes Gutenberg in 1436, and the idea spread rapidly. The Renaissance gradually spread to Northern Europe by the 16th century, centering on Italy.

Scholars and philosophers of this era denied the medieval idea that God was the central idea of   nature and art. They have developed a new theory that rejects the classical theory.

Nicolaus Copernicus has developed a more detailed and accurate heliocentric theory of the planetary system. Explaining the revolution of other celestial bodies that orbit the Earth and the Sun, he was banned by the church because he believed in the Ptolemaic theory. He also conducted theoretical studies of mathematics.

Johannes Kepler was a strong supporter of Copernicus's theory. He studied it and added the fact that the planet rotates around the sun in an ellipse rather than a perfect circle. His contributions are the three well-known laws of planetary motion.

Galileo Galileo was a man of true Renaissance spirit. Not only was he an astronomer, he was also a physicist, mathematician and philosopher. His first scientific discovery was the law of the pendulum. He later succeeded in developing several devices such as magnets, compasses, thermometers and microscopes. But his breakthrough discovery was the use of telescopes to observe the universe. He is known as the father of modern physics because he developed the law of falling objects.

Francis Bacon argued that the truth needed evidence from the real world. He devised an inductive method for the study of nature. He said scientists need to formulate axioms or brief statements and prove them through the process of experimentation and analysis.

Apart from astronomy and mathematics, the study of human anatomy has also evolved very differently from the classics. While Andreas Vesalius laid the foundation for modern medicine and anatomical research, William Harvey explained blood circulation.

Leonardo da Vinci is known as the Renaissance man. He was a scientist, mathematician, philosopher, architect and painter. He wrote and wrote on subjects such as geology, anatomy, flight, gravity, and optics, often jumping from subject to subject on a single page, writing in left-handed mirror writing. He prototyped bicycles, planes, helicopters and parachutes. Therefore, the Renaissance was an era of growth of new ideas and scientific knowledge.

5. The era of reason and enlightenment (1650-1800).

The new idea of   reason and the independent understanding of nature were strongly inherited in the latter half of the 17th century. Scholars emphasized the right of individuals to think and express freely. During the Renaissance, the church opposed Copernicus and Galileo's scientific theory. Such opposition to the church and rule of the monarchy were rejected during this period. This led to the scientific revolution.

The Age of Enlightenment, which followed the era of reason, was a period of further scientific progress. The reason was to be the basis of authority and belief. Science was regarded as a study of nature aimed at developing and making progress in humankind. Intellectuals or philosophers were based on their argument to all authorities on the basis of logic. Therefore, there was also a rejection of tyranny and tradition in the social and political arena.

John Locke is considered the father of classical liberalism. Locke argued that human nature was variable and that knowledge was gained through accumulated experience rather than access to some sort of external truth. His ideas have had a great influence on political philosophy around the world.

Isaac Newton is considered the greatest figure in the scientific revolution. He was also a physicist, astronomer, mathematician, and theologian. He gave the theory of gravity. He has made significant contributions to the fields of optics and mechanics.

In the age of science, several universities and scientific laboratories were established all over the world. This encouraged scientific research.

In the 19th century, astronomy progressed further, new planets were discovered, and phenomena such as the creation of dark matter stars and stars were studied. Medicine has advanced with a better understanding of the human body and illness. Treatments for several drugs have begun to be discovered. The earliest was the discovery of smallpox vaccination by Louis Pasteur. One of the milestones of scientific theory in the 19th century was Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. It explained the evolution of life on Earth and laid the foundation for modern biology.

Key takeaways:

3.2 Nature of Science-its principles and characteristics; science as empirical, practical, theoretical and verified knowledge.

Science has provided solutions to several human problems. It's the method of understanding natural phenomena. Knowledge domain is consistently increasing. To understand what certifies a specific study as science, you would like to know the meaning and characteristics of science.

Meaning:

The word science comes from the word science, which suggests knowledge. Therefore, anybody of data are often called science. This is often a scientific study of data supported reasoning, observation, and experimentation. It is often defined as organized knowledge, especially when obtained by observing and verifying facts about the physical world, the laws of nature, and society.

