Unit V

Natural Resources

5.1 Natural Resources: Conservation of Natural Resources, Management and Conservation of Wildlife, Soil Erosion and Conservation

Natural Resources

Meaning

Natural resources are components that exist within the world without human intervention. These natural resources range from renewable to non-renewable, biological to non-biological, and tangible to intangible. Natural resources are essential to the survival of humans and all other living things. All products around the world use natural resources such as water, air, natural chemicals and energy as basic components. Due to the high demand for natural resources around the world, they are rapidly depleted. As a result, most countries promote the proper management and sustainable use of natural resources.

Definition:

A naturally occurring substance that is considered valuable in its relatively unmodified (natural) form. The value of natural resources depends on the amount of substance available and the demand for it. The latter is determined by its usefulness for production. A product is generally considered a natural resource if the main activity associated with the product is extraction and purification rather than creation. Therefore, mining, oil mining, fishing, hunting and forestry are generally considered natural resource industries, but agriculture is not. The term was introduced to a wide audience by E.F. Schumacher in his 1970s book "Small is Beautiful".

Classification of natural resources

Natural resources are mainly classified into renewable resources and non-renewable resources.

Renewable resources are generally biological resources (fish, reindeer, coffee, forests, etc.) and can be replenished (regenerated) by themselves if used in a sustainable manner without over-harvesting.

Non-renewable resources

Non-renewable resources are natural resources that are present in a certain amount and cannot be recreated, regrown, or regenerated as quickly as they are consumed and consumed.

Conservation of Natural Resources

What are Natural Resources?

Natural resources are sources that arise in nature with out human assistance. All certainly happening materials which includes animals, plants, water, oil, coal, minerals, wood, land, light, soil and power are taken into consideration herbal sources. Natural sources may be renewable or non-renewable.

Renewable sources talk to non-mimicking materials which includes sun power, wind power, biomass power, and hydropower.

Non-renewable sources are sources that can't be replenished certainly at a tempo enough to fulfill developing demand. Non-renewable sources encompass water, fossil fuels, herbal fueloline, minerals, and nuclear power.

Why to protect natural resources?

Humans rely on natural resources for their development activities. If you do not use resources well, the balance of the environment will be lost. Therefore, you are against an eco-friendly atmosphere. The need for conservation arises from the importance of natural resources. It is as follows-

Water is a renewable natural resource. We use it for drinking, power generation, irrigation, various industries, and many activities. The shortage will cause loss of vegetation, adverse effects on flora and fauna, and soil erosion.

Plants and animals offer a wide range of industrial and biological materials. It is also useful in pharmaceutical manufacturing and a variety of other applications.

The formation of natural resources takes millions of years.

Fossil fuels are very important. Much energy is produced from fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas.

Forests are the most important natural resource for economic development. Forests provide paper, furniture, wood, medicine, gum and more. It also keeps the ecosystem in balance. In addition, it prevents soil erosion and protects wildlife.

Land resources support natural vegetation, wildlife and transportation. Land also provides us with food, cloth, shelter, and other basic needs.

Why is the safety of herbal sources important?

Humans rely upon herbal sources for survival, however now no longer all herbal sources are renewable. The meals and water we consume, the air we breathe, and the shelters we create are all derived from herbal sources, to guard what we want to sell the fitness and durability of each the planet and humanity. Need to be taken. Human activity, in the main the usage of non-renewable sources which includes fossil fuels, is chargeable for the big surge in weather alternate. Conserving herbal sources can lessen greenhouse fueloline emissions and feature a higher effect at the herbal environment.

8 Ways to Protect Natural Resources at Home

There are numerous approaches to guard the herbal sources of your house:

1. Use much less water. Taking a brief bathe or turning off the tap even as brushing your tooth can assist lessen wasted water in your house. Use the dishwasher or washing gadget handiest at complete load and transfer to power-saving system if possible.
2. Turns off. When you depart the room, flip off the strength and TV. Electrical home equipment which includes transportable air conditioners, toasters, and espresso makers can keep to apply small quantities of strength, so unplug them while now no longer in use. In addition, LED bulbs require a ways much less wattage than preferred bulbs, so switching to this opportunity lighting fixtures technique also can keep sources.
3. Uses renewable power. Renewable power intake has been practiced for centuries, however latest weather alternate and worldwide warming have led many scientists and researchers to discover approaches to include greater inexperienced practices into their day by day lives. I commenced to search. Renewable power replenishes itself and decreases the want to reap new sources. By the use of sun panels and wind power, we will drastically lessen our dependence on herbal fueloline and decrease useful resource depletion over time.
4. Please recycle. We want to apply sources to make new merchandise, however recycling enables us to reuse the substances we already have. By lowering the variety of recent substances we manufacture, we will lessen waste and decrease groundwater and air pollutants. Find a middle that accepts recycled merchandise which includes PET bottles, cardboard, and aluminium. Switch to paperless billing and purchase recycled paper to restriction the want for logging and deforestation.
5. Compost. Composting is a fantastic manner to transform meals waste into beneficial substances on your vegetable garden. Composting enriches the soil, improves runoff, reduces the want for watering, and decreases soil erosion. Composting additionally draws useful organisms that lessen the want for insecticides and dangerous chemicals. Composting promotes sustainability and might lessen the quantity of waste and pollutants produced through meals waste.
6. Please choose a reusable product. Avoiding disposable plastics is some other manner to keep sources. Instead of purchasing water bottles, plastic cups, or paper plates, pick out ceramic, metal, or glassware. Use your personal fabric grocery bag in preference to a plastic bag. Reusing objects is a fantastic manner to lessen waste and preserve extra trash out of landfills.
7. Manage the thermostat. Air conditioning debts for approximately 1/2 of of the power bill, however you may keep power in your house through simply decreasing the heating two times in winter. Raising the thermostat two times withinside the summer time season can keep power and decrease your month-to-month bill.
8. Thrift shop. To make a unmarried cotton T-shirt, you want at the least six hundred gallons of water. Buying second-hand apparel can amplify the lifestyles cycle and decrease the quantity of reusable apparel in an effort to in the end be landfilled. Thrift stores boom the time among the use and disposal levels of the apparel lifestyles cycle, permitting greater used apparel to be used. This can lessen the want for overproduction and manufacturing.

