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CACED

Unit – 3

Masonry Bond

Q1) Explain types of bonds?

A1) Common types of bonds in brick masonry are as follows:

Stretcher bond

Header bond

English bond and

Flemish bond

Other Types of bonds are:

Facing bond

Dutch bond

English cross bond

Brick on edge bond

Raking bond

Zigzag bond

Garden wall bond

Q2) Explain English bond and Flemish Bond?

A2) English Bond

This bond consists of alternate courses of headers and stretchers

This bond can be constructed for almost all wall thicknesses.

English bond is the strongest among all other bonds.

Vertical joints come over each other. This is also followed by the vertical joints of the stretcher course. The vertical joints are broken to avoid the joints to form inline, by using a queen closer. The queen closer is placed after the quoin header

Basic features of English Bond are as follows-:

Continuous vertical joints are not formed.

In the elevation, the alternate course either shows headers or stretchers.

Every header in an alternative course comes centrally over the joint formed by two stretchers below it.

The stretchers have a minimum lap of one-fourth their length over the headers. This is the case for the stretcher course.

course that shows stretchers on the front face show stretchers on the back face.

Those walls with odd multiple half bricks show stretchers on one face and the headers on the other dace.

middle portion of the thicker walls consists of headers.

Queen closer is not required for a stretcher course. It is used for the header course placed just after the quoin header.

No header course should start with the queen closer.

Joints that are formed in the header course are greater (twice) than the stretcher course.

joint in the header course is made thinner as compared to the joints in stretcher course.

Flemish Bond

Flemish bond consists of course of alternate headers and stretchers.

Every alternate course starts with a quoin header at the corner. To the next of quoin header, quoin closer is placed in alternate courses to develop face lap.

Q3) Differentiate between double and single Flemish Bond?

A3) 1. Double Flemish Bond

Double Flemish bond consist with alternate headers and stretchers in each course. The feature of the double Flemish bond is that the same appearance both in the front face as well as in the back face. hence gives a better appearance compared to the English bond.

Features of Double Flemish Bond:

Each Course has headers and stretchers placed alternately.

facing and backing of the wall is in the same appearance.

In alternate courses, quoin closers are placed next to quoin headers.

walls with even multiple of half bricks, do not require bats.

2. Single Flemish Bond

Single Flemish bond comprises the double Flemish bond on its facing and English bond as backing.

Bond makes use of the strength of both English and Flemish bond.

This bond can be used for the construction of walls with a thickness not less than one and a half brick. For facing of double Flemish bonds good quality bricks is used. For backing and hearting, cheap bricks can be used.

Q4) Write difference between English and Flemish bond?

A4)

ENGLISH BOND	FLEMISH BOND
pattern of English bond are alternate header and stretcher course	Pattern of Flemish bond with each course having alternate header and stretcher
Requires No strict supervision and skill is demanded	Requires good workmanship and careful supervision.
appearance is less pleasing	Appearance is more pleasing
English bond is Expensive	Flemish bond is Economical
More strength given for bricks with thickness greater than one & half brick	Less strong and compact compared to English bond

Q5) Explain corner wall and cross wall?

A5)

Cross wall construction is a technique in which precast load-bearing walls are placed perpendicular to the lateral axis of the building.

In this all, the floors, roofs and the beams are supported by the load-bearing walls.

structures developed by cross wall technique are structurally efficient and economical.

Features of Cross Wall Construction

In cross wall construction, the prefabricated walls are placed in series

load-bearing walls transfer loads to the foundation without the need for a frame i.e., concrete or steel frame

Cross wall act as shear walls hence preventing building from lateral movement.

Cross wall construction is best suitable for buildings with a maximum of 5 stories

When load-bearing walls and floors are precast members, then a series of boxes are formed. This type of construction is called as box frame construction.

Cross Wall Construction Steps

Cross wall system involves the following construction steps:

Cross walls can be connected by any of the following key connections which are as follows:

Q6) Write benefits of cross wall construction?

A6)

Cross wall construction develops a robust structure.

preliminary cost of construction is cheap

time and cost required less as compared to traditional construction techniques.

It possesses high fire and acoustic separation between the nearby rooms due to construction of crosswall.

construction gains good thermal mass.

structure guarantees greater security.

maintenance cost is less

Scaffoldings is not required in cross wall construction.

structure is monolithic with good airtightness.

Q7) What is one and half brick wall?

A7) A wall is said to be one brick thick if it as wide as the length of a brick.

There are 11 steps in this guide to building a brick wall which are as follows:

Step 1: Start your brick wall at the corners

Lay out the bricks at both ends of your wall where the pillars will start. Using your string line, make a straight guideline at brick height between the two outside bricks.

Step 2: Mix the mortar

Pour in water and mix the mixture of sand and cement. Repeat for a smooth, creamy texture that’s wet but not too loose.

Step 3: Lay the first course of bedding mortar

Lay 1-2cm mortar bed along the string line. lay the first brick and tap slightly to ‘bed in’. Repeat using string line as a guide.

Step 4: Create the brick pillars

At the point where you want your pillars to start, place a brick side-on to the end of the wall.

Step 5: Cutting bricks

When building pillars, at certain courses lay out the half-bricks. To make a cut, place the brick on its side.

Step 6: Keep the pillars one course ahead

Always build at least a course higher on the pillars than the rest of the wall.

Half Brick

A wall having a thickness equal to the thickness of a brick laid as a stretcher. Is called as half brick

brick is cut along its length, making it two equal halves then it is called queen closer.

Queen closer half is defined as queen closer brick portion whose width is half as wide as the original brick

Q8) Define closer in brick construction?

A8) The portion of the brick cut along the length in such a way as one long face remains intact is termed as closer.

Q9) Define king closer?

A9) When a brick is cut that the width of one end becomes half that of a full brick, while the width at the other end is equal to the full width, then it is called as king closer.

King closer is formed by cutting out a triangular portion of the brick between the centre of one end and the centre of the other end.

Thus, it has half header and half stretcher face.

Q10) Define half bat?

A10) When length of the bat is equal to half the length of the original brick.

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