Science may be a thanks to discover what's within the universe, how they work today, how they worked within the past, and the way they could add the longer term . The above definition states that science aims to get factual information and present it during a structural form. Therefore, the littlest atoms, the universe, the anatomy of living things, and even their social life become a part of research project .

Principles and features:

There are certain basic principles that make science unique. Below are a number of the essential features of science.

2.   Observation and reasoning-Scientific data is collected through observation and studied through reasoning. Observations are made through five senses that are often supported by technology. Supported the observations, a logical interpretation springs . For instance , the earliest models of planetary systems were created supported continuous observations of the sky over an extended period of your time using simple tools.

3.   Objectivity-Science is factual. It depends on observation and logic. It's nothing to try to  with the private beliefs, opinions or prejudices of the people conducting the survey. Therefore, the facts of science and their consequences are objective. They are doing not change from person to person. It's fair and true.

4.   Universal Basic Ideas-Science assumes that the universe may be a system during which basic rules apply everywhere. Therefore, the laws developed by science are often universally applied, like the laws of motion and magnetism. Therefore, scientific experiments are often introduced into any a part of the universe to know the behavior of the whole system.

5.   Tentative-New hypotheses may challenge established facts. Even with strong evidence, it's impossible to prove that a specific law is true under all conditions. From time to time, new experiments improve previous facts and theories. Therefore, knowledge domain is tentative. For instance , the previous theory that the world is that the center of the system was later proved wrong by Copernicus, who showed that the Sun is that the center and therefore the Earth rotates around it. Therefore, science is continuously improvising.

6.   Accurate and protracted Knowledge-Scientific knowledge is predicated on rigorous experimentation, so it's accurate and reliable. Knowledge domain is expressed in clear language to avoid ambiguity. Once scientific ideas are established as facts, they are doing not change for an extended time. Some ideas are consistent facts, like facts associated with gravity, energy and matter.

7.   Creative Thinking-Creativity and imagination are the roots of scientific ideas. Scientists perform experiments using creative methods that haven't been used before. They push the boundaries of their imagination and are encouraged to try to  so.

8.   Laws and theories are different-Scientific laws and theories are associated with one another , but not an equivalent . Both are hypothetical and supported by empirical data. Law is a longtime incontrovertible fact that explains the relationships between various factors and explains the patterns of the system under certain conditions. They're descriptive and mathematical.

Theory, on the opposite hand, explains established facts. They're non-mathematical and supply a solution on how a specific system works. Theory is an interpretation of the law. Some theories become laws, but some cause the invention of latest facts. For instance , Ptolemy's theory of planetary systems has led to near-accurate predictions of planetary positions.

9.  Science has its limits-Science predicts and explains phenomena. However, not all problems are often solved completely and accurately. For instance , there are some illnesses that can't be cured today. Therefore, science is that the subject of explaining natural phenomena, finding solutions, preparing models, and providing explanations. It's based on empirical data.

Science as knowledge:

As a body of knowledge, science has the following purposes:

Empirical –

Empirical knowledge means the knowledge gathered through sensory experience. e. Through the sense of touch, sight, sound, taste or smell. In science, all hypotheses and theories are tested against natural observations. Importance is given with the experience of reasoning. The evidence obtained from the experiment is the basis of knowledge. For example, one of the earliest philosophers, Aristotle, said that knowledge in nature is based on that perception and empirical thinking.

Empirical data can be exposed to scientist bias. Validating scientific data helps to avoid researcher bias. Therefore, scientific knowledge is verified.

Theoretically-

Building useful theories is a major goal of science. When a scientist makes a hypothesis, it means a calculated conclusion that he wants to prove correct. To do this, he conducts experiments and observes the facts. The result of this process is theory. Scientific theory can be proved wrong by testing under various conditions. As new ideas develop and new evidence is found, the theory improves accordingly. With the exception of mathematics, there is no completely proven theory at any given time. Wrong theories are either corrected or completely abandoned. Ptolemy's planetary theory, for example, was true for about 1000 years before Copernicus published the heliocentric theory. However, Newton's theory of gravity and Darwin's theory of evolution are self-consistent. Scientists test theories, validate them, and sometimes do research to improve them.

