UNIT 4

Structures

1. Explain structure in detail

A structure can be considered as a template used for defining a collection of variables under a single name. Structures help programmers to group elements of different data types into a single logical unit (Unlike arrays which permit a programmer to group only elements of same data type).

• Why Use Structures

•  Ordinary variables can hold one piece of information

•  arrays can hold a number of pieces of information of the same data type.

For example, suppose you want to store data about a book. You might want to store its name (a string), its price (a float) and number of pages in it (an int).

If data about say 3 such books is to be stored, then we can follow two approaches:

   Construct individual arrays, one for storing names, another for storing prices and still another for storing number of pages.

   Use a structure variable.

Suppose we want to create a employee database. Then, we can define a structure

Called employee with three elements id, name and salary. The syntax of this structure is as

Follows:

Struct employee  

{   int id;  

Char name[50];  

Float salary;  

};

Note:

                            Struct keyword is used to declare structure.

                            Members of structure are enclosed within opening and closing braces.

                            Usually structure type declaration appears at the top of the source code file, before any variables or functions are defined or maintained in separate header file.

                            Declaration of Structure reserves no space.

                            It is nothing but the “ Template / Map / Shape ” of the  structure .

                            Memory is created , very first time when the variable is created / Instance is created.

• Structure variable declaration:

We can declare the variable of structure in two ways

1. Declare the structure inside main function
2. Declare the structure outside the main function.

1. Declare the structure inside main function

Following example show you, how structure variable is declared inside main function

Struct employee  

{  

Int id;  

Char name[50];  

Float salary;  

};  

Int main()

{

Struct employee e1, e2; 

Return 0;

}

In this example the variable of structure employee is created inside main function that e1 ,e2.

2. Declare the structure outside main function

Following example show you, how structure variable is declared outside the main function

Struct employee  

{  

Int id;  

Char name[50];  

Float salary;  

}e1,e2;  

2.  Explain Memory allocation for structure

Memory is allocated to the structure only when we create the variable of structure.

Consider following example

3.  Explain Structure Initialization in different ways

1. When we declare a structure, memory is not allocated for un-initialized variable.

2. Let us discuss very familiar example of structure student , we can initialize structure variable

In different ways –

Way 1 : Declare and Initialize

Struct student

{

Char name[20];

Int roll;

Float marks;

}std1 = { "Poonam",89,78.3 };

In the above code snippet, we have seen that structure is declared and as soon as after declaration we

Have initialized the structure variable.

Std1 = { "Poonam",89,78.3 }

This is the code for initializing structure variable in C programming

Way 2 : Declaring and Initializing Multiple Variables

Struct student

{

Char name[20];

Int roll;

Float marks;

}

Std1 = {"Poonam" ,67, 78.3};

Std2 = {"Vishal",62, 71.3};

In this example, we have declared two structure variables in above code. After declaration of variable we have initialized two variable.

Std1 = {"Poonam" ,67, 78.3};

Std2 = {"Vishal",62, 71.3};

Way 3 : Initializing Single member

Struct student

{

Int mark1;

Int mark2;

Int mark3;

} sub1={67};

Though there are three members of structure,only one is initialized , Then remaining two members

Are initialized with Zero. If there are variables of other data type then their initial values will be –

4.  Explain Data Type Default value if not initialized in different ways

Integer 0

Float 0.00

Char NULL

Way 4 : Initializing inside main

Struct student

{

Int mark1;

Int mark2;

Int mark3;

};

Void main()

{

Struct student s1 = {89,54,65};

- - - - --

- - - - --

- - - - --

};

When we declare a structure then memory won’t be allocated for the structure. i.e only writing below

Declaration statement will never allocate memory

Struct student

{

Int mark1;

Int mark2;

Int mark3;

};

We need to initialize structure variable to allocate some memory to the structure.

Struct student s1 = {89,54,65};

5.  Give syntax for declaring structure array give example

Structure is collection of different data type. An object of structure represents a singlerecord in memory, if we want more than one record of structure type, we have tocreate an array of structure or object. As we know, an array is a collection of similartype, therefore an array can be of structure type.

Syntax for declaring structure array

Struct struct-name

{

Datatype var1;

Datatype var2;

- - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - -

Datatype varN;

};

Struct struct-name obj [ size ];

Example for declaring structure array

#include<stdio.h>

Struct Employee

{

Int Id;

Char Name[25];

Int Age;

Long Salary;

};

Void main()

{

Int i;

Struct Employee Emp[ 3 ]; //Statement 1

For(i=0;i<3;i++)

{

Printf("\nEnter details of %d Employee",i+1);

Printf("\n\tEnter Employee Id : ");

Scanf("%d",&Emp[i].Id);

Printf("\n\tEnter Employee Name : ");

Scanf("%s",&Emp[i].Name);

Printf("\n\tEnter Employee Age : ");

Scanf("%d",&Emp[i].Age);

Printf("\n\tEnter Employee Salary : ");

Scanf("%ld",&Emp[i].Salary);

}

Printf("\nDetails of Employees");

For(i=0;i<3;i++)

Printf("\n%d\t%s\t%d\t%ld",Emp[i].Id,Emp[i].Name,Emp[i].Age,Emp[i].Salary);

}

Output :

Enter details of 1 Employee

Enter Employee Id : 101

Enter Employee Name : Suresh

Enter Employee Age : 29

Enter Employee Salary : 45000

Enter details of 2 Employee

Enter Employee Id : 102

Enter Employee Name : Mukesh

Enter Employee Age : 31

Enter Employee Salary : 51000

Enter details of 3 Employee

Enter Employee Id : 103

Enter Employee Name : Ramesh

Enter Employee Age : 28

Enter Employee Salary : 47000

Details of Employees

101 Suresh 29 45000

102 Mukesh 31 51000

103 Ramesh 28 47000

In the above example, we are getting and displaying the data of 3 employee using

Array of object. Statement 1 is creating an array of Employee Emp to store the records

Of 3 employees.

