DPP
Disaster is a major disruption that occurs in the short or long term that results in the loss of human, material, economic or environmental resources beyond the capacity of the affected community or community to address its resources. Developing countries face significant costs in the event of a disaster - more than 95% of all fatalities in developing countries, and losses due to natural disasters are 20 times greater (as a percentage of GDP) in developing countries than in developed countries. No matter where social disasters occur, they often cause changes in government and social life. They can change the course of history by broadly affecting all people and exposing abuse or corruption no matter how strictly controlled information is in public. The word disaster is derived from the Middle French disaster and is derived from the Old Italian disastro, also from the ancient Greek pejorative δυσ-, (dus-) "bad" and ἀστήρ (aster), "star". The origin of the word catastrophe ("evil star" in Greek) stems from the astronomical theory of a catastrophe blamed on the planetary system. Disasters are often classified as natural or man-made, although complex disasters, with no single cause, are more common in developing lands. A particular catastrophe can produce a second catastrophe that exacerbates the impact. An ancient example is the tsunami that caused the tsunami, which led to flooding along the coast. Some disasters have been the result of natural disasters. Some researchers also distinguish between recurring events such as seasonal floods and those that are considered unpredictable. A natural disaster is a natural process or thing that can cause loss of life, injury or other health effects, property damage, loss of life and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage. Various disasters, such as earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, floods, hurricanes, typhoons, hurricanes, tsunamis, hurricanes and epidemics, are all natural disasters that kill thousands of people and cost billions of dollars of property and property each year. However, the rapid growth of the world's population and its increasing population in dangerous areas have increased both the frequency and severity of disasters. With hot climates and unstable landscapes, coupled with deforestation, increased unplanned growth, non-structural structures make disaster areas extremely vulnerable. Developing countries suffer more or less from natural disasters as a result of ineffective interactions associated with adequate funding for disaster prevention and management. Man-made disasters are the result of technological or human disasters. Examples include trampling, fires, transport hazards, industrial accidents, oil spills, terrorist attacks, nuclear explosions. War and aggression can also be included in this category. Other types of catastrophes caused by these include catastrophic global warming, nuclear war, and bioterrorism. One view is that all disasters can be manipulated by humans because of man's inability to communicate effective management strategies. The effects of disasters, whether natural or man-made, are not limited to human nature, but also to natural disasters. Natural conditions can exacerbate the effects of a disaster, and on the contrary, disasters have an impact on the environment. Deforestation, forest management practices, agricultural systems, etc. can exacerbate the negative effects of a hurricane or hurricane, leading to landslides, floods, landslides and water / land pollution - as demonstrated by hurricanes and hurricane disasters in Haiti, and the Philippines. Excessive amounts of pollution from disasters, homes and debris from forests and rivers, are also a major problem for proper disposal. A study by the Japan Department of Environment also showed that air pollution from urban and industrial sources has led to an increase in acid rain as a result of hurricanes and hurricanes. We have now seen that caring for our natural resources and using them wisely not only ensures that future generations will be able to survive, but it also reduces the risks posed by natural and man-made disasters to people living today. Emphasizing and strengthening the focus on environmental concerns in disaster management has become increasingly important, requiring better management of natural resources as a tool to prevent disasters or reduce their impact on people, their homes and their lives. Climate and hydrological events, such as hurricanes, are hazards that create heavy rain, high winds and seas. But real injuries also occur because of the risk of people sleeping in its path. Examination of hurricanes and hurricanes after disasters has clearly shown that, along with disaster preparedness, good environmental management - its air, land, water, forests, and waste, go a long way in reducing the risks and dangers of hurricanes. The environmental degradation associated with human activities is the root of many disasters such as floods, desertification, fires, and technological disasters and transportation hazards. Globally, a growing proportion of the damage caused by ‘natural’ disasters stems from destructive practices and our involvement. Many ecosystems have deteriorated to the point where they can no longer withstand the effects of environmental degradatio . Although the link between disaster risk reduction and environmental management is well known, very little has been done in research and policy work on this issue. The concept of using natural resources to reduce disasters has not been widely used by many workers. "(ISDR). There is a clear need to reinforce the