The theory should be predictable. New discoveries and experiments need to be made based on existing theories.

Practical-

Practical knowledge of science refers to the application of scientific knowledge. Further technical research requires basic theoretical research. Through the application of scientific knowledge, humans have found solutions to some problems, increased the efficiency of human life, and created many useful ones. The application of research in molecular biology, genetics, and anatomy has opened up many new fields of medicine. Knowledge of space and astronomy encouraged people to dream of using resources from other planets for use on Earth. Sciences such as psychology and neuroscience aim to understand human thinking, but have practical motivations such as the treatment of mental illness.

Science as a validated knowledge

The issue of the interface between science and faith may investigate how science relates to our faith. Science is a means of leading us to knowledge of nature in various disciplines. Knowledge of physics, biology, and earth / space science has expanded exponentially in our lifetime. Back about 400 years ago, the Scientific Revolution has greatly expanded our knowledge of the universe. Has science increased our divine knowledge about the interface between science and faith? Or is our science an area of   self-contained knowledge that enhances or undermines our divine awareness and divine knowledge?

Is God's existence affirmed or weakened by scientific knowledge? We believe that the existence of God is strongly confirmed by the discovery of science. Therefore, knowledge of the discovery of science and knowledge of the mechanics of science verify the knowledge of God's existence and the fact that God created everything. Not only is God created, we have knowledge of how God was created. For example, we have the knowledge that there was the beginning of our universe with infinitely small spots. We have knowledge of how the universe has evolved since its inception. Our knowledge confirms the order of the created universe. Atoms, which are the particles that make up the visible matter of the universe, are, in turn, composed of an orderly array of subatomic particles. Particles have fundamental forces called strong, weak, electromagnetic, and gravity. We do not fully understand these forces beyond the truth that they are needed to organize our universe in order.

Some information about our universe is still unknown. The discoveries of the last two decades have advanced our knowledge. For example, there is a mysterious and invisible "dark energy" that makes up most of the mass / density of the universe (68.3%). But to allow life to exist through the expansion of the universe, in addition to dark (26.8%) and visible (4.9%) matter, the amount of dark energy needs to be fine-tuned with incredible precision.

Key takeaways:

15.   The theory should be predictable. New discoveries and experiments need to be made based on existing theories.

16.   Practical knowledge of science refers to the application of scientific knowledge. Further technical research requires basic theoretical research.

17.   The issue of the interface between science and faith may investigate how science relates to our faith. Science is a means of leading us to knowledge of nature in various disciplines.

3.3 Science and Superstition- the role of science in exploding myths, blind beliefs and prejudices; Science and scientific temper- scientific temper as a fundamental duty of the Indian citizen.

Science evolves from the necessity to know natural phenomena. This is often a posh set of theories and concepts supported observation, testing, analysis, and presentation of phenomena. Scientists have developed several techniques to realize this. The overall process thus formulated is understood because the methodology .

The knowledge domain accumulated over the years has helped humans apply rationale and logic to their daily lives. It proved that some superstitions and blind beliefs were wrong. The foremost important a part of the appliance of science is technology.

The role of science within the explosion of myths, blind beliefs and prejudices

Superstition:

Superstitions have long been a part of human society. It's known to develop because humans are scared of being unexplained. By making some beliefs about it, they struggle to avoid or overcome this fear. It's such a belief that's not supported reason. Superstitions are tied to tradition, often with good and bad signs. Many have come down as a practice . But not all traditions are superstitious.

Superstitions often cause irrational behavior in men. For instance , when a cat crosses the road, superstition worsens, and lots of people become indignant and lose confidence when such an event occurs. Some people believe that they're unlucky lately , in order that they avoid taking new jobs or things on certain days of the week, and sometimes miss good opportunities in life. Superstitions also are a explanation for social problems. The assumption that a son's belief is required to hold a family heritage has led to the murder of girls in society. Animal and human sacrifices are carried within the name of bringing wealth, prosperity, and repeated rains.

