CEM
Each structure is unique Each structure is commissioned Each structure is built in situ. Availability of material & labors. Type of sub stratum Atmospheric condition Natural condition Civil engineering works are not like factory products which may be available in a stock at the required time. Each civil engineering work is commissioned i.e., order is placed for each structure before construction works commences. However now-a-days construction components are prefabricated which can be kept in start. Construction engineering companies never initiate themselves. Thus, decisions of construction of various projects are taken by taking into consideration their requirements etc. Hence the civil engineering industries are the masters of its own. The civil engineering structure is built at a place of its final use. Sometimes components may be fabricated or built elsewhere. However, structure has to suit the particular requirements of the site where it is built. The first type of construction project is the Private Construction Project. Put simply, private projects are projects of every type that are owned, controlled or commissioned by a private party. Private parties include individuals, homeowners, corporations, other business entities, non-profit associations, privately funded schools, hospitals, publicly traded companies, etc. Anything, in other words, that is not the government. Private construction projects come in all different shapes and sizes, and this is when it’s useful to look at the character of the work performed to segment private construction into different subcategories. These subcategories would include: Whenever construction work is being performed to a single-family residence or a residential facility with (usually) less than 3 or 4 units. If you are working on an apartment complex this would more likely be considered a commercial project instead of a residential project. Similarly, if you are working at a condominium, the work would be residential if upon a single unit, but if on the entire complex or the 2 common elements, the work would more likely be considered commercial. Commercial construction is the construction of any buildings or similar structures for commercial purposes. Commercial construction includes a huge variety of projects including building restaurants, grocery stores, skyscrapers, shopping centers, sports facilities, hospitals, private schools and universities, etc. This is a relatively small segment of the construction industry. These projects include power plants, manufacturing plants, solar wind farms, refineries, etc. While termed “industrial construction,” it is pretty interchangeable with “commercial construction.” The last type of construction is infrastructure and heavy construction which encompasses building and upgrading of railways, communications, and roads, railways to the surroundings of a city or existing building construction. This type of construction usually done due to the public interest and is often executed by government agencies and large private corporations. Some other projects that fall under this type of construction include tunnels, bridges, highways, transit systems, drainage systems, and pipeline. Some people get confused by the term “state” when talking about state construction projects because the term “state” can refer to projects commissioned by a county, city, municipality, government board, public school board or any other state-funded entity. The term “state construction” means, therefore, any government-funded construction that is not “federal” – which is discussed in the next section. State construction projects can take a variety of forms. They can be pretty traditional projects like the construction of a public school or government building (like a court room). These projects can also be pretty sophisticated, such as the construction of a bridge, sewer line, highways, etc. Federal construction projects are very similar to state projects. Just like state projects they can take on a variety of forms: very simple and traditional, and very complex. And the stuff being constructed can be pretty similar to the stuff constructed by state authority: courthouses, government buildings, flood control projects, etc. The difference between state and federal projects simply depends on who owns or controls the underlying project site. The difference is not which entity funds the project, because federal funds are all over state (and even private) projects. The difference is in who owns and controls the project. If work is done on a state courthouse using federally provided funds, it is a state project. If work is done on a federal courthouse, however, it’s a federal project. Work done on a federally funded interstate is usually a state project because the states control the highways. Work done through the US Army Corps of Engineers, however, even on state land such as They can be pretty traditional projects like the construction of a public school or government building (like a court room). These projects can also be pretty sophisticated, such as the construction of a bridge, sewer line, highways, etc. We have to create and evaluate the project in order to determine if it is feasible and if it should be undertaken, at the beginning of the project. Here the project objective or need is identified; this can be a business problem or opportunity. A suitable response to the need is documented in a business case with recommended solution options. A feasibility study is conducted to examine whether each option clearly identifies the project objective and a final recommended solution is determined. Many questions related to the issues of feasibility i.e., “can we do the project?” and justification like “should we do the project?” are mentioned and faced. When a solution is approved, a project is initiated to implement the approved solution. For this, a project manager is appointed. At this stage, the major deliverables and the participating work groups are identified. This is the time when the project team begins to take shape. Approval is then required by the project manager to move onto the detailed planning phase. This is the implementation phase, where the project plan is put into motion and the work of the project is performed practically on site. It is essential to maintain control and communicate as needed during each implementation stages. Progress should be continuously monitored and appropriate adjustments are made and recorded as variances from the original plan. A project manager is the one who spends most of the time in this step. Throughout the project implementation, people carry out the tasks, and progress information is being reported through regular project team meetings. The project manager uses this information to preserve control over the direction of the project by comparing the progress reports with the project plan to measure the performance of the project activities. If any deviation is found from the already defined plan corrective measures are made. The first option of action should always be to bring the project back to the original plan. If that cannot happen, the team should record variations from the original plan and record and publish