DPP
Disaster management aims to reduce, or prevent, the potential loss from accidents, to ensure immediate and appropriate assistance to those affected by the disaster, and to achieve rapid and effective recovery. The disaster management cycle reflects an ongoing process in which governments, businesses, and communities plan and mitigate the impact of disasters, respond during and after a disaster, and take steps to recover after a disaster. Appropriate actions at all points in the cycle lead to greater preparation, better warnings, reduced risk or disaster prevention during the next cycle. A comprehensive cycle of disaster risk management involves the formulation of community policies and programs that alter the causes of disasters or reduce their impact on people, property and infrastructure. Phases of mitigation and preparedness occur as improvements in disaster risk management are made in anticipation of a disaster event. Development considerations play a key role in contributing to the reduction and preparedness of the community to deal effectively with the disaster. In the event of a disaster, disaster actors, especially aid agencies, engage in immediate response and long-term recovery stages. The four categories of disaster management shown here do not always occur, or often, occur spontaneously or in such a sequence. The frequency of the cycles usually overlaps with the length of each phase depending on the severity of the disaster. Mitigation - Reducing the effects of a disaster. Examples: building codes and design codes; Risk analysis; public education. Readiness - Planning how you will respond. Examples: readiness programs; emergency exercise / training; warning systems. Answer - Efforts to reduce the risks of disasters. Examples: searching and saving; emergency assistance. Rehabilitation - Rehabilitation is normal. Examples: temporary housing; resources; medical care. Development considerations contribute to all aspects of the disaster risk management cycle. One of the main objectives of disaster management, and one of its strong links to development, is to promote sustainable livelihoods and their protection and recovery during disasters and emergencies. When this goal is achieved, people have greater capacity for disaster response and recovery is faster and longer. In a development-focused disaster risk management approach, the objectives are to reduce risks, prevent disaster, and prepare for emergencies. Therefore, development considerations must be firmly established in the mitigation and preparedness stages of the disaster risk management cycle. Improper development processes can lead to increased risk of disaster and loss of preparedness for emergencies. Mitigation activities actually eliminate or reduce the likelihood of disasters, or reduce the effects of unavoidable disasters. Mitigation measures include building codes; vulnerability analyzes updates; spatial planning and land use management; regulations for the use of buildings and security codes; preventive health care; and public education. The reduction will depend on the implementation of appropriate measures in the national and regional development plans. Its effectiveness will also depend on the availability of information on hazards, emergency hazards, and counter-action to be taken. The mitigation phase, as well as the entire disaster risk management cycle, includes the formulation of community policies and programs that can change the causes of disasters or reduce their impact on people, property and infrastructure. The purpose of emergency preparedness programs is to achieve a satisfactory level of response to any emergency through the technical and administrative capacity of governments, organizations, and communities. These measures can be defined as disaster preparedness and can be improved by responding, practicing, building long-term and short-term strategies, educating the public and developing early warning systems. Preparedness can also take the form of ensuring that stockpiles of food, equipment, water, medicine and other essentials are stored in the event of national or local disasters. During the preparedness phase, governments, organizations and individuals develop strategies to save lives, reduce disaster risk, and improve disaster response. Preparation measures include readiness programs; emergency exercise / training; warning systems; emergency communication systems; exit plans and training; resources used; emergency personnel / contact list; mutual aid agreements; and public knowledge / education. As with mitigation efforts, preparedness actions depend on the implementation of appropriate measures in national and regional development plans. In addition, their effectiveness depends on the availability of information on hazards, emergency hazards and countermeasures to be taken, and the extent to which government agencies, non-governmental organizations and the general publics are able to use this information. The National Disaster Management Authority, abbreviated as NDMA, is the Executive Authority of the Government of India, with the power to set disaster risk management policies. Disaster risk management should be understood as a continuous and integrated process of planning, planning, coordinating and implementing measures, necessary or helpful in preventing the risk or threat of any disaster risk reduction or mitigation of any disaster or its adverse consequences, capacity building, preparedness for any disaster, immediate response , assessing the severity or severity of the consequences of any disaster, evacuation, rescue, relief, recovery and reconstruction '. The NDMA was established by the Disaster Management Act passed by the Government of India on 23 December 2005. The NDMA is responsible for writing policies, setting guidelines and best practices for working with State Disaster Management (SDMAs) authorities to ensure comprehensive and disseminated disaster risk management. It is headed by the Prime Minister of India and may have up to nine other members. Since 2020, there have been five more members. There is a condition for having a Deputy Chairperson if necessary. The NDMA has a vision to "build a secure and resilient India through comprehensive, efficient, technologically driven and sustainable development processes that include all stakeholders and promote a culture of protection, preparedness and mitigation." The NDMA equips and trains other