Science plays a really important role within the eradication of superstition. Science needs proof and empirical data to draw conclusions. Superstitions are challenged by a totally unsuccessful methodology . Inquisitiveness can provide answers to several unexplained phenomena and eliminate the fears related to them. Scientific experiments have proven that a lot of banned activities, like the superstition of Nagpanchami, where snakes drink milk, or the bad omen of owl visibility, and not cooking on a eclipse day, are unfounded.

In a country of belief like India, the entire eradication of superstition has not yet been achieved. But as knowledge domain becomes more widespread, it's not a foreign dream.

Mythology:

Myths are stories which will or might not be true. It's supported traditions and legends. They need a deep symbolic meaning in it. They're often wont to explain the start of supernatural beings. It's generally believed that myths were formed to elucidate some natural phenomena. They're passed down from generation to generation. Myths often convey misleading or false knowledge. Therefore, scientists are performing on various experiments and theories to prove that these myths are wrong. Myths are important in history, but they're mixed with lies. They tell a stimulating story, but I cannot believe it completely.

Almost every culture within the world has its own myth. Some myths are a part of religious explanations. For instance , the earliest known myth supported by the Bible was that the world rotated round the sun and therefore the earth was flat. Scientists since the 13th century have found evidence and tried to elucidate that the world is round. The sun is stationery, but the world and other planets orbit around it. It had been not until the 17th century that the church accepted this fact.

There are various theories that specify the creation of the universe. Many of those , including Greek and Hindu myths, explain that the creation of the universe may be a step-by-step process, which supernatural forces have brought some order to the planet . Many could also be unrealistic, but their essence could also be an equivalent because the explosion theory given by scientists. Many other such myths were gradually broken as new knowledge domain was gained. Therefore, there's an opposite relationship between myth and science. Science is progressive, but mythology is fake knowledge disguised as truth.

Prejudice:

Prejudice is the disadvantage or negative opinion of those who do not know or examine the facts. Prejudice is created in people's minds because of a particular stereotype related to a person's religion, caste, region, sexuality, or nationality. There may be some negative experience behind the development of such attitudes. Such an attitude is passed down from generation to generation. The colloquial Kanjus Marwari phrase, for example, evolved because of Marwari's strict business attitude. There is a general prejudice among urban people that rural people are uneducated, backward and poor.

Such a negative attitude has become a social problem. They lead to the collapse of social peace. Such prejudices also lead to divisions among people and thus hinder national unity. Minority communities are particularly afflicted with inequality and injustice due to prejudice.

Science has helped establish among humans the fact that all humans are the same. It focuses on knowledge. It accepts the fact that social progress is based on new theories and laws that are based on facts rather than beliefs. Science proves that everyone of all regions and cultural backgrounds has equal rights to exist and respect in society. Therefore, scientific knowledge and scientific temper are necessary for the harmony and development of society. Scientific temperament helps to develop harmonious relationships between people. This spirit of scientific temper can spread throughout education, the media, and the medium of youth.

Science and scientific temperament-Scientific temperament as a basic duty of Indian citizens:

The attitude that allows one to apply logic and reach decisions based on credible and practical knowledge is said to be scientific temperament. It means the reasoning of prejudice as a belief and the application of avoidance.

General views and beliefs develop because of traditionally accepted views, because they are believed by important people, or because they are mentioned in religious books. Scientific temperament requires scrutiny of a particular idea before believing it. The argument about it, which claims to prove or disprove its validity, is the method used to apply scientific temperament to reach scientific knowledge. This attitude helps to blind beliefs and dismiss superstitions. It encourages an open mind that strives to achieve the highest and most reliable knowledge possible.

Importance:

Today's social progress is said to depend on members' attitudes towards critical investigations. The lack of such a critical approach can lead to imposing unjustified rules and arbitrary thoughts on people. Such a society will be weakened. Therefore, a scientific disposition is needed to establish a politically, socially and intellectually strong society.