Management and Conservation of Wildlife

Conservation of Wildlife

Wildlife conservation is the protection of animal and plant species and their habitats. As part of the world's ecosystem, wildlife provides balance and stability to natural processes. The goal of wildlife conservation is to ensure the survival of these species and to educate people about living sustainably with other species.

The population has grown exponentially over the last 200 years and today exceeds 7 billion and continues to grow rapidly. This means that billions of people on the planet are consuming natural resources faster than ever before. This growth and development also provides habitats and presence for various types of wildlife around the world, especially animals and plants that may be moved for land development or used for food or other human purposes. Put it in danger. Other threats to wildlife include the invasion of invasive species from other parts of the world, climate change, pollution, hunting, fishing and poaching.

National and international organizations such as the World Wildlife Fund, Conservation International, the Wildlife Conservation Society, and the United Nations are working to support global animal and habitat conservation efforts in many ways. They work with the government to establish and protect public lands such as national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. They support the development of legislation, such as the 1973 US Endangered Species Act (ESA), to protect a variety of species. They work with law enforcement agencies to prosecute wildlife crimes such as wildlife trade and illegal hunting (poaching). It also promotes biodiversity and supports growing populations while preserving existing species and habitats.

National Geographic Explorer, like conservation biologists Camille Coudrat and Titus Adhola, is working to delay the extinction of global species and protect global biodiversity and habitats. Environmental filmmakers and photographers like Thomas P. Peschak are also essential to nature maintenance efforts to record and attract the attention of endangered wildlife species around the world.

The term wildlife generally refers to organisms that live in their natural habitat. And the term conservation means protecting nature and natural resources for future generations by using it in a sustainable way.

Importance of wildlife conservation:

1. Economic Value: Wildlife resources are a major resource on which humans depend. Providing industry with a variety of raw materials such as textiles, leather, tannis, dyes, wood and furniture, people can make money by selling them. You can produce fur, wool, horns, bones, silk, meat, leather, etc. from animals and make money by selling them.
2. Food Value: It provides the majority of food. Many types of flora and fauna live and grow in different climatic and geographical conditions. These plants and animals supply many foods such as fruits, cereals, nuts, mushrooms, honey, meat and microphones.
3. Medicinal effects: It is estimated that 80% of people in developing countries are directly dependent on traditional medicines derived from plants and animals. Over 1500 plants in Nepal are medicinal.
4. Other Values: Biodiversity has a direct impact on regions and regional weather patterns. Plants purify the air, regulate the composition of the air, recycle oxygen, and filter harmful particles released by industrial activities.

Wildlife status category:

The following species are classified as threat species by the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature).

1. Extinction (Ex): A species that has not definitely lived in the wild in the last 50 years. Category example on some occasions? Used; this shows that it is virtually certain that the taxa have recently become extinct.
2. Endangered Species (E): A taxon that is endangered and unlikely to survive if accidental factors continue to act. It also includes taxa that have been seen in the wild for the past 50 years but are now potentially extinct. Tarauma Hodg Sony.
3. Vulnerability (V): Taxa are considered likely to be classified as endangered in the near future if accidental factors continue to function. Includes taxa whose population is declining due to overfishing. Nardostachys grandiflora, Parisployphylla, etc.
4. Rare (R): A taxon that is not endangered or vulnerable, but has a small population in the world at risk. These species are usually localized within a restricted geographic area or habitat.
5. Uncertain (I): A taxon known as Endangered, Vulnerable, or Rare, but lacks sufficient information to indicate which of the three categories is appropriate.
6. Not fully known (K): A taxon that is suspected due to lack of information but is not clearly known to belong to any of the above categories.
7. Not fully known (K): A taxon that is suspected due to lack of information but is not clearly known to belong to any of the above categories.
8. Endangered Species (T): The general term endangered species is used to refer to species that are considered to belong to any of the above categories.
9. Commercially Endangered (CT): Not currently an endangered taxon, but almost or all of its population is threatened or will be a sustainable commercial resource Probably.

Causes of Wildlife Extinction:

Like most developing countries, the threat to biodiversity in Nepal is initiated by human activity. Habitat destruction and overfishing are the major causes of wildlife extinction.