Government officials, institutions and the public in mitigating and responding in the event of a crisis or disaster. It works closely with the National Institute of Disaster Management in capacity building. It develops habits, provides hands-on training and also organizes disaster management drills. It also equips and trains disaster management cells at state and local levels. Your local government has an initial knowledge of your community's needs, economy, infrastructure and environmental needs, helping them to provide disaster relief. The function of local government under the Disaster Management Act of 2003 is to: have the power to respond to disasters authorize a disaster risk management plan ensure that local disaster information is provided to the Regional Disaster Coordinator as soon as possible. develop, review and evaluate effective disaster risk management methods assisted local government to develop a local disaster management plan make sure the public knows how to respond to a disaster identify and direct disaster manage local disaster operations Ensure that disaster risk management and disaster risk management are integrated into state disaster management. The mayor, or another elected member of the council, is the chairperson of the local disaster management team. The NDMA, as the executive body, is mandated to set out Disaster Management policies, plans and guidelines to ensure timely and effective disaster response. In this regard, it has the following responsibilities: Setting down policies on disaster risk management; Approves the National Plan; Approve plans for Ministers or Departments of Government of India in accordance with the National Plan; Guidelines have been set for State Officials in the development of the State Plan; Set out guidelines to be followed by the various Ministers or Departments of Government of India for the purpose of integrating disaster prevention measures or mitigating their impact on their development plans and projects; Coordinate the enforcement and implementation of disaster risk management policies and programs; Recommend funding for mitigation measures; Provide such support to other countries affected by major disasters as may be determined by the Central Government; Take other means of disaster prevention, or mitigation, or preparedness and capacity to deal with threatening disaster situations or disasters in a way that they think is necessary; Set out the comprehensive policies and guidelines of the National Institute of Disaster Management. In times of disaster, humanitarian organizations are often called upon to respond quickly to medical emergencies. In order to respond effectively, these agencies must have experienced leaders, trained staff, adequate transportation and logistical support, effective communication, and emergency operational guidelines. If the necessary arrangements are not made, aid agencies will not be able to meet people's needs quickly. The purpose of emergency response is to provide immediate health care, improve health and support the morale of affected people sustainable development. There will be more opportunities during recovery to improve prevention and increase readiness, thus reducing risk. Ideally, there should be a smooth transition from recovery to continuous development. Rescue operations continue until all programs return to normal or better. Recovery strategies, both short-term and long-term, include restoring vital health support programs to lower levels of performance; temporary housing; public information; health and safety; reconstruction; counseling programs; and studies that have an impact on the economy. Information resources and services include data collection related to reconstruction, as well as documentation of lessons learned. Disaster prevention to completely avoid the negative effects of accidents and the prevention of related disasters (i.e. disaster prevention) expresses the idea and purpose of completely avoiding the potential negative effects of pre-existing action. Crime prevention, trying to reduce crime and criminals Disaster prevention, measures taken to prevent and provide disaster protection Pollution prevention, activities that reduce the amount of waste generated by the process Protective maintenance, maintenance is done to prevent errors from appearing or growing into serious errors Disable strategy, a UK reporting system for radicalization Risk prevention, minimizing the potential for loss of a given action, function and / or inactivity Risk management, identification, evaluation and risk management of the business The construction methods of any physical structure reduce or avoid potential impacts of hazards, or the use of engineering techniques or technologies to achieve risk resistance and durability in structures or systems. Typical methods of building disaster risk reduction include dams, flood funds, ocean barriers, earthquake resistance and shelter. General non-construction measures include building codes, land use and zoning regulations, research and evaluation, information resources and public awareness programs. Note that in civil engineering and construction, the term "building" is used in a very restricted sense to refer to a load-bearing structure, and other parts such as wall mounting and interior installation are called "non-construction". Community-based disaster risk management (CBDM) is a way to build communities' capacity to assess their vulnerability to both human and environmental risks and to develop strategies and resources needed to prevent and / or reduce the impact of identified risks and to respond, rehabilitate, and rebuild after its inception. CBDM strategies are particularly important in the face of global climate change, increasing population growth in high-risk regions, and increased expansion of the need for greater communication between high-level government and community responses. The CBDM empowers communities to participate in disaster risk management and create space for them to develop their own strategies rather than waiting for already disbanded governments and NGOs. A disaster, as defined by the United Nations, is a major impediment to the functioning of a community or community, which includes broader human, material, economic or environmental impacts that exceed the capacity of the affected community or community to address and use their resources . Disaster risk management is the way we