importance of environmental concerns throughout the disaster risk management cycle for the protection, preparedness, evaluation, mitigation and response and integration of environmental concerns in relief planning, rehabilitation, reconstruction and development. This will also require an increase in the skills to perform short-term and medium-term activities in disaster risk management based on long-term environmental considerations. A complete understanding of the environmental systems associated with the use of management tools such as environmental and risk assessments can make a significant contribution to reducing risk and minimizing any impacts. An important factor is the involvement of a wide range of partners in such a process, and the full integration of resources and the interests of the private sector in defense and mitigation. Business leadership of ‘preventive’ actions in civil society and industry needs to take place as a complement to government policies and institutional programs. Such an approach relies on codes and standards in the industry as a supplement to the regulations, thus leading to a reduction in the risk of public exposure to potential disasters. There is a need to highlight the role that holistic management can play in reducing the risk of disasters, and minimizing the consequences if possible - in human life and in the wider ecosystem. We also need to explore the link between environmental and disaster risk systems, as well as the interaction between man-made and natural disasters. Specifically, we need to explore the need for multi-stakeholder collaboration that links local governments, NGOs, and civil society organizations to facilitate disaster prevention and mitigation. We need to compare the models of effective partnerships between organizations, communities and governments, explore how businesses prepare for disasters themselves, and the need to be part of a larger partnership that strengthens local communities' ability to prevent, reduce and recover from disasters. Much work needs to be done to facilitate ongoing dialogue between the various decision makers in the disaster area and the global, regional and national level. This dialogue will be based on a greater awareness of the link between disasters and environmental change, as well as the identification of gaps in understanding the risks and risks at the local level. Dialogue should lead to new approaches to risk management, as well as the environment, at the same time. The focus should be on assessing global environmental conditions in order to identify potential environmental problems and new ways of dealing with the complex effects of environmental change on sustainable development - which requires special attention to be given to broad causes and effects of disasters. This will require capacity building in developing countries and in countries of economic transformation to deal with environmental emergencies. International meetings and programs, including the ISDR itself, have strongly acknowledged the problem of emergency prevention, preparedness, evaluation, mitigation and response, and strengthened the need to transfer information on natural emergencies. The increasing frequency and magnitude of man-made and natural disasters are likely to change the world's environment. All these threats to the environment have been identified in recent disasters. The current response to disasters must be based on the perception that disasters affect the environment when they have direct or indirect effects on the environment and human settlements that live far away from the human response rate. Changes in the environment can create emergencies by putting the same pressures on the environment at the same time. Reducing the effects of disasters is a major factor in global efforts to ensure environmental safety. It is clear that continued communication and cooperation on environmental issues depends on the ability of the international community to set up an environmental disaster management plan, and in particular, to pay attention to the environmental conditions leading to disasters, and the management of natural resources for disaster prevention and mitigation. There is a clear need to reinforce the importance of environmental concerns throughout the disaster risk management cycle for the protection, preparedness, evaluation, mitigation and response and integration of environmental concerns in relief planning, rehabilitation, reconstruction and development. This will also require an increase in the skills to perform short-term and medium-term activities in disaster risk management based on long-term environmental considerations. Poor development puts a number of people at risk for the negative effects of natural and other hazards. At the same time, however, the development process, in itself, can increase the risk of disasters. This section reviews the various strengths that shaped this relationship between the weakness and the character of the development work. There is a clear link between poverty, exclusion, migration, and vulnerability. Mostly, vulnerability comes from poverty. Poor people are more likely to live in vulnerable areas, for example, on slopes at risk of landslides; in flood-prone areas; in a separate agricultural land. Poor countries, in general, are more likely to have risky property stocks, often as a result of insufficient resources to impose appropriate building codes in addition to a lack of public awareness and education. Lack of access to education and knowledge often has far-reaching consequences - people may be unaware of their own risk reduction