The first Prime Minister of India, PanditJawaharlal Nehru, was an avid adviser of scientific disposition. The creators of our Constitution of India also recognize its importance and therefore include "development of scientific temperament and inquisitiveness" as one of the basic obligations of the Indian people (Article 51A). I will. By developing such an attitude, humanism can be nurtured among people. It helps to form a peaceful and civilized society.

India is a country with a long history of tradition and a country with several religions. Emphasis on both tradition and religion impedes the development of the country's scientific temperament. This attitude is a serious need of society. Superstition and blind belief have caused many social crimes and injustices. It also hinders the development of society. The importance of religion has also led to tensions between different religious groups. Several sections of society are utilized in the name of worship, rituals, and dogmatic religious practices. Such a situation is widespread even when India is making a new history with advances in atomic development, space research and technology. To counter such a sad situation in Indian society, the development of scientific temperament becomes a need for one hour.

Scientific temperament can be encouraged through education. Inquisitiveness should develop at a young age. Youth questions need to be answered with the right logic, not just rejected. Throughout history, tradition should be taught to develop a sense of identity. It should not be imposed for no reason. The current generation should be able to accept more reforms. The challenge to tradition should be seen in the light of progress, if it is based on strong rationale. It must be understood that scientific temper does not mean rejection of faith or imposition of Western culture. It means that you have a logical and proper understanding of your culture and nature.

Key takeaways:

11.   The first Prime Minister of India, Pandit  Jawaharlal Nehru, was an avid adviser of scientific disposition

12.   India is a country with a long history of tradition and a country with several religions.

3.4 Science in everyday life- technology, its meaning and role in development; Interrelation and distinction between science and technology

Simply put, technology is an application of scientific knowledge. This means the manufacture of such machines, arrangements, and procedures aimed at achieving specific goals or performing functions. Today, all areas of human work, from industry to medicine, are influenced and improved by technology. The first stone tools made by humans were a technical product of the time, as they were a product of human knowledge.

Technology features:

Technology is not limited to use in one sector. Increasingly advanced scientific knowledge provokes better things. New technology makes the old one inadequate. Technology has its disadvantages because it is productive. The following are key features or characteristics of the technology. It's worth it. Technology has many practical values for humankind. Machines such as fans, calculators and water pumps have made day-to-day tasks even easier. Technological progress has caused the Industrial Revolution in Europe, changing the economic and political situation in the world. Product of Creativity: Technology is the product of scientists' creative ideas based on scientific theory and law. For example, microwave ovens in the kitchen use electromagnetic waves. Electricity is made using the kinetic energy of water. Men's imagination, combined with advancing mechanical science, has led to the creation of humanoid robots.

Problem Solving:

From the problems of stone age survival to the problems of modern sustainable living, technology has the power to solve problems. Dam construction technology has helped people save and use water, except during the rainy season. Technology is helping to solve agricultural problems not only in India but also in small countries.

It has its disadvantages.

All technical products have a negative impact not only on nature but also on humans. With the progress of industry, the problem of pollution has increased. Nuclear energy is an excellent alternative to non-renewable resources, but it poses a health hazard to humans and other organisms on the planet. Some technical equipment is also expensive. Theology is not absolutely certain. The system may fail or some damage may be irreparable. You can reduce the impact of technology damage, but you cannot completely avoid the failure.

Social Change: Technology has completely and irreversibly changed the way people meet, interact, learn, work, play, travel, worship and do business. It has connected people from different parts of the world through better communication, travel and networking. This has made it possible to exchange cultures. Thanks to technology, the world has become a "global village" in the 20th century.

The role of technology:

Technology has helped improve productivity and efficiency in all areas where it is used. Agriculture: Technology is helping to improve agricultural production around the world using tractors and other machinery. The new irrigation method has increased productivity on low rainfall lands. We also used fertilizers, pesticides, and new seed qualities to improve food quality. Transportation and Communication: Technological inventions in transportation improve human movement as well as speed and safety. Air travel is common today and safe.