respond to the human, physical, economic or environmental impacts of a stated disaster, the process of “preparing, responding and learning from the consequences of major failures”. Although often caused by natural disasters, disasters can strike again and again. According to the International Federation of Red Cross & Red Crescent Societies a catastrophe occurs when an accident affects people at risk. The combination of risks, vulnerability and the inability to minimize the potential negative consequences of disaster risk outcomes . Although we have said that public participation in the disaster risk management environment is important, there are still a few debates under the context of participatory development that can somehow contribute to its successful implementation, hence, especially in CBDRM planning. First, the complexity of the individual motives. It is difficult to move society in a certain direction, especially if members have different interests and motives. As mentioned earlier, society is a complex social structure with different perspectives, perspectives and motivations. On the other hand, motivation and willingness to participate is defined by the individual's thinking and is determined by his or her interests. Their experience in disasters can affect their behavior; however, for members of the public who have never experienced a major natural disaster, increasing their interest in prevention and capacity building becomes more difficult as it seems unseen to them, unlike physical or structural physical and visual measures such as early warning systems, etc. The disclosure of external assistance may influence the public interest to participate; this is especially true in urban areas, which have become accustomed to receiving external assistance and therefore their reluctance to deal with the risk themselves (Solo, nd). Another area below this is personal motivations and related interests that may influence, disrupt or distort the outcome of a participatory development process. And politicians or newcomers find this kind of work to their advantage by gaining popularity. Second, participation requires effort and time. The implementation of CBDRM consists of a variety of activities, such as planning and capacity building, which require active and continuous participation from various stakeholders. Although these activities involve a lot of time and effort, some community members see this series of participation as a waste of time and / or a non-productive job, so they choose to focus more on their work and make money, instead. While part of the organizer, the participatory process as a public consultation process also takes time. Planning requires proper and detailed planning of activities, identifying participants, sending out invitations and ensuring attendance. The quality and productivity of the work is affected by the small potential outcomes among the target participants. Third, women's participation and cultural barriers are prohibited. CBDRM emphasizes the different risks and dangers faced by members of the community, for example, men's vulnerabilities are perceived differently compared to women, and are similar to those of adults in children. However, another culture prohibits participation and volunteering; a practical example is for participating women. There are some cultures that play a role for women within the confines of homework. In addition to the current effort to reduce gender inequality in disaster risk reduction, with the major effects of domestic work placed on them directly or indirectly, this gives women less time to participate in social activities and participate in community development activities. Fourth, local power relations in society. Social events are reflected in the relationships between rich and poor, high-class and ordinary people, and illiterate and uneducated people. This relationship brings us to the questions of who can really participate, who can speak and express their views during public consultation or workshops. Most of the time, those with more experience and time to participate control the conversation, while leaving the poor and the illiterate with the greatest risk of being at risk. To put pressure on, the UNDP ensures that the most vulnerable communities at natural events are usually those with an unusually high number of illiterate members (Solo, nd). Fifth, local knowledge that influences local power relations. CBDRM builds on local knowledge available to assess community risk, and serves as a basis for program planning. However, local knowledge can affect relationships in local power, authority and gender (Mosse, 2002). Some individuals or stakeholders may place their own interests or influence local knowledge that may not address the issues of disaster or lead to greater and general interests of all to improve the resilience of the community. Fifth, creating developmental fatigue among stakeholders. As participatory development is one of the most popular forms of development, many development programs have embraced it and integrated it into their programs and projects. Consultation and / or collaboration between stakeholders is routinely done through different stages of the program and different or different projects, this recurring process can end up creating tension among participants, especially if without further consultation no progress or progress is made. These are some of the limitations and challenges that CBDRM project initiators may face within the partnership development. This limitation only follows that "bringing public participation in risk management is a difficult task" that all actors must understand or at least recognize. And to better understand what CBDRM is used in the real world, the next section provides practical examples showing how the effective use of CBDRM can improve social resilience. Any body structure to reduce or avoid potential impacts of hazards, or the use of engineering techniques to achieve risk resistance and durability in structures or systems. Any action that does not involve bodybuilding that uses information, make or agreement to reduce risks and impacts, especially on policies and laws, public awareness, training and education. Typical methods of building disaster risk reduction include dams, flood charges, ocean barriers, earthquake resistance construction, and shelters for people to evacuate. Common non-construction measures include building