1. Habitat Loss, Deforestation and Deforestation: In Nepal, the greatest threat to wildlife conservation comes from human activity, including habitat loss and deforestation. Wildlife destructive habitats due to overpopulation of commercial timber, cultivated land, industry, roads, canal development activities, firewood and power plants cause wildlife extinction.
2. Overfishing of forest resources: People rely heavily on forest resources to maintain them. People use forest products for firewood, feed, timber, shelters, medicines and edible plants that promote wildlife extinction.
3. Illegal hunting and poaching: Illegal hunting is common throughout Nepal. Mammals and birds are killed, schools of river fish are overfished, dolphins are captured for meat, pheasants are hunted for meat, and carnivores are hunted for fur and bones.
4. Trade: There was a commercial trade in wildlife, both legal and illegal. One example is the one-sided rhino, which has been reduced by transactions.
5. Population growth and poverty are also major causes of wildlife extinction.

Wildlife conservation and management

Conservation strategy

1. Habitat research, protection, improvement and habitat management are needed.
2. We need to increase the habitat of wildlife.
3. We need to reduce the rate of population growth.
4. Data on wildlife should be updated and collected on a regular basis.
5. Law in the field of wildlife trade and hunting must be strict and fines must be high.
6. Education and public awareness need to be done.
7. Establishment of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries.
8. It needs to be prioritized to conduct scientific research and protect endangered species.

Soil Erosion and Conservation

Soil Erosion

Soil erosion and land degradation together form one of the major problems that upset the world's ecological balance. Rapid population growth puts a heavy burden on land and soil resources, leading to land degradation and soil erosion. Globally, more than 4.85 billion acres (1.96 billion hectares), or 17% of the vegetated planet, are degraded to varying degrees by humans.

Soil erosion is the loosening of topsoil particles from the land.  Soil erosion can occur at slow or fast rates. May be natural soil erosion

(A) Slow process (or geological erosion) or

(B) Rapid processes facilitated by logging, floods, tornadoes, or other human activity.

Types of soil erosion

Soil erosion is categorized based on the physical factors that cause erosion. Therefore, different types of soil erosion are called:

(A) Water erosion

(B) Aeolian process

(A) Water erosion

Running water is one of the major chemicals that carry away soil particles. Soil erosion by water is caused by raindrops, waves, or ice. Soil erosion by water is called differently depending on the intensity and nature of the erosion.

(I) Raindrop erosion (ii) Sheet erosion (iii) Lil erosion (iv) Steam bank erosion (v) Landslide erosion (vi) Coastal erosion.

Erosion of raindrops

When a raindrop falls on exposed soil, it behaves like a small bomb, pushing away soil particles and destroying the soil structure.

The average size of raindrops is about 5 mm in diameter, and when they fall in the air, they collide with the soil at a speed of 32 km / h.

The presence of vegetation on the land prevents raindrops from falling directly onto the soil and prevents soil erosion in vegetation-covered areas.

Sheet erosion

Detachment and transport of soil particles by flushing rainwater is called sheet or wash-off erosion. This is a very slow process and is often overlooked.

Rill erosion

In Lil erosion, Lil-like fingers appear on the cultivated land after sheet erosion.

These rills usually smooth out each year during formation.

Each year, the number of rills gradually increases, becoming wider and deeper.

When the size of the rill increases, it is called a gully. The canyon is a deep canyon.

Riverbank erosion

Soil erosion from the banks (shores) of streams and rivers by flowing water is called bank erosion.

Landslide

Sudden mass movement of soil is called a landslide. Landslides are caused by the instability or imbalance of the land mass against gravity.

Coastal erosion

Coastal erosion occurs along the coast. It is caused by the action of ocean waves and the inward movement of the ocean to land.

Results of water erosion

Erosion removes the most fertile parts of the soil. Lower soil with low fertility remains.

Topsoil particles, which contain most of the nutrients and organic matter needed by plants, are lost by soil erosion.

Erosion can remove seeds and seedlings and expose the soil. Bare soil is more vulnerable to both wind and water erosion.

Removing seeds and seedlings reduces the ability of the soil to store water.

Bank erosion of sheets, rills, gully, and streams also causes burial of rivers, streams, and fields.

Silt deposits result in damage to crops and pastures, as well as sedimentation of water bodies such as streams, dams and reservoirs.

Sedimentation in water bodies deteriorates water quality and damages aquatic habitats and organisms.

Coastal erosion causes adjacent land to be covered with sand.

(B) Aeolian process

Wind-induced soil erosion is more common in areas where natural vegetation has been destroyed. Such conditions occur primarily in dry, dry areas along the sandy beaches of the sea, lakes and rivers.

Loose soil particles are blown off and carried from the wind in three ways:

(I) Silt: A series of short bounces that are blown away by the wind.

(Ii) Suspension: Transported over long distances in the form of suspended particles.

(Iii) Surface creep: Transported at the ground level by high-speed wind.

Results of wind erosion

Aeolian process removes fine soil substances such as organic matter, clay and slits in the form of suspensions (colloids), leaving coarse and low fertility substances.

Most of the phytonutrients that remain attached to the small colloidal soil fraction are lost, resulting in a loss of soil production capacity.

Wind erosion also damages roads and fertile farmlands by depositing large amounts of air-blown soil particles.

Soil erosion caused by human activity

Certain human activities accelerate soil erosion.