options. Poor people have very few assets to invest in resources that can reduce their risk and may not want to make any significant investment without clear and tangible benefits. Poor people are less likely to be in a position to join forces to reduce risks, in part because poor groups often have a higher proportion of women, young children, the elderly, the sick and the disabled. In addition, in the aftermath of a disaster, the effects of malnutrition and chronic illness put people at greater risk. While in terms of integrated policies development will contribute to reducing the risk of natural disasters, development work in the area can significantly increase certain types of vulnerability. For example: Urban development often leads to the influx of low-income groups, with many people living in low-income or high-income, low-income housing. Buildings may be arranged on earthquake errors, flooded areas, or on sloping slopes. The development of the marine and coastal environment leads to human concentration, which is reflected in potential storms, strong winds, floods and the risk of landslides. Tourist development can increase the potential for greater risk when low-lying coastal areas are the victims of infrastructure and capital investment. Tsunamis and tropical cyclones can quickly destroy this development and put tourists and workers at greater risk of death and injury. Transportation and poor forest management systems will often lead to deforestation and further risks of landslides. Water resource management projects, including dams and irrigation schemes, can also increase the risk to more people, either by relocating to more dangerous areas, by increasing flood risk or the risk of dam failure. Investments in hazardous hazardous industries can lead to overcrowding of the plant, increased air and water pollution, and exposure to the dangers of releasing toxic and hazardous toxins. Livestock development projects can lead to significant loss of vegetation and desertification conditions near resource-intensive areas. Agricultural projects that promote cash crops can reduce food production on a regular basis. Drug reductions are very effective as part of a medium to long-term development plan that includes risk mitigation measures for conventional investment projects. Each of these examples illustrates the importance of including risk assessment as part of planning and evaluation, and highlights the important importance of training and education in these areas. Disaster means an emergency caused by natural disasters or man-made disasters that lead to dramatic changes in circumstances in the short term. Common examples are death, migration, disease, and loss of crops. Other factors could include damage to physical infrastructure, declining natural and social capital, institutional decline and general disruption of economic and social activities. Disasters can vary in some way from trigger, size, length and required actions (Coletta, 2004, Olorunfemi and Raheem, 2007). The global situation regarding disasters is not ideal. Global statistics point to current and future trends in the growing effects of natural and man-made hazards on health and well-being (Niekerk, 2002; Ojo, 2003). Over the past forty years, catastrophic events such as earthquakes, droughts, floods, hurricanes, fires and volcanic eruptions have caused great loss of human life and health; destruction of economic and social infrastructure and severe environmental damage. According to Gavidia (2000), natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, and hurricanes can wipe out years of urban development by destroying infrastructure and housing and damaging or killing thousands of people. The 2011 Tsunami in Japan is an example of the catastrophic loss of lives and property. Large dams are complex , dynamical structures, with reservoirs regularly preserving large volumes of water. If, on the only hand, they yield noteworthy blessings to society and the economy, on the opposite hand, they could entail acknowledgeable risks. Probabilistic methodologies to protection assessment have additionally been proposed. They sell quantitative measures of danger and feature the capacity to offer perception into what are its important sources. As such, they theoretically permit for a greater green allocation of assets in what issues danger discount strategies. Peak discharges are characterised with the aid of using Gambel distribution conforming to the hydrology of the region. As the sturdy correlation among flood length and height discharge turned into now no longer obvious following an preliminary evaluation of catchments withinside the region, independence among each variables turned into assumed. Recently, dramatic flood failures have took place incrementally in numerous areas of the world. Land-use extrade as one of the fundamental affecting elements will become a key factor in flood chance control. This take a look at strives to cope with quantifying how modifications in land use to have an effect on the dynamic evolution of flood vulnerability. The floodplains of Wuhan, which might be positioned withinside the Yangtze River Basin, were decided on as an example. In this paper, we use GIS to acquire distinctive historic geometric facts as reassets of land-use information. By featuring the Simpsons-dominance index and place index to investigate the traits of land-use modifications, and constructing a quantitative version to degree flood vulnerability, a chain of flood vulnerability maps exhibit differential flood vulnerability of floodplains of Wuhan in 3 inundation situations and 4 historic periods. Finally, the