codes, land use and zoning regulations, research and evaluation, information resources, and public awareness programs. Note that in civil and construction engineering, the term “structure” is used in a very restricted sense to refer to a load-bearing structure, with other components such as wall mounting and interior installation being called non-structural. A risk assessment is the process of identifying potential risks and analyzing the probability of an accident. Business impact analysis (BIA) is a process of determining the impacts that may be caused by disruption of critical or critical business processes. There are many dangers to consider. For each accident there are many situations that may arise depending on the time, size and location of the accident. Consider hurricanes: A hurricane forecast for a landslide near your business could change the course for the ocean. A storm can grow into a hurricane until it collapses. There are many “assets” at risk from risks. First and foremost, human trauma should be the first consideration of risk assessment. Dangerous situations that could cause serious injury should be highlighted to ensure that appropriate emergency systems are in place. Some tangible assets may be at risk. This includes buildings, information technology, operating systems, equipment, equipment and finished goods. The potential for environmental impact may also be considered. Think about the impact an event could have on your relationships with customers, the community and other stakeholders. Think of situations that could cause customers to lose confidence in your organization and its products or services. As you do a risk assessment, look for weaknesses - weaknesses - that can put the property at greater risk for accidental injury. Risks include shortages in building constructions, process plans, security, security systems and loss prevention programs. They contribute to the severity of the damage when the event occurs. For example, a building without a sprinkler system can burn to the ground while a building with a well-constructed, installed and maintained fireplace can be damaged to the limit. The consequences from risks can be mitigated by investing in mitigation. If there are potential for significant impacts, then creating a mitigation strategy should be the most important factor. The Risk Assessment (RA) has the following steps: In this section there searcher identifies the types of hazards that have occurred in the area in the past or can occur in the future. This is usually the first step which then defines other steps because for each hazard, different too technique share used for analysis and assessment. Earthquakes, for example, require different instruments and specializations for analysis the land slides or floods. The next step share to find the frequency, seasonality, magnitude, intensity, extended causes of the occurrence of hazards. Vulnerability Assessment: This step is performed to determine the element security, degree of vulnerability and the causes of the as element security. All elements (people, building, resources etc) which are prone to the hazard are identified and an invent or y is prepared. The n the degree of their vulnerability is analysed and causes of their vulnerability are determined. Critical facility analysis is also performed by determining the critical facilities (that play major role in daily routine life e.g. schools, hospitals, mosques, civic centers etc.) at risk, causes of their vulnerabilities and analyzing historical records of hazard occurrence in the identified facilities. Capacity assessment means to identify the strength sand resources available to reduce the level of risk, or the effects of a disaster. In this step, resources of a community are evaluated by analyzing the available strengths like skills, expertise, equipment, infrastructure etc. Then the availability of these resources is evaluated to know how soon the resources can be deployed and become available to use. Another important step is to find out how durable and long lasting these resources are and what is the level of their operational integrity (Ability to complete tasks without supervision ). The process of obtaining the views of extremely diverse groups in society in terms of disasters, risks and dangers they face. Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment (VCA) uses a variety of participatory tools to measure human exposure and resilience to environmental hazards. It is an important part of disaster preparedness and contributes to the development of community disaster preparedness programs at the grassroots level of rural and urban grasslands. The VCA makes local priorities identified and appropriate measures taken to reduce the risk and assist in the creation and development of support programs that respond to the needs of the most vulnerable people. The conceptual and practical support of this report recognizes that the effectiveness of any risk reduction strategy will depend on the nature of the risk, home, group of people and institutional characteristics, as well as the availability and scope of alternative risk management strategies. With reference to local institutions, risk strategies are assessed based on the type of tools used by the poor and those close to the poor, the level of legality or inconsistency of these instruments, and the type of actors and institutions that have provided or supported these instruments. The issues (listed in the six points of the bullet in the next section) below are approached with a clear commitment to improving rural life by better understanding and supporting community organizations. The International Disaster Risk Reduction Strategy (Geneva 2001) defines ‘disaster’ as ‘a major disruption of public function, resulting in widespread human, material or environmental losses exceeding the ability of the affected community to deal with its resources alone’. Disaster risk is often thought of as two building blocks, risk and risk, which can be expressed equally: disaster risk = risk x risk. The risk therefore depends on the city's potential presence in the natural event. Disaster Risk Mitigation (DRM) strategies refer to home or local planning to minimize the impact of a risk event, whether it has already occurred or may occur in the future. Mitigation includes prevention and preparedness (WFP, 1998: 4). The concept of disaster risk management conveys the idea of