Deforestation

Agriculture

Mining

Development work, human settlement, and transportation

Deforestation:

Deforestation consists of deforestation and logging, and particles removal. Browsing and trampling through farm animals and wildfires additionally purpose deforestation. Deforestation results in erosion. Deforestation additionally results in land degradation, vitamins, and disruption of sensitive soil-plant relationships.

Agriculture:

Agriculture is a main human pastime that reasons soil erosion. Crops grow, are harvested, the land is cultivated, and they're uncovered intermittently to wind and rain. All of this prevents hydration. Agriculture additionally reasons the worst sorts of soil erosion on agricultural land withinside the shape of flushes and sheet erosion. In dry and semi-arid areas, sand spraying and sand switch paintings withinside the equal manner as sheet erosion, in which water is the principle purpose. As a result, the creeping impact of desertification starts off evolved and the fertility of the land is step by step misplaced.

The following agricultural practices can cause extended soil erosion.

Cultivation and cultivation disturb the herbal soil floor and guarded flora, growing the ability for erosion.

Continuous planting: Continuous planting of the equal land and prolonged cultivation of the restrict and sub-restrict land sell soil erosion.

Cultivation on mountain slopes: Cultivation on mountain slopes without right land remedy measures which includes boundaries, rice terraces and ditches reasons soil erosion and lack of soil vitamins.

Monoculture: Monoculture refers to planting the equal sort of crop in a subject. Single-developing practices can cause soil erosion in 3 ways.

(I) Single vegetation are harvested at once, exposing the whole subject and exposing it to each water and wind.

(Ii) Without flora, herbal rainfall isn't always retained withinside the soil and flows swiftly over the floor of the earth as opposed to at the ground. It additionally contains away topsoil, inflicting soil erosion and deterioration.

(Iii) When a sickness or pest invades a subject, the whole crop is typically worn out and the naked land is prone to water and wind.

Overgrazing: That manner too many animals are fed a part of the grassland. Trampling and grazing through livestock destroys flora withinside the area. Without right flora cover, the land may be very prone to each wind and water erosion.

Economic pastime: Economic pastime additionally reasons soil erosion. Extracting beneficial herbal sources which includes metals, minerals and fossil fuels from the land reasons extreme disruption to the land, inflicting soil erosion and dramatic adjustments in landscape.

Development sports: Various improvement sports which includes housing, transportation, communications and pastime also can purpose soil erosion. Building creation additionally promotes soil erosion, as soil erosion hastens throughout the development of houses, roads, railroad tracks, etc. The creation of such centers reasons big disruption to the land, ensuing in soil erosion and fall apart of the herbal drainage system.

Results of soil erosion:

Topsoil particles, which incorporate maximum of the vitamins and natural be counted wished through plants, are misplaced through soil erosion. Aeolian system eliminates excellent soil materials which includes natural be counted, clay and slits withinside the shape of suspensions (colloids), leaving coarse and occasional fertility materials.

Erosion can eliminate seeds and seedlings and reveal the soil. Bare soil is extra at risk of each wind and water erosion. Removing seeds and seedlings reduces the capacity of the soil to keep water.

Bank erosion of sheets, rills, gully, and streams additionally reasons burial of rivers, streams, and fields. Silt deposits bring about crop and pasture harm and sedimentation of water our bodies which includes streams, dams and reservoirs. Sedimentation of water our bodies deteriorates water fine and damages aquatic habitats and organisms.

Gully erosion additionally outcomes in massive quantities of soil loss. Wider and deeper canyons occasionally attain 30m, as a result critically proscribing land use. Large gully disrupts everyday farm management.

Riverbank erosion now no longer handiest reasons land loss, however additionally alters the float of rivers and streams. Erosion of river embankments additionally damages public roads. Wind erosion additionally damages roads and fertile farmlands through depositing massive quantities of air-blown soil particles.

Mass migration of land and landslides additionally impedes farm manufacturing and land use. It additionally reasons the loss of life of animals and humans.

Coastal erosion reasons adjoining land to be blanketed with sand.

Prevention of soil erosion

It is essential to maintain the vegetation cover so that the soil is not exposed to rain. Vegetation coverage is important because the roots of the plant hold soil particles together. The plant blocks rainfall and protects the soil from the direct effects of raindrops.

Cattle grazing should be controlled.

Crop rotation and maintenance of fallow (do not plant anything in the soil for a while) should be adopted

Vegetation and soil management need to be improved to increase soil organic matter.

In order to prevent erosion of river embankments, it is necessary to store runoff in the catchment area, such as by maintaining vegetation coverage and constructing dams to store water.

Protective vegetation along the coast needs to be rebuilt to prevent or mitigate coastal erosion. The best way to control coastal dune erosion is to not disturb the dunes and coastal systems. In addition, building construction and other developments should be placed behind the dune system.

The vegetation coverage of sandy soil should be kept at 30% or higher. Wind access to the soil should be controlled by leaving stubble or mulch in the soil. (Stubble is the wreckage of crops left after harvest).

By planting trees in the form of windbreaks, you can destroy or control the wind speed.

Maintenance measures

Not only is the protection and conservation of forest resources desirable, but it is also necessary for the economic development of the country and the maintenance of environmental and ecosystem balance from region to region and to the world level. The United States Ecosystem Group, Integrated Conservation Research (ICR), has launched a large-scale forest conservation program in collaboration with the UNESCO Human and Biosphere Reserve (MAB) program.