non-parametric correlation is used to expose the interactive impact of land use and flood vulnerability. Based in this take a look at, complete flood catastrophe control techniques for land-use making plans are proposed for authorities decision-makers to lessen the flood vulnerability of Wuhan in future. The United Nations Population Fund predicts that with the aid of using the 12 months 2050 86% of the populace in advanced nations (64% in growing nations) will stay in city regions. This ongoing migration from rural regions to extra densely inhabited towns catalyzes city sprawl, which finally makes a extra part of the populace liable to the dangers of herbal screw ups. The Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) examines this dynamic and its dating to catastrophe chance evaluation of their these days launched document The Making of a Riskier Future: How Our Decisions are Shaping Future Disaster Risk. A few of the document’s key factors are summarized under in addition to on this brief GFDRR video. Population boom and weather extrade are the biggest using elements of urbanization. Worldwide, “as much as 1.four million human beings are stepping into towns each week, with as much as ninety percentage [of this migration] taking place in Africa and Asia.” Wealthy nations, companies, and residents rent sources to effectively save you herbal screw ups from causing catastrophic damage, while their impoverished opposite numbers lack the cappotential to do so. The document cites international flooding as an example: “withinside the final 20 years, low-earnings nations skilled simply over 1 / 4 of floods, however bore almost ninety percentage of associated casualties.” “[G]lobal losses from screw ups have almost quadrupled over the previous few decades, from a median of $50 billion in line with 12 months withinside the Eighties to shut to $2 hundred billion in line with 12 months over the last decade.” The 3 predominant additives to herbal catastrophe chance evaluation are (1) hazard or the sort of catastrophe (earthquake, hurricane, etc.); (2) exposure, which refers to a populace’s format and financial cappotential to mitigate the outcomes of a herbal catastrophe; and (3) vulnerability, which refers to “the susceptibility of the uncovered factors to the herbal hazard.” The majority of herbal catastrophe chance evaluation evaluates the cappotential outcomes of a catastrophe at any given time, and is hence termed ‘static’. The document argues that “All 3 of [the aforementioned] additives are dynamic, and extrade over the years below herbal and human conditions,” hence catastrophe chance evaluation must adapt as it should be to assess the 3 additives dynamically. In addition to dynamic chance evaluation, areas devoted to the subsequent applications can be first-rate organized to mitigate the outcomes of herbal screw ups: The world's population will reach 9 billion by 2050, changing the needs, and outcomes of our environment. Inevitably, this complex relationship between our growing global population and nature will have an impact on climate, our planet, and our communities. Health effects from environmental stress include biodiversity loss, sea acidification, land degradation, and water scarcity. Climate change may affect human health through the direct effects of hazards such as heatwaves, floods and hurricanes, or by the indirect effects of disturbed ecosystems and changing patterns of infectious diseases. Our environmental impacts pose immediate threats especially to vulnerable people who have contributed little to their goals. In order to save the planet and its people, we need to increase our knowledge of energy, sustainability, water and food security, human beings as part of the global ecosystem, and to link to health outcomes. The effects of climate change and the environment, such as rising temperatures, rising sea levels, changes in rainfall patterns, and extreme weather events are expected to affect important human health decisions, including access to clean water, adequate food and shelter. These effects can also directly or indirectly exacerbate political and civil conflicts; agricultural, housing and economic abuse; and increase health risks for vulnerable people, especially women and children. Depression in the community caused by drought, floods, famines and post-communicable diseases, including epidemics, may exacerbate political and civil strife as stakeholders compete for essential resources. Addressing these challenges requires international cooperation and multidisciplinary sector across borders. The National Academy of Sciences is a private, non-profit, self-advancing community of outstanding academics including scientific and engineering research, dedicated to advancing science and technology and their application to general well-being. According to a constitutional mandate issued by Congress in 1863, the Academy has jurisdiction required to advise the provincial government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the constitution of the National Academy of Sciences, as the same organization of outstanding engineers. Independent in its administration and in electing its members, it shares with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility of advising the provincial government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs that aim to meet national needs, promote education and research, and recognize high-level engineering achievements. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to obtain the services of prominent members of the relevant fields in the study of public health policy issues. The institution operates under the mandate given to the National Academy of Sciences by its organizational constitution to be an advisor to the federal government and, in its sole discretion, to identify issues of medical care, research and education. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to bring together the wider scientific and technological community and the Academy's objectives of advancing knowledge and advising the provincial government. Working in accordance with the general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the chief operating agency of the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to government, civil society, and the scientific and engineering communities. Healthy, Sustainable, and Sustainable After Disaster Communities is intended as a call to action and a practical guide to greater utilization of resources associated with disaster risk planning and restoration to healthy communities. The report is aimed at informing the research committee of the importance of involving all community stakeholders and resources available thoughtfully, constructively, and appropriately to work together to address the unacceptable fact that the nation's communities, and its people, are healthier than they can and should. The report aims to focus on those individuals and organizations involved in the planning and implementation of disaster recovery activities and those involved in planning and building healthy communities to spend millions and sometimes billions of dollars associated with disasters with great success in raising health. It would seem logical that a society facing a tragic need to rebuild roads, houses, health care facilities, parks, and other critical aspects of its infrastructure in an effort to improve health status would be one of their priorities. Unfortunately, as noted in this report, creating healthy communities is generally not at the top of the disaster planning or recovery efforts, and there is often a significant gap between dedicated national disaster officials and fellow health leaders who deserve commendation. In this context, the report aims to highlight the key opportunities provided by disaster recovery to further the social goal of increasing community life, and to provide practical recommendations on how various stakeholders can work together to realize this goal in their common debt management process. It is the committee's hope that the community of disaster specialists and the community of health professionals will both see this report as relevant to their work and, in doing so, are drawn closer together. A healthy community is one in which a diverse group of stakeholders work together to use their technology and local knowledge to build a socially and physically fit society. Community members are empowered and engaged in the community, ensuring that all local policies look after health. Communities have the ability to identify, address, and assess their health concerns continuously, using data to guide and make efforts. As a result, a healthy society is safer, economically secure, and environmentally healthy, as all citizens have equal access to higher education and services. The committee appreciates the well-thought-out opinion of the study sponsors: Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR) at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. the Office of Lead Hazard Control and Homes Homes in the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Animal Health Management at the U.S. Department of Animal Health. and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. They are all aware of the need for recommendations and helpful guidance for local and national leaders who have been informed of the need to reduce the health impacts associated with disasters and improve the use of reconstruction resources for the purpose of building healthier and more resilient communities. The work of the committee has benefited greatly from the diverse team of staff of the Institute of Medicine, led by research director Autumn Downey and includes Bruce Altevogt, Elizabeth Cornett, Jack Herrmann, Rachel Kirkland, Crysti Park, Megan Reeve, and Lauren Shern. We also owe it to supervisors who have played a significant role in this work. Steven Bingler, Melissa Brymer, and Gavin Smith presented the committee with their valuable expertise, and the report could not have been produced without the technical and editorial contributions of Rona Briere, Miriam Davis, and Erin Hammers Forstag. Finally, I would like to thank and commend my fellow committee members, all of whom have devoted their free time to this important and challenging work. After 18 months of careful examination of evidence from a wide range of officials and experts, case studies, and available literature, three compelling opinions remain with committee members. First is the tragic news of the grief and suffering experienced by so many people who live or die prematurely due to preventable diseases and many others who are sick or injured as a result of experiencing a catastrophic event. We want the best for them. Second is the gratitude that cannot be expressed often enough in a national catastrophe officers, staff, and volunteers, many of whom work anonymously and are often overlooked. The nation needs more from them, and they deserve more from all Americans. Thirdly, because no community is immune to a traumatic event and because there is no healthy community, every reader of this report is urged to use this opportunity to immediately contribute to a collaborative planning process that brings all stakeholders and community