domestic vulnerability, which is often referred to as 'risk': risk itself, risk management options and the outcome - loss of social status, family status, and financial losses and the negative effects of sustainable institutional environment assess the risks and risks to communities and their capacity to deal with them; involving communities, local authorities and aid and development organizations in the initial assessment; draw up strategies for preparing for and responding to identified risks; identify risk reduction activities to prevent or minimize the effects of expected risks, risks and risks. The VCA is in line with national and international risk, risk, exposure and exercise with a power map to identify high-risk communities. The VCA is then performed in these communities to assess specific areas of risk and vulnerability and to determine what steps can be taken to address them. Completing the circle, which VCA finds at the local level can provide important indications of disability and national and international strengths. The experience of the International Federation over the past decade has enabled it to refine and improve the VCA to make it more focused and effective in achieving its goal. It also showed how the VCA could be connected and strengthened other Red Cross Red Crescent programs and activities. In addition, as the VCA is a participatory process, national organizations can develop practical and appropriate activities that are better suited to local needs and priorities. As one member of the National Society said after doing the VCA: Vulnerability and strength testing (VCA) are an important part of Red Cross operations. This assessment is used not only in regions prone to natural disasters, but also in assessing health risks and coping skills. VCA is used to identify risks and planning actions to prevent accidents caused by accidents. Members of the public lead the planning process. Red Cross volunteers and trainers (facilitators) support, train and assist in achieving the most appropriate needs. Community-based performance is linked to programs at the municipal, provincial and national levels. The aim is a nationwide disaster preparedness program. assessing the threats to the community and the community's ability to deal with threats to bring all parties to the same table and thus promote co-operation between citizens, authorities and other actors preparing an implementation plan to improve disaster preparedness Specify actions that minimize or, at best, prevent harm to natural resources. Communities, especially those most at risk, play a key role in disaster management. This is especially important in early warning programs focused on people. Their involvement in system design and their ability to respond ultimately determine the risk factors associated with environmental hazards. The key issues regarding the community are as follows: Local governments need to be more aware of the dangers to their communities. Therefore, local governments must be involved in the development and maintenance of early warning systems. It should also have the power to educate or engage local people in a way that increases their safety and reduces the loss of resources the community relies on. The national government is responsible for the policies and frameworks that prepare for early warning. They are also responsible for the technical assistance needed to prepare and issue timely and effective warning warnings in their respective countries. The national government must ensure that warnings and related responses are directed at high-risk individuals with the development of comprehensive disaster preparedness and early warning systems that address the specific needs of lower and upper cast actors. Providing support to local communities and local governments to develop operational skills is an important task of translating early warning information into risk reduction practices. Several countries in the world threatened by the tsunami have already built ground-based systems for predicting and monitoring natural resources, which are controlled by specialized agencies. Our proposed solution consists of the addition of an acoustic warning system (Pavian electronic sirens network) to such a predictive and monitoring system, as well as system connectivity. With regard to the need to cover large and broken areas, satellite data transfer is the most effective means of control and communication, which can be supplemented, if necessary, by backup radio or GPRS data transfer from ground-based transmitters. Once the siren is installed by the local control unit, not only can it be used to alert residents of impending danger, but also directly on site afterwards by teams to help manage their operations and communications in the affected area. The same warning system can also be used effectively in the event of other natural disasters such as hurricanes, fires, volcanic eruptions, or earthquakes. A monitoring system with a collection of sensors for detecting a growing natural disaster. The sensors can be connected directly to the Pavian electronic siren and the obtained information is transferred to the control center. Satellite data transfer to activate individual alarms and data transfer from the monitoring system to the control center. Control centers intended for the analysis of data obtained and installed with Vektra® software. Vektra® software allows call management and activation, control of data transfer channels, and authorized information. The system can be high-level, multi-level, such as a major warning center and sub-centers. These facilities, if required, can be built as rental or remotely controlled via smart phone, tablet, or radio. Additional wireless data transfer from the grounded transmitter Additional wireless data transfer from tra-based Pavian's electric alarms Pavian's electronic sirens are fitted with backup batteries in the event of a power failure, autodiagnostic operations, and a satellite communication module. When using solar panels, Pavian sirens do not require an external power source. They are designed to cover the entire affected area with the acoustic signal of the required acoustic pressure. Alarms convey warning messages before a natural disaster strikes the area, and, after a disaster, they can be used to connect affected civilians and assist troops to assist with their work with voice announcements. The Asia Development Bank seeks