6.  Explain Array within Structure with example

As we know, structure is collection of different data type. Like normal data type, It can

Also store an array as well.

Syntax for array within structure

Struct struct-name

{

Datatype var1; // normal variable

Datatype array [size]; // array variable

- - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - -

Datatype varN;

};

Struct struct-name obj;

Example for array within structure

Struct Student

{

Int Roll;

Char Name[25];

Int Marks[3]; //Statement 1 : array of marks

Int Total;

Float Avg;

};

Void main()

{

Int i;

Struct Student S;

Printf("\n\nEnter Student Roll : ");

Scanf("%d",&S.Roll);

Printf("\n\nEnter Student Name : ");

Scanf("%s",&S.Name);

S.Total = 0;

For(i=0;i<3;i++)

{

Printf("\n\nEnter Marks %d : ",i+1);

Scanf("%d",&S.Marks[i]);

S.Total = S.Total + S.Marks[i];

}

S.Avg = S.Total / 3;

Printf("\nRoll : %d",S.Roll);

Printf("\nName : %s",S.Name);

Printf("\nTotal : %d",S.Total);

Printf("\nAverage : %f",S.Avg);

}

Output :

Enter Student Roll : 10

Enter Student Name : Kumar

Enter Marks 1 : 78

Enter Marks 2 : 89

Enter Marks 3 : 56

Roll : 10

Name : Kumar

Total : 223

Average : 74.00000

In the above example, we have created an array Marks[ ] inside structure representing

3 marks of a single student. Marks[ ] is now a member of structure student and to

Access Marks[ ] we have used dot operator(.) along with object S.

7.  What is C File management?

A File can be used to store a large volume of persistent data. Like many other languages 'C' provides following file management functions,

1. Creation of a file
2. Opening a file
3. Reading a file
4. Writing to a file
5. Closing a file

Following are the most important file management functions available in 'C,'

8.  Write a C File Example: Storing employee information

Let's see a file handling example to store employee information as entered by user from console. We are going to store id, name and salary of the employee.

1. #include <stdio.h>  
2. Void main()  
3. {  
4.     FILE *fptr;  
5.     Int id;  
6.     Char name[30];  
7.     Float salary;  
8.     Fptr = fopen("emp.txt", "w+");/*  open for writing */  
9.     If (fptr == NULL)  
10.     {  
11.         Printf("File does not exists \n");  
12.         Return;  
13.     }  
14.     Printf("Enter the id\n");  
15.     Scanf("%d", &id);  
16.     Fprintf(fptr, "Id= %d\n", id);  
17.     Printf("Enter the name \n");  
18.     Scanf("%s", name);  
19.     Fprintf(fptr, "Name= %s\n", name);  
20.     Printf("Enter the salary\n");  
21.     Scanf("%f", &salary);  
22.     Fprintf(fptr, "Salary= %.2f\n", salary);  
23.     Fclose(fptr);  
24. }  

Output:

Enter the id

1

Enter the name

Sonoo

Enter the salary

120000

Now open file from current directory. For windows operating system, go to TC\bin directory, you will see emp.txt file. It will have following information.

Emp.txt

Id= 1

Name= sonoo

Salary= 120000

9.  Write into a file in file handling with examples

Se the code to get the idea how we write into a file

Example Code

#include <stdio.h>

Int main() {

FILE *fp;

Char *filename = "sample.txt";

Char *content = "Hey there! You've successfully created a file with content in c programming language.";

/* open for writing */

Fp = fopen(filename, "w");

If( fp == NULL ) {

Printf("%s: failed to open. \n", filename);

Return -1;

} else {

Printf("%s: opened in write mode.\n", filename);

}

/* Write content to file */

Fprintf(fp, "%s\n", content);

If( !fclose(fp) )

Printf("%s: closed successfully.\n", filename);

Return 0;

}

Output

Sample.txt: opened in write mode.

Sample.txt: closed successfully.

10.                      Explain Appending into a file in file handling.

Se the code to get the idea how we can append lines into a file.

Make a file (file_append.txt)

This text was already there in the file.

Example Code

#include <stdio.h>

Int main() {

FILE *fp;

Char ch;

Char *filename = "file_append.txt";

Char *content = "This text is appeneded later to the file, using C programming.";

/* open for writing */

Fp = fopen(filename, "r");

Printf("\nContents of %s -\n\n", filename);

While ((ch = fgetc(fp) )!= EOF) {

Printf ("%c", ch);

}

Fclose(fp);

Fp = fopen(filename, "a");

/* Write content to file */

Fprintf(fp, "%s\n", content);

Fclose(fp);

Fp = fopen(filename, "r");

Printf("\nContents of %s -\n", filename);

While ((ch = fgetc(fp) )!= EOF) {

Printf ("%c", ch);

}

Fclose(fp);

Return 0;

}

Output

Contents of file_append.txt -

This text was already there in the file.

Appending content to file_append.txt...

Content of file_append.txt after 'append' operation is -

This text was already there in the file.

This text is appeneded later to the file, using C programming.