The first and most important task in protecting forests is to protect existing forests from relentless and reckless logging by greedy business people. This challenge can be achieved through government legislation and by arousing the public interest in the importance of forest resources. India's National Forest Policy also sets out certain basic principles for the proper management and conservation of national forest resources.

Classification of forests into protected forests, protected forests, village forests, etc. based on functional aspects.

Expansion of forest coverage by planting trees to improve physical and climatic conditions for the well-being of people,

Regulations to ensure a gradual increase in supply of animal feed and agricultural timber and firewood to locals near the forest,

Opposed to recklessly expanding farmland at the expense of forests,

Expansion of forest area by large-scale planning of large-scale tree planting on the scaffolding of war to put 33% of the country's geographical area under forests and the like.

An important means of effective conservation of natural forests is to adapt scientific and wise logging methods by following a selective approach. Only mature and desirable trees should be logged and unnecessary trees of low economic value should be avoided.

Cover more and more wastelands and already deforested lands with forests through active planning of tree planting. Forests should not be replaced by commercially important orchards.

For example, growing apples in many parts of the Himalayas, especially in Himachal Pradesh (India), has caused great damage to the original natural forests. Cultivation of apples causes deforestation in two ways.

Cultivation of apples requires removing the land from the plant coverings.

Packing apples requires a large amount of wood each year.

Integrated Conservation Research, an ecological research group in the United States, proposes elaborate programs for forest improvement. These programs include –

Agro forestry,

Ethno botany, and

Natural history-oriented tourism.

Corrective action

1. Intensive improvement plans for tree planting need to be adopted. High-yielding types need to be planted withinside the proper places.
2. To keep away from waste, you want the modern seasonings and garage techniques.
3. Appropriate preparations to defend forests from fires and plant sicknesses can substantially assist remedy a few problems.
4. A whole stock of wooded area sources is wanted to as it should be check our wooded area sources and make plans for his or her right use.
5. Slash-and-burn cultivation need to be stopped, and tribes that depend on this sort of cultivation need to be furnished with opportunity livelihoods.
6. People concerned in wooded area safety need to be nicely trained.

Government initiative

a) Flower and animal aid studies and innovations are finished with the aid of using the Indian Plant Survey (BSI) and the Indian Animal Survey (ZSI). Forest surveys in India examine wooded area cowl to increase correct databases for making plans and tracking purposes.

b) The 2002 Biodiversity Act became enacted and the 2004 Biodiversity Regulations have been notified. It ambitions to defend countrywide organic sources and adjust get entry to to those sources to make sure a honest percentage of the advantages that end result from their use.

c) Obtain "established order consent" and "operational consent" from applicable events beneath the provisions of the Water (Pollution Prevention and Control) Act of 1974 and the Air (Pollution Prevention and Control) Act of 1981. State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) earlier than imposing business operations.

d) Preparation of environmental effect evaluation and environmental control plan for improvement tasks primarily based totally at the provisions of the September 2006 Environmental Impact Assessment Notification.

e) Adoption of cleanser era and use of advanced gasoline first-class.

f) Regular tracking of business gadgets for environmental compliance.

g) In acknowledging this factor, the Government of India's Ministry of Environment and Forests, beneath JFM (Joint Forest Management), concerned the village network and voluntary businesses withinside the recuperation of devastated forests on June 1, 1990. Published coverage tips for. Program. Joint wooded area control is the technique with the aid of using which the Forest Department and the network together defend and control forests.

h) Sacred grove includes patches of wooded area or herbal vegetation, normally from some bushes to acres of wooded area, devoted to the nearby peoples gods and tree spirits (Vanadevatais). These areas are covered with the aid of using the area people for generations of spiritual ideals and conventional ceremonies.

i) Green India's countrywide undertaking to enhance the first-class of wooded area insurance and enhance environment offerings, mainly from four.nine million hectares (MHA) in wooded area areas. These encompass medium density wooded area insurance of 1.five MHA, open wooded area cowl of three MHA, and devastated grassland of 0.four MHA.

j) Eco-recuperation / plantation to growth wooded area insurance and environment offerings from 1.eight m ha of wooded area / non-wooded area areas, together with shrublands, moving cultivation areas, deserted mining areas, valley lands, mangroves and seaback thorn areas.

k) 0.2 MHA Strengthening of tree coverings in city and periurban areas (together with institutional land).

Key takeaways:

1. Natural resources are components that exist within the world without human intervention.
2. Renewable resources are generally biological resources (fish, reindeer, coffee, forests, etc.) and can be replenished (regenerated) by themselves if used in a sustainable manner without over-harvesting.
3. Non-renewable resources are natural resources that are present in a certain amount and cannot be recreated, regrown, or regenerated as quickly as they are consumed and consumed.
4. Wildlife conservation is the protection of animal and plant species and their habitats.
5. Species that has not definitely lived in the wild in the last 50 years.
6. Like most developing countries, the threat to biodiversity in Nepal is initiated by human activity.
7. Soil erosion and land degradation together form one of the major problems that upset the world's ecological balance.
8. Running water is one of the major chemicals that carry away soil particles. Soil erosion by water is caused by raindrops, waves, or ice.
9. Erosion removes the most fertile parts of the soil. Lower soil with low fertility remains.
10. Coastal erosion causes adjacent land to be covered with sand.
11. Deforestation consists of deforestation and logging, and particles removal.
12. Coastal erosion reasons adjoining land to be blanketed with sand.
13. Crop rotation and maintenance of fallow (do not plant anything in the soil for a while) should be adopted
14. Classification of forests into protected forests, protected forests, village forests, etc. based on functional aspects.
15. Intensive improvement plans for tree planting need to be adopted. High-yielding types need to be planted withinside the proper places.
16. Obtain "established order consent" and "operational consent" from applicable events beneath the provisions of the Water (Pollution Prevention and Control) Act of 1974 and the Air (Pollution Prevention and Control) Act of 1981. State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) earlier than imposing business operations.