to assist its member states to withstand the effects of disasters, while continuing to provide assistance to support disaster recovery needs. Between August 1987 and December 2018, the ADB approved $ 10.3 billion of 222 disaster management projects to directly reduce disaster risk, strengthen financial preparedness, and support disaster recovery; and another 442 projects incorporated disaster risk reduction measures into their construction. These include flood management and integrated water resource management projects, as well as programs that support financial preparedness for disasters in developing ADB member states. The ADB's immediate response was also evident in the aftermath of disasters such as the Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami in Indonesia, a tropical storm in Tonga, an earthquake in Papua New Guinea, and an increase in Mt. Manaro in Vanuatu, which happened in 2018. Through its emergency loan program, ADB provides immediate support to help its members rehabilitate high quality assets and restore economic, social and post-disaster economic activities. Disaster response is the second phase of the disaster management cycle. It contains several elements, for example; warning / evacuation, search and rescue, immediate assistance, damage assessment, continuous assistance and immediate rehabilitation or construction of infrastructure (eg temporary storm pipelines or diversion dams) The purpose of emergency response is to provide immediate health care, improve health and support the morale of affected people. Such assistance may begin with the provision of limited but limited assistance, such as assisting refugees with transportation, temporary accommodation, and food, establishing permanent accommodation in camps and other areas. It may include initial repairs to damage or diversion of infrastructure. In the response phase the focus is on keeping people safe, preventing subsequent disasters and meeting people's basic needs until lasting and sustainable solutions are found. Much of the responsibility for resolving these needs and responding to the crisis depends on the government or governments involved in the disaster. In addition, aid agencies are often active in this phase of the disaster management cycle, especially in countries where the government lacks adequate resources to respond to needs. In the response phase the focus is on keeping people safe, preventing subsequent disasters and meeting people's basic needs until lasting and sustainable solutions are found. Much of the responsibility for resolving these needs and responding to the crisis depends on the government or governments involved in the disaster. In addition, aid agencies are often active in this phase of the disaster management cycle, especially in countries where the government lacks adequate resources to respond to needs. Floods are considered to be the only wildfires as the most common natural disaster on Earth. Floods can occur as flooding from bodies of water, such as a river, lake, or sea, where water overflows or breaks lakes, resulting in that water escaping its normal limits, or possibly due to the accumulation of rainwater in the floodplain. While the size of the lake or other water table will vary with seasonal changes in rainfall and glaciers, these changes in size cannot be considered significant unless they are overcrowded or immersed in pets. Floods can also occur in rivers where the rate of flow exceeds the capacity of the river channel, especially where curves or in sand dunes. Floods often wreak havoc on homes and businesses when located on natural river plains. While river flood damage could be eliminated by staying away from rivers and other bodies of water, people traditionally lived and worked in rivers because the land tended to be flat and fertile and because rivers provided easy movement and access to trade and industry. Emergency sanitation management and technical procedures required to provide emergency sanitation. Emergency sanitation is needed during the relief work for refugees, natural disasters victims and homeless people. There are three stages of emergency response: Immediate, short-term and long-term. In the immediate phase, the focus will be on managing open fluids, and toilet technologies may include basic toilets, pit latrines, bucket toilets, container toilets, chemical toilets. The short-term category may include technologies such as dry urine toilets, septic tanks, used wastewater systems. Provide hand washing facilities and sanitation as part of emergency sanitation. The current phase of sanitation focuses on the provision of appropriate waste management resources. The main course of action at this stage is to reduce open drainage. It is done as a course of first action in emergencies and remains from the front The Sphere Project handbook provides protection principles and core standards for sanitation to put in place after a disaster or conflict.The short term sanitation phase provides technology to contain fecal matter for as long as six months. 75% of the affected population have access to such resources and 75% of the collected waste is disposed of properly. One waste bin that is around 100 liters is provided for the use of 100 people. Bins are placed at a maximum walking distance of 50 miles from where people are housed or camped. Waste management bins installed during the long-term phase are sustainable to use for three years. During this phase, 95% of the population have access to the bins and 95% of the waste is properly disposed of. Bins are placed at a maximum distance of 15 miles from living areas. Fecal sludge management becomes a priority during the long-term emergency management phase. Providing showers and handwashing facilities is part of emergency sanitation during all phases. Food safety is used as a scientific discipline describing handling, preparation, and storage of food in ways that prevent food-borne illness. The occurrence of two or more cases of a similar illnesses resulting from the ingestion of a common food is known as a food-borne disease outbreak. This includes a number of routines that should be followed to avoid potential health hazards. In this way food safety often overlaps with food defense to prevent harm to consumers. The tracks within this line of thought are safety between industry and the market and then between the market and the consumer. In considering industry to market