Transportation technology is also helping to develop better trade. The Internet has revolutionized communication between people. Communication technology is one of the cheaper modes to connect, so you can connect people even from remote locations. Today, the world is readily available on iPads, tablets and smartphones. Industry: Easier production with the help of computers that handle a lot of work, minimizing the labor of workers. In some factories, such as automobile production, the entire production process is carried out by robots. In many industries today, design and test models are designed entirely on a computer and displayed in 3D technology before the actual product is created.

Technology has reduced production costs and increased the efficiency of large-scale production. One of the disadvantages of technology-based industries is unemployment, especially in labor-intensive countries like India.

Services:

The service sector is also being improved by technology. From booking tickets, shopping, handling bank accounts, and even starting a business, such tasks are easy with the help of computers and the Internet. Medicine: Advanced medical inventions have helped treat many illnesses. Vaccinations, diagnostics and surgical devices have improved people's lives by detecting life-threatening illnesses early and performing microsurgery on high-risk organs such as the heart and brain. Today, many illnesses such as polio and chickenpox are completely cured.

Technology has changed the media and its form. Mankind reaches the universe and is studying more about the universe at the advancing space technology.

Interrelationship between science and technology:

The definition of technology itself describes it as an extension of science. There are several aspects to the relationship between the two. Here are some points to explain the interrelationship between science and technology: .e. g. The discovery of nanoscience has led to advances in cosmetics and refrigerators as well as computer technology. Technology is a way to combine scientific knowledge with practical value to benefit humanity. Both science and technology are based on experimentation and creativity.

Illustrative relationship:

Scientists explain natural phenomena based on experiments. Often, such experiments are performed on equipment, tools, and machines developed with previous technologies. Such technical assistance helps to better understand and explain scientific concepts.

Musical instrument relationship:

Scientists need a variety of machines to find, test, and present information. They need accurate machines for this purpose. Technology aims to provide science with devices that further enhance scientific knowledge. Machines manufactured for one purpose may be used in another scientific experiment. For example, the telescope, invented by European opticians, was later used and developed by Galileo to study the universe. Therefore, the skills and knowledge of engineers can be used to advance science.

Inspirational relationship:

Science and technology are inspired by each other for further development. Engineers develop such machines for use in advanced appliances, based on basic electrical science. On the other hand, some technical devices provide scientific explanations for some unknown phenomena. The invention of the steam engine, for example, later provided the basis for the creation of thermodynamic theory in physics. Therefore, this device laid the foundation for scientific research.

Science and technology are different

We have seen that both science and technology are related in many ways, but they are different in nature. The following points can better explain the difference between them.

Purpose:

Science and technology have fundamentally different purposes. The main purpose of science is to explain natural phenomena through the scientific methods of observation and experimentation. Technology aims to create products through concepts and methods based on intelligence and design. Science only observes and understands, but technology intervenes in nature. It is driven primarily by curiosity about something, rather than meeting human needs and opportunities.

Aims:

Technology aims to satisfy end users of products, processes, or environments. Science aims to discover or verify certain elements of nature.

The role of value:

Scientific knowledge is objective. Theories and laws developed as scientific knowledge cannot be said to be good or bad. However, technical products have a negative impact on human nature. For example, nuclear power and its use as scientific knowledge are not bad, but bomb-making technology for terrorist purposes is certainly inhumane.

Evaluation method:

Scientific knowledge is evaluated through the analysis of data. A theory is created and tested on the basis of various experiments and some hypotheses. Other scientists need to verify that the theory is true so that it can be established as a law or a universal fact. Technical products are validated based on design analysis, not on assumptions or hypotheses. Therefore, technology does not require verification of truth.

Science involves the formation of theory based on accurate data, and technology involves creating approximate models using the available data. Therefore, technology differs from science in its goals and methodologies.

Key takeaways:

Reference:

1. Evolution of Technology by George Basallia.

2. History of Science and Technology in India by G. Kuppuram.