5.2 Environmental Laws: Water Act, 1974, Air Act, 1981, the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, Environment Protection, 1986.

Water Act, 1974

Water (Pollution Prevention and Management) Law

The government enacted this law in 1974 to prevent water pollution from industrial, agricultural and household wastewater that could pollute water sources.

Wastewater containing high levels of pollutants flowing into wetlands, rivers, lakes, wells, and the sea poses serious health hazards. Controlling point sources by monitoring the levels of various pollutants is one way to prevent pollution by punishing pollutants. However, it is also the responsibility of the general public to notify the relevant authorities if they determine that they are likely sources of pollution. Individuals also face water pollution, including the use of biodegradable chemicals at home, the reduction of pesticide use in the garden, and the identification of sources of pollution in the workplace and in the industrial sector where petroleum and other petroleum products and heavy metals are used. You can do several things to reduce it. Excessive organic matter, deposits, and infected organs from hospital waste can also contaminate our water. Citizens need to develop surveillance to notify authorities to take appropriate action against various types of water pollution. Polluters have to pay for their actions. However, preventing pollution is better than trying to solve the problems caused by pollution or punishing criminals. The main purpose of the Water Law is to provide the prevention, control and mitigation of water pollution and the maintenance or restoration of water health. It is designed to assess pollution levels and punish polluters. Central and state governments have set pollution control

A committee that monitors water pollution.

Pollution control committee function:

The government is giving PCBs the power they need to address the problem of water pollution in the country.

We also propose penalties for violating the provisions of the law.

Central and state water quality inspection laboratories have been established to allow both councils to assess the extent of water pollution and set the criteria for establishing guilty and default. Central and state committees have the right to enjoy certain powers and functions, including:

Central Committee: Has the authority to advise the central government on issues related to the prevention and management of water pollution. The board coordinates the activities of the state board and resolves disputes. The Central Council can provide technical assistance and guidelines to the State Council to carry out investigations and studies related to water pollution and organize training for those involved in the process. The Board organizes a comprehensive awareness-raising program on water pollution through the mass media and also publishes data on water pollution. The Board consults with the State Board on waste disposal standards to establish or amend rules. The main function of the Central Council is to promote the cleanliness of rivers, lakes, streams and wells in the country.

State Board: Has the authority to advise state governments on issues related to water pollution. It's a comprehensive plan.

A program to prevent water pollution. We collect and disseminate information on water pollution and participate in research in collaboration with the Central Committee to organize it.

Training of people involved in the process. The Board inspects sewage or trade wastewater, treatment plants, purification plants, and disposal systems, and develops economical and reliable treatment methods for sewage and other wastewater. We plan to use sewage for agriculture. It's drainage

The waste is diluted and discharged to the land. The state committee advises the state government on the location of the industry.

An institute was set up to enable the board to perform its function. The Legislature has the authority to conduct investigations and obtain information from authorized officers who are authorized to record water flow, volume, and other characteristics. They are given

The ability to take a sample of wastewater and suggest procedures to follow in relation to the sample. Related committee

Analysts are expected to analyze the samples sent and submit a report of the results to the relevant board of directors. The board must send a copy of the results to their respective industries. The board also has the authority to inspect any plant record, registration, document, or any material object and can search anywhere.

There is reason to believe that the fence was made under the law. Penalties are imposed for acts that cause pollution. This includes failure to provide the information required by the board of directors, or failure to form the occurrence of an accident or other unexpected act. Individual or organization Failure to follow the instructions given in the subsection of the law can result in conviction or punishment for 3 months imprisonment, a fine of 10,000 rupees, or both, and an additional 5,000 rupees daily if unsuccessful. Will be fined. .. If a person who has already been convicted of any crime is convicted of the same crime again, he or she will be sentenced to imprisonment after all subsequent convictions.

It is less than 2 years, but may be extended to 7 years with a fine.

What can an individual do to prevent water pollution?

1. Notify the pollution control committee of criminals who are contaminating water and ensure that appropriate measures are taken. You can also write a letter to the press.

2. Do not dump waste into domestic or industrial drainage channels that may enter waters such as rivers, rivers and ponds directly,lake or sea.

3. The toilet will not disappear, but do not use the toilet to wash away waste as it will mow pears elsewhere and cause water pollution.

4. Use compost instead of chemical fertilizer in the garden.

5. At home, avoid the use of pesticides such as DDT, melansion, and aldrin, and use alternative methods such as boric acid paste mixed with gram powder to kill cockroaches and other insects. Use dried neem leaves to keep insects away.

Air Act, 1981

Air (prevention and control Acts of pollution)

The government passed this law in 1981 and purified our air by controlling pollution. Air pollution sources such as industry, vehicles and power plants are allowed to release certain substances, lead, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), or other toxic substances. Not.