practices, food safety considerations include the origins of food including the practices relating to food labeling, food hygiene, food additives and pesticide residues, as well as policies on biotechnology and food and guidelines for the management of governmental import and export inspection and certification systems for foods. In considering market to consumer practices, the usual thought is that food ought to be safe in the market and the concern is safe delivery and preparation of the food for the consumer. Food can transmit pathogens which can result in the illness or death of the person or other animals. The main mediums are bacteria, viruses, mold, and fungus (which is Latin for mushroom). It can also serve as a growth and reproductive medium for pathogens. In developed countries there are intricate standards for food preparation, whereas in lesser developed countries there are fewer standards and less enforcement of those standards. Another main issue is simply the availability of adequate safe water, which is usually a critical item in the spreading of diseases. In theory, food poisoning is 100% preventable. However this cannot be achieved due to the number of persons involved in the supply chain, as well as the fact that pathogens can be introduced into foods no matter how many precautions are taken. The five key principles of food hygiene, according to WHO, are: Prevent contaminated food from germs that spread to humans, pets and insects. Separate raw and cooked foods to prevent contamination of cooked foods. Cook food for the right length and at the right temperature to kill germs. Store food at the right temperature. Use safe water and safe resources. Waste management (or waste disposal) includes the activities and activities required to manage waste from the initial disposal. This includes the collection, distribution, treatment and disposal of waste, as well as the monitoring and control of waste management processes. Waste can be solid, liquid, or gas and each type has a variety of disposal and disposal methods. Waste management applies to all types of waste, including industrial, biological and domestic. In some cases, pollution can be dangerous to human health. Health issues go hand in hand with the whole waste management process. Health problems can also arise either indirectly or directly. Specifically, through the management of specified waste, and indirectly through water, soil and food. Garbage is produced by human activities , for example, the extraction and processing of raw materials. Waste management aims to reduce the negative effects of waste on human health, the environment or the aesthetics. Waste management methods vary from country to country (developed and developing countries); regions (urban and rural areas), and residential and industrial areas can all take different approaches. Proper waste management is important for building sustainable and sustainable cities, but it remains a challenge for many developing countries and cities. Effective waste management is very expensive, usually with municipal budgets of 20% -50%. To run this important municipal service requires integrated, efficient, sustainable and community-based integrated systems. To this end, the World Bank finances and advises on solid waste management projects through a variety of product and service sectors, including traditional loans, outcomes-based financing, development policy funds, and technical advice. World Bank-funded waste management projects typically address all waste disposal from processing to collection and transportation, ultimately treatment and disposal. Much of the waste management practices deal with municipal solid waste (MSW) which is a large amount of domestic, industrial, and commercial waste. Cleaning during disaster recovery involves many occupational hazards. Often, these disasters are exacerbated by natural disasters as a result of natural disasters. While individual employees should be aware of these potential hazards, employers have a responsibility to reduce the risk of these hazards and to protect employees where possible, including the identification and comprehensive assessment of potential hazards, the use of appropriate protective equipment (PPE), and the dissemination of other relevant information. work is safe. Maintaining a safe and healthy environment for these workers ensures that the effectiveness of disaster recovery is not compromised. Cleaning during disaster recovery involves many occupational hazards. Often, these disasters are exacerbated by natural disasters as a result of natural disasters. While individual employees should be aware of these potential hazards, employers have a responsibility to reduce the risk of these hazards and to protect employees where possible, including the identification and comprehensive assessment of potential hazards, the use of appropriate protective equipment (PPE), and the dissemination of other relevant information. work is safe. Maintaining a safe and healthy environment for these workers ensures that the effectiveness of disaster recovery is not compromised. Chemicals can be harmful to a person's health when exposed to certain amounts in humans. In the aftermath of a natural disaster, certain chemicals are more likely to occur in the environment. These harmful substances can be released directly or indirectly. Chemical accidents emitted directly after a natural disaster often occur simultaneously with the event, preventing planned mitigation measures. For example, airborne magnesium, chloride, phosphorus, and ammonia can be made by drought; dioxins can be produced by forest fires; and silica can be extracted by forest fires. Indirect emissions of hazardous chemicals may be intentional or unintentional. An example of the deliberate removal of pesticides used after flood management or water chlorine after a flood. The chemical released is usually toxic and does not serve a beneficial purpose when released by the environment. These chemicals can be engineered to reduce their emissions when a natural disaster strikes; for example, agrochemicals from solid reservoirs or toxic production plants in flood waters or asbestos fibers released from building collapses during a storm. The right flowchart was accepted in a study by Stacy Young et al. Chemicals can be harmful to a person's health when exposed to certain amounts in humans. In the aftermath of a natural disaster, certain