modifications to the plan. all through this step, project sponsors, and other key stakeholders are kept informed about the project’s status as per the agreed rate and format of communication. The plan should be updated and available on a regular basis. Status reports should always highlight the probable end point in terms of cost, schedule, and quality of deliverables. Each project deliverable produced should be reviewed for quality and measured against the acceptance criteria. When deliverables have been produced and the customer has agreed on the final solution, the project is said to be ready for closure. During the final closure, the importance is on providing the final deliverables to the customer, that is: Handing over project documentation to the business Termination of supplier contracts Releasing project resources Communicate the closure of the project to all stakeholders. Last and final is to conduct lessons-learned studies to examine what went well and what didn’t. This type of analysis would make the knowledge of experience to be transferred back to the project organization, which will help future project teams. The objective of this activity is to analyze different sellers in order to identify the most suitable vendor. Timely execution of the project requires timely delivery of different raw materials. This implies that the project manager needs to select vendors carefully to avoid working with individuals or companies that will not deliver materials on time. To achieve this, the project manager organizes bidder conferences, issues out the bid packages to suppliers, and leads in the evaluation of the potential suppliers. Besides, he heads the team that conducts the selection of the most suitable bidder. The project manager documents the final results and informs the selected supplier about what they need to do. The project manager communicates with the vendor about the need for cooperation to facilitate the execution of the project based on the set plan. The Project Management Plan is reference to undertake this activity effectively and appropriately. The objective of this activity is to make sure that actual work on the project has started. Members of the project team implement the tasks and activities they have been assigned. In other words, the project plan is translated into action. The project manager oversees project works and ensures that all activities are executed according to plan to guarantee project success. The activities detailed in the project plan are initiated and the project manager ensures that they are executed as planned. During this activity, the project manager references the Project Management Plan to ensure that all activities, operations, processes, and tasks are executed as planned. The objective of this activity is to follow up on the performance of project team members to ensure the project performance is optimized. Besides, this activity concerns resolving issues, providing feedback, and managing team changes. This activity is vital to the project because it helps to appraise the performance of team members, resolve issues, manage conflict, and influence team behavior. As such, the project manager makes sure that team members are performing their roles correctly and as expected. The project manager intervenes whenever issues arise to help resolve them early on. In order to perform effectively, all the necessary resources are provided to the team members. Besides, the project manager makes sure that optimal work is allocated to the team members. This activity is carried out as the project work is being carried out. The purpose of performing quality assurance is to enhance quality processes in the project. It involves performing an audit on the quality requirements and findings of quality control assessment to make sure that appropriate operational definitions and quality standards are used. A key benefit of conducting quality assurance is that it helps to improve quality processes. Some of the tools and techniques used to achieve the objectives of this activity are process analysis, quality audits, tree diagrams, and matrix diagrams. Thus, when undertaking this activity, the project manager establishes and plans those processes that are related to the objectives of the project. The identification of processes that are required to deliver quality is also performed. Another activity that is performed here is process testing, which aims to determine whether they meet the set quality level. The inputs utilized in the quality assurance activity include project management plan, quality management plan, and quality control measurements. At the end of this activity, the project manager prepares a Quality Audit Report that documents the quality assessment findings. Although corrective actions for issues identified may not be suggested in this report, areas in the organization that are non-compliant with the set quality systems and standards are recorded. Using this information, appropriate corrective actions and strategies can be developed. This activity is absolutely necessary for every project because it boosts the support of the project by stakeholders and significantly reduces their resistance to the project. A great way to raise the possibility of achieving project success is to ensure that stakeholders are engaged and managed effectively. To effectively manage stakeholders’ engagement, the project manager should consult the stakeholder management strategy to familiarize himself with approaches for enhancing support from stakeholders and minimize their resistance. Communicating and working with stakeholders at every stage of the project is vital to make sure that their needs and expected outcomes are considered and satisfied. This involves providing updates on the project to the stakeholders and getting their input whenever it’s needed. The issues that happen from time to time during project execution should be notified to the stakeholders and it is wise to seek their input when coming up with the most appropriate solution for the same. Thus, the document that is referenced at this stage is the Stakeholder Management Strategy.
Unit - 1
Basics of Construction
Q1) What are the unique features of construction management?
A1) The unique features of construction management are as follows:
Each structure is unique:
Even if the structures are similar, there is possibility of variation due to the influence of:
Each structure is commissioned:
Each structure is built in situ:
Q2) Explain Private types of construction projects?
A2)
1. Residential Construction
2. Commercial Construction
3. Industrial Construction
4. Infrastructure and Heavy Construction
Q3) Explain State construction projects?
A3)
Q4) Explain Federal construction projects?
A4)
Q5) What is the intiation phase of construction project?
A5)
Q6) Explain Execution phase of construction project?
A6)
Q7) Explain Closure Phase of construction phases?
A7)
Q8) How the procurements are conducted?
A8)
Q9) How to execute project activities according to plan?
A9)
Q10) How to manage project team?
A10)
Q11) What is Perform Quality Assurance?
A11)
Q12) How to manage stakeholder engagement?
A12)
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