Predetermined level. To ensure this, a Contamination Control Committee (PCB) was set up by the government.

By testing air, in the atmosphere and in specific sources. It is measured in one millionth, or milligrams or micrograms per cubic meter. Particulate matter and gas released

By industry and by vehicle, buses and motorcycles are measured using air sampling equipment. But the most important aspect is that people themselves recognize the dangers of air pollution and see that their cars and the industries in which they work reduce emissions, reducing their potential as polluters. That is.

This law was created to "take appropriate steps to protect the earth's natural resources.

Protects high quality air and reliably controls the level of air pollution.

The main purposes of this law are:

(A) To provide prevention, control and mitigation of air pollution.

(B) To provide for the establishment of central and state boards for the purpose of enforcing the law.

(C) Enforce the provisions of the law and empower the Board to assign pollution-related functions to the Board.

Air pollution is more severe in densely populated, highly industrialized and urbanized areas. The presence of pollution beyond certain limits by the various pollutants emitted by industrial emissions is monitored by pollution control committees established in all states.

Board Authority and Function Central Board: The main function of the Central Board is to implement legislation designed to improve air quality and prevent and control domestic air pollution. The Board advises the central government on matters related to improving air quality, coordinates activities, provides technical assistance and guidance to the State Board, and sets air quality standards. It collects and disseminates matters related to air pollution and fulfills the functions stipulated by law.

State Pollution Control Committee: The state committee has the authority to advise the state government on issues related to the prevention and control of air pollution. They reserve the right to inspect any controlled equipment, industrial plant, or manufacturing process in a reasonable amount of time and order them to take the necessary steps to control pollution. They are expected to inspect air pollution control areas on a regular basis or whenever needed. They are empowered to provide emission standards set by various industrial plants with respect to the emissions and composition of air pollutants into the atmosphere. The state committee may establish or approve a laboratory to perform this function.

The state government is authorized to declare air pollution control areas after consulting with state committees, and also gives instructions to ensure emissions standards from automobiles and restrictions on the use of certain industrial plants.

Penalties: Those who control the industry are to be punished if they cause the emission of air pollutants that exceed the standards set by the State Commission. The board also applies to the court to detain those who cause air pollution.

Anyone who violates any of the provisions of the law or any order or instruction issued will be punished with imprisonment for a period of up to three months, a fine of 10,000 rupees, or both. After conviction of the first offense, an additional fine of up to 5,000 rupees will be imposed daily for the duration of such offense.

What can an individual do to control air pollution?

1) If you find a contaminated vehicle, delete the number and send a letter to the Road Transport Authority (RTO) and the Pollution Control Board (PCB).

2) If you observe the industry polluting the air, notify the Pollution Control Board in writing to see if any measures have been taken.

3) Use your car only when absolutely necessary. Instead of using fossil fuel-powered vehicles, walk or bike as much as possible.

4) Use public transport whenever possible, as more people can travel in a single large vehicle, rather than using multiple small vehicles that contribute to pollution.

5) Share vehicle space with relatives and friends. Carpooling minimizes the use of fossil fuels.

6) Do not use air fresheners or other aerosols or sprays containing CFCs that deplete the ozone layer.

7) Do not smoke in public places. It is illegal and endangers not only your own health but also the health of others.

8) Cough can spread bacteria and viruses. Use a handkerchief to prevent droplet infections in the air. It jeopardizes the health of others.

It is the duty of citizens to report crimes committed by collectors, polluter pays, and other local governments, as well as the media, and take action against criminals. Preventing logging and reporting to authorities is just as important. This is because it reduces the natural ability to maintain carbon dioxide and oxygen levels. Preventing air pollution and maintaining air quality is the responsibility of each individual to help us breathe air without compromising our health.

The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972

Wildlife Conservation Law

The law was passed in 1972 and deals with the declaration of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries.

And its notification. This establishes the structure of the state's wildlife management and the designated position for wildlife management. It stipulates the establishment of a wildlife advisory board. Hunting of all animals specified in Appended Tables I to IV of the Act is prohibited. These will be notified in the order in which they are at risk. Protected plants are included in Schedule VI.

The 2002 Wild Life Conservation Act amendment is more stringent and prevents locals from using resources commercially. It has brought about new concepts such as the creation of community reserves. Also, some definitions have changed. Animals, for example, now include fish. Forest products have been redefined to ensure the protection of ecosystems.

Although there are some changes, the new law still has serious problems in its implementation. The law is as good as it can be complied with. The law is expected to prevent people from violating the law. However, there are serious problems with poaching. It cannot be expected to use this law to reduce this without increasing forest staff and providing weapons, jeeps, radio equipment, etc. to establish strong deterrence.

Penalties: Anyone who violates either the license or the terms of the license granted under this law will be guilty of violating this law. Violations will be punished with imprisonment for a period of up to 3 years, a fine of Rs 25,000, or both. Crimes committed in connection with the animals specified in Schedule I or Part II of Schedule II, such as the use of animal meat, or animal items such as trophies, shall be punished by imprisonment with work for at least one period. Will do. One year, extended to six years, fined 25,000 rupees.

For the second and subsequent violations of the same nature as mentioned in this subsection, the imprisonment period will be extended from 6 years to more than 2 years and a fine of 10,000 rupees will be imposed.