chemicals are more likely to occur in the environment. These harmful substances can be released directly or indirectly. Chemical accidents emitted directly after a natural disaster often occur simultaneously with the event, preventing planned mitigation measures. For example, airborne magnesium, chloride, phosphorus, and ammonia can be made by drought; dioxins can be produced by forest fires; and silica can be extracted by forest fires. Indirect release of hazardous chemicals may be intentional or unintentional release. for example, airborne magnesium, chloride, phosphorus, and ammonia can be produced by drought; dioxins can be produced by forest fires; and silica can be extracted by forest fires. Indirect release of hazardous chemicals may be intentional or unintentional release. An example of the deliberate removal of pesticides used after flood management or water chlorine after a flood. The chemical released is usually toxic and does not serve a beneficial purpose when released by the environment. These chemicals can be engineered to reduce their emissions when a natural disaster strikes; for example, agrochemicals from solid reservoirs or toxic production plants in flood waters or asbestos fibers released from building collapses during a storm. The right flowchart was accepted in a study by Stacy Young et al. An Emergency Communication System (ECS) is any program (usually computer-based) designed for the primary purpose of supporting one-way and two-way emergency information between individuals and groups of people. These programs are often designed to transmit information on a wide range of devices, from signal lights to live messaging, streaming video, and creating an integrated communication system aimed at enhancing emergency communication. Unlike emergency notification systems, which often deliver emergency information on one side, emergency communication systems are often able to initiate and retrieve information among multiple people. These applications are usually done with both input devices, sensors, and output / communication equipment. Therefore, the source of information can occur from a variety of sources and locations, where the system will disseminate that information to one or more audiences. Emergencies place requirements on communication processes that are often very different from the needs of non-emergency situations. Emergencies often include growing and evolving events that require high performance and flexibility from programs that provide emergency communication services. Message prioritization, communication automation, instant messaging, communication auditing methods, and other skills are often required in each emergency situation. Insufficient emergency communication power can have very disruptive and very dangerous consequences. Depending on the location, time, and type of emergency, many types of limitations can be identified when it comes to emergency information and any subsequent steps that may need to be taken to protect health and property. For example, a public audio address system may not work if an emergency occurs such as an explosion that affects most or all of the deaf affected. Another common example would be the limitation of half a fire alarm at a school for the deaf. Another example of a limitation would be overloading of social services (such as mobile networks), which leads to delays in important SMS messages until it is too late, as in the case of the Boston Marathon bombing.
Unit 4
Disaster Risk Reduction
Q1. What do you mean by disaster risk reduction? Explain disaster management cycle.
A1. Disaster Risk Reduction:
Disaster risk reduction is a systematic approach to identifying, assessing and reducing the risk of disaster. It aims to reduce socio-economic vulnerabilities to disaster s well as dealing with the environmental and other hazards that trigger them.
Disaster Risk Reduction
Disaster management cycle:
Disaster management cycle
Q2. Explain sustainable development, reduction, readiness and also explain role and responsibilities of government in case of disaster.
A2. Sustainable development:
Reduction:
Readiness:
Roles and Responsibilities of Government:
Teams are in the area of disaster management
Local governments appoint local disaster management teams.
Their role is to:
Q3. What do you mean by men’s action, prevention of hazard and also explain building and non building properties, community.
A3. Man's Action:
Prevention:
Building and non-building properties:
Non-structural measures are measures that do not involve bodybuilding using information, making or agreeing to reduce risks and impacts, especially on policies and laws, public awareness, training and education.
Explanation:
Community:
Q4. Explain structural and non-structural measures, risk analysis and steps involves in risk assessment.
A4. Structural and non-structural measures:
Risk analysis:
Risk analysis
Risk Assessment Steps:
Hazard Assessment:
Q5. Explain Vulnerability assessment, capacity assessment, risk and energy testing, local institutions involved in disaster.
A5.
2. Capacity Assessment:
People's View of the Risk:
Risk and energy testing:
Local Institutions:
Q6. Explain various objectives of VCA, explain NGOs and other stakeholders involved in disaster.
A6. The objectives of the VCA are to:
"We used to work for people, but now we work with them."
VCA Objectives:
NGOs and other stakeholders:
Vulnerable communities need to be aware of the potential dangers and impacts of exposure and be able to take certain steps to reduce the risk of loss or damage.
The most important determinant of disaster risk selection to focus on is the geographical location of those communities.
For example, while coastal communities need to be educated and prepared for the possibility of a tsunami, the Himalayan community can be taught to respond to the first earthquake and earthquake warning program.
Local governments
World governments
Q7. Explain Early warning system
A7. Early warning system:
Early warning system
Monitoring system
Satellite data transfer
Control centers
Q8. Explain post disaster environmental response
A8. Post Disaster Environmental Response:
Water:
Q9. Explain sanitation, food safety, waste management in disaster.
A9. Sanitation:
Food Safety:
Waste management:
Q10. Explain disease control, security and communication in disaster.
A10. Disease Control:
Security:
Communication:
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