members together to think of a healthy community, assess and prioritize significant shortcomings incorporates the resources and expertise of the disaster community as an integral part of a concerted effort to achieve a place where all people have the opportunity to live a healthy life. It is the committee's hope that the observations and recommendations provided in this report will serve as a call to action and a practical guide to action for change. Safe construction practices, a lack of safe construction technologies, and a disastrous attitude toward disaster. This is often combined with improperly placed priorities that lead to spending more on viewing and decorating houses than on safer construction projects in economically viable homes; and strengthening poverty which prioritizes daily food in a safe shelter. This inconsistency is the reason why disasters are as severe as Orissa in 1999 or Gujarat this year. A catastrophe, such as a super cyclone or a major earthquake, draws (especially) the poor down to its vortex. The results, however, are the most obvious and immediate, the loss of life, property and infrastructure. The long-term effect and hardship increased material vulnerability, loss of life, increasing poverty, declining economic power, malnutrition, leading to migration from rural areas, promoting social inequality and conflict. Disaster recovery is a phase in the emergency management cycle that often erupts with an emergency response. Its purpose is to restore normal public services affected by the effects of the disaster through a process that includes both pre-disaster and post-disaster improvement. Disaster recovery is achieved very quickly and effectively when communities engage in a pre-planning process that involves major recovery activities and incorporates risk reduction and system insurance into a recovery plan. Historically, the medical model - where a person’s disability is considered a problem, and with a strong focus on fixing the problem - controls emergency teams. This should provide specialized information and advice to support national efforts to develop or retain operational capabilities in participating countries. International bodies should support national early warning activities and encourage the exchange of data and information between individual countries. Support may include the provision of advisory information, technical assistance, policy and organizational support required to ensure the development and implementation of skills to national authorities or early warning agencies. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play a very important role in raising awareness of people and organizations involved in early warning and implementation of early warning systems, especially at the community level. In addition, they play an important role in informing help to ensure that the first warning stays on the agenda of government policy makers. The private sector has a different role to play in early warning, including developing early warning skills in its organizations. The private sector is also important as it is often better equipped to implement ICT-based solutions. The private sector has great potential in helping to provide competent services such as technology, knowledge, or donations of goods or services (kindly and cash), especially in communications, distribution and early warning. The media plays a vital role in improving the human condition and disseminating early warnings. The media can be a sensitive link between a warning agency and the general public. The science community plays a vital role in providing specialized scientific and technological inputs to assist governments and communities in developing early warning systems. Their expertise is important in assessing the risks to communities exposed to natural hazards, supporting the construction of monitoring and organized scientific services, promoting data exchange, translating scientific or technical information into meaningful messages, and disseminating understandable warnings to those at risk. Laws and regulations serve as the basis for building social resilience. They are important in reducing the existing risks posed by natural disasters, preventing new hazards from occurring and making people safer. Laws and regulations serve as the basis for building social resilience. They are important in reducing the existing risks posed by natural disasters, preventing new hazards from occurring and making people safer. In 2005, the Hyogo Framework for Action highlighted the importance of effective disaster risk reduction funding (DRR) legislation. The Sendai Disaster Risk Management Framework, adopted in March 2015, requires a renewed focus on reviewing and strengthening legal frameworks. As a result of this international direction, many countries have sought to tighten their DRR laws and regulations and have been asking: what should good law say about DRR? Since 2012, the IFRC and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) have been working on a joint project to research, compare and negotiate in an international effort to strengthen how their laws support disaster risk reduction, especially at the community level. In June 2014, they launched a major new study examining 31 countries and in December 2015, launched a new tool, The Checklist on Law and Disaster Risk Reduction and its accompanying guide, The Handbook on Law and Disaster Risk Reduction, to provide practical guidance in this area of law. The conceptual and practical support of this report recognizes that the effectiveness of any risk reduction strategy will depend on the nature