What can an individual do?

1) If you observe poaching or see poached animals, notify local Forest Office staff at the highest possible level. You can also report the event through the press. Follow up to ensure that action is being taken by the relevant authorities. If no action is taken, you must take it to the Mayor of the State Wildlife Sanctuary.

2) Say "no" to the use of wildlife products and try to convince others not to buy them.

3) Reduce the use of wood and timber products as much as possible.

4) Avoid misuse as paper is made of bamboo and wood and destroys wildlife habitats. Paper and envelopes can be reused at any time.

5) Create a pressure group and ask the government to make sure that the biodiversity of our country is protected.

6) Do not harm the animals. Stop others from atrocities on animals.

7) Do not disturb the bird's nest or young birds.

8) When visiting the zoo, do not throw stones or feed to make fun of the animals or prevent others from doing so.

9) If you come across an injured animal, do everything you can.

10) If your animal requires medical and professional attention, please contact the Animal Cruelty Prevention Association in your city.

11) Raise awareness of biodiversity conservation to family and friends in a unique way.

12) World Wildlife Fund – Participate in organizations related to biodiversity conservation, such as India (WWF-I), Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS), and regional conservation NGOs.

Environment Protection, 1986

Environmental (protection) law

The Environmental (Protection) Act of 1986 not only has important constitutional implications, but also has an international background. The spirit of the Declaration adopted at the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm in June 1972 was implemented by the Government of India by enacting this law.

There have been some existing legislation dealing directly or indirectly with environmental issues, but existing legislation focuses on or indirectly addresses very specific types of pollution, or specific types of toxic substances. It was necessary to enact a general law on environmental protection because it is related to. A legal environment that manages land use, protects national parks and reserves, and wildlife. However, there was no comprehensive law and it did not cover certain areas of environmental hazards. There were also gaps in the areas of potential environmental hazards, and there were some improper collaborations in dealing with industrial and environmental safety issues. This was essentially related to the diversity of regulators. Therefore, there was a need for authorities who could take a leading role in researching, planning, and implementing long-term environmental safety requirements, directing them, and coordinating systems for prompt and appropriate response to threatening emergencies.

With this growing concern about environmental degradation, the law was passed to protect the environment. Environmental protection became a national priority in the 1970s as the impact grew considerably. Deterioration of environmental quality has been demonstrated by increased pollution, loss of forest cover, and increased threat to biodiversity.

Excessive concentration of harmful chemicals in the air and aquatic ecosystems disrupts the food chain and causes species loss. These are rapidly deteriorating environmental symptoms. The increased risk of environmental accidents and threats to life-support systems are now threatening our civilization. The decision made at the meeting in Stockholm underscores these environmental issues and has enabled some measures to protect the environment. There is now a need for broader general legislation to protect our environment, but it is becoming increasingly clear that our environmental conditions continue to deteriorate. To protect our environment, we need to implement this law more aggressively.

Public interest and support are essential to implementing an EPA. This must be supported by enlightened media, good managers, conscious policy makers, informed judiciary and trained technocrats. Each of us has a responsibility to achieve this.

Key takeaways:

1. The government enacted this law in 1974 to prevent water pollution from industrial, agricultural and household wastewater that could pollute water sources
2. The government is giving PCBs the power they need to address the problem of water pollution in the country.
3. Central and state water quality inspection laboratories have been established to allow both councils to assess the extent of water pollution and set the criteria for establishing guilty and default.
4. The Central Council can provide technical assistance and guidelines to the State Council to carry out investigations and studies related to water pollution and organize training for those involved in the process.
5. Training of people involved in the process. The Board inspects sewage or trade wastewater, treatment plants, purification plants, and disposal systems, and develops economical and reliable treatment methods for sewage and other wastewater.
6. There is reason to believe that the fence was made under the law. Penalties are imposed for acts that cause pollution.
7. Notify the pollution control committee of criminals who are contaminating water and ensure that appropriate measures are taken. You can also write a letter to the press.
8. The government passed this law in 1981 and purified our air by controlling pollution.
9. Protects high quality air and reliably controls the level of air pollution.
10. To provide prevention, control and mitigation of air pollution
11. The main function of the Central Board is to implement legislation designed to improve air quality and prevent and control domestic air pollution.
12. : The state committee has the authority to advise the state government on issues related to the prevention and control of air pollution.
13. Those who control the industry are to be punished if they cause the emission of air pollutants that exceed the standards set by the State Commission
14. The 2002 Wild Life Conservation Act amendment is more stringent and prevents locals from using resources commercially.
15. If you observe poaching or see poached animals, notify local Forest Office staff at the highest possible level.
16. Participate in organizations related to biodiversity conservation, such as India (WWF-I), Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS), and regional conservation NGOs.
17. The Environmental (Protection) Act of 1986 not only has important constitutional implications, but also has an international background.
18. Public interest and support are essential to implementing an EPA.

Reference:

1. Https://www.embibe.com/exams/conservation-of-natural-resources/
2. Https://www.masterclass.com/articles/how-to-conserve-natural-resources
3. Http://www.iaszoology.com/wildlife-management-conservation/
4. Https://wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation
5. Https://www.tutorialspoint.com/environmental_studies/environmental_studies_air_water_forest_acts.htm
6. Http://mppcb.mp.gov.in/proc/WaterAct-1974.pdf