of the risk, home, group of people and institutional characteristics, as well as the availability and scope of alternative risk management strategies. With reference to local institutions, risk strategies are assessed based on the type of tools used by the poor and those close to the poor, the level of legality or inconsistency of these instruments, and the type of actors and institutions that have provided or supported these instruments. The issues (listed in the six points of the bullet in the next section) below are approached with a clear commitment to improving rural life by better understanding and supporting community organizations. The International Disaster Risk Reduction Strategy (Geneva 2001) defines ‘disaster’ as ‘a major disruption of public function, resulting in widespread human, material or environmental losses exceeding the ability of the affected community to deal with its resources alone’. Disaster risk is often thought of as two building blocks, risk and risk, which can be expressed equally: disaster risk = risk x risk. The risk therefore depends on the city's potential presence in the natural event. Disaster Risk Mitigation (DRM) strategies refer to home or local planning to minimize the impact of a risk event, whether it has already occurred or may occur in the future. Mitigation includes prevention and preparedness (WFP, 1998: 4). The concept of disaster risk management conveys the idea of domestic vulnerability, which is often referred to as 'risk': risk itself, risk management options and the outcome - loss of social status, family status, and financial losses and the negative effects of sustainable institutional environment Communities, especially those most at risk, play a key role in disaster management. This is especially important in early warning programs focused on people. Their involvement in system design and their ability to respond ultimately determine the risk factors associated with environmental hazards. The key issues regarding the community are as follows: Local governments need to be more aware of the dangers to their communities. Therefore, local governments must be involved in the development and maintenance of early warning systems. It should also have the power to educate or engage local people in a way that increases their safety and reduces the loss of resources the community relies on. Community-based disaster risk management (CBDM) is a way to build communities' capacity to assess their vulnerability to both human and environmental risks and to develop strategies and resources needed to prevent and / or reduce the impact of identified risks and to respond, rehabilitate, and rebuild after its inception. CBDM strategies are particularly important in the face of global climate change, increasing population growth in high-risk regions, and increased expansion of the need for greater communication between high-level government and community responses. The CBDM empowers communities to participate in disaster risk management and create space for them to develop their own strategies rather than waiting for already disbanded governments and NGOs. A disaster, as defined by the United Nations, is a major impediment to the functioning of a community or community, which includes broader human, material, economic or environmental impacts that exceed the capacity of the affected community or community to address and use their resources . Disaster risk management is the way we respond to the human, physical, economic or environmental impacts of a stated disaster, the process of “preparing, responding and learning from the consequences of major failures”. Although often caused by natural disasters, disasters can strike again and again. According to the International Federation of Red Cross & Red Crescent Societies a catastrophe occurs when an accident affects people at risk. The combination of risks, vulnerability and the inability to minimize the potential negative consequences of disaster risk outcomes . Although we have said that public participation in the disaster risk management environment is important, there are still a few debates under the context of participatory development that can somehow contribute to its successful implementation, hence, especially in CBDRM planning. First, the complexity of the individual motives. It is difficult to move society in a certain direction, especially if members have different interests and motives. As mentioned earlier, society is a complex social structure with different perspectives, perspectives and motivations. On the other hand, motivation and willingness to participate is defined by the individual's thinking and is determined by his or her interests. Their experience in disasters can affect their behavior; however, for members of the public who have never experienced a major natural disaster, increasing their interest in prevention and capacity building becomes more difficult as it seems unseen to them, unlike physical or structural physical and visual measures such as early warning systems, etc. The disclosure of external assistance may influence the public interest to participate; this is especially true in urban areas, which have become accustomed to receiving external assistance and therefore their reluctance to deal with the risk themselves (Solo, nd). Another area below this is personal motivations and related interests that may influence, disrupt or distort the outcome of a participatory development process. And politicians or newcomers find this kind of work to their advantage by gaining popularity. Second, participation requires effort and time. The implementation of CBDRM consists of a variety of activities, such as planning and capacity building, which require active and continuous participation from various stakeholders. Although these activities involve a lot of time and effort, some community members see this series of participation as a waste of time and / or a non-productive job, so they choose to focus more on their work and make money, instead. While part of the organizer, the participatory process as a public consultation process also takes time. Planning requires proper and detailed planning of activities, identifying participants, sending out invitations and ensuring attendance. The quality and productivity of the work is affected by the small potential outcomes among the target participants. Third, women's participation and cultural barriers are prohibited. CBDRM emphasizes the different risks and dangers faced by members of the community, for example, men's vulnerabilities are perceived differently compared to women, and are similar to those of adults in children. However, another culture prohibits participation and volunteering; a practical example is for participating women. There are some cultures that play a role for women within the confines of homework. In addition to the current effort to reduce gender inequality in disaster risk reduction, with the major effects of domestic work placed on them directly or indirectly, this gives women less time to participate in social activities and participate in community development activities. Fourth, local power relations in society. Social events are reflected in the relationships between rich and poor, high-class and ordinary people, and illiterate and uneducated people. This relationship brings us to the questions of who can really participate, who can speak and express their views during public consultation or workshops. Most of the time, those with more experience and time to participate control the conversation, while leaving the poor and the illiterate with the greatest risk of being at risk. To put pressure on, the UNDP ensures that the most vulnerable communities at natural events are usually those with an unusually high number of illiterate members (Solo, nd). Fifth, local knowledge that influences local power relations. CBDRM builds on local knowledge available to assess community risk, and serves as a basis for program planning. However, local knowledge can affect relationships in local power, authority and gender (Mosse, 2002). Some individuals or stakeholders may place their own interests or influence local knowledge that may not address the issues of disaster or lead to greater and general interests of all to improve the resilience of the community. Fifth, creating developmental fatigue among stakeholders. As participatory development is one of the most popular forms of development, many development programs have embraced it and integrated it into their programs and projects. Consultation and / or collaboration between stakeholders is routinely done through different stages of the program and different or different projects, this recurring process can end up creating tension among participants, especially if without further consultation no progress or progress is made. These are some of the limitations and challenges that CBDRM project initiators may face within the partnership development. This limitation only follows that "bringing public participation in risk management is a difficult task" that all actors must understand or at least recognize.
Unit 5
Disasters, Environment and Development
Q1. Define disaster.
A1. Disasters:
Disaster
Q2. What do you mean by environment and development after disaster?
A2. Environment and development:
Q3. Explain impact of development project and environmental modification of disaster.
A3. Impact of development project and environmental modifications:
Q4. Explain the various factors affecting vulnerability.
A4. Dams:
Landuse Changes:
Q5. Explain urbanization after disaster.
A5. Urbanization:
- Hazard: Climate Change Mitigation, Urban Design, and Resource Planning
- Vulnerability: Urban Planning/Construction and Social Safety Nets
- Exposure: Land-Use Planning and Managed Urban Expansion
Urbanization
Q6. What do you mean by sustainable and environmental freely recovery?
A6. Sustainable and environmental Friendly Recovery:
The Council is jointly governed by both the Institutions and the Medical Center. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., are chairs and vice-chairs, respectively, of the National Research Council.
Q7. Explain reconstruction and development method after disaster.
A7. Reconstruction and development method:
Reconstruction and development method
Q8. Explain Regional institutions and organization and also explain policies and legislation for disaster reduction
A8. Regional institutions and organizations
Policies and legislation for disaster reduction:
Q9. What are the local institutions are interfere after a disaster?
A9. Local Institutions:
NGOs and other stakeholders:
Vulnerable communities need to be aware of the potential dangers and impacts of exposure and be able to take certain steps to reduce the risk of loss or damage.
The most important determinant of disaster risk selection to focus on is the geographical location of those communities.
For example, while coastal communities need to be educated and prepared for the possibility of a tsunami, the Himalayan community can be taught to respond to the first earthquake and earthquake warning program.
Local governments
Q10. What is the role of community in a disaster?
A10. Community:
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