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DSS

Unit – 6

Beam-Columns

Q1) Define in brief Beams.

A1) The beam is a structural detail that stands in opposition to the bending. Mainly beam incorporates vertical gravitational forces, however additionally pull the horizontal hundreds on it.

The beam is referred to as a wall plate or sill plate that incorporates the transmits and cargo it to the girders, columns, or walls. It is connected with.

In the early centuries, timbers have been the maximum desired fabric for use as a beam for this structural help purpose, now to undergo the pressure together with carrying vertical gravitational pressure, now they're made from aluminum, steel, or different such materials.

Q2) What are the types of beam?

A2)

Simply Supported Beam.

Cantilever Beam.

Over Hanging Beam.

Continuous Beam.

Fixed Ended Beam.

Q3) What is meant by columns?

A3) The compression member who's willing or horizontal and is subjected to axial hundreds is referred to as Strut. Struts are utilized in trusses.

The characteristic of columns is to switch the weight of the shape vertically downwards to switch it to a foundation.

Apart from the wall plays the subsequent features additionally:

· It encloses constructing regions into one-of-a-kind booths and affords privacy.

· It affords protection from housebreaking and insects.

Q4) What are the types of column?

A4)

Tied Column

Spiral Column

Composite column

Axially Loaded Column

Column with Uniaxial Eccentric Loading

Column with Biaxial Eccentric Loading

Short Column

Long Column

Square or Rectangular Column

Circular column

L-Shape Column

T-Shape column

Q5) Give difference between beams and columns.

A5)

Sr.No.	Beam	Column
1	Communally a horizontal member of a structure that resists transverse load is called a beam.	Communally a vertical member of a structure that resists axial/eccentric load is called a column.
2	The beam is carried load perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.	The column is carried load parallel to the longitudinal axis.
3	Beam is basically carried or resists bending and shear force.	Column is basically carried or resists compression load.
4	Beams shape can be square, rectangular, T shape, I shape, H shape.	Column shape can be rectangular, circular, square, T shape, L shape, C shape, elliptical etc
5	Minimum width of the beam is 200 mm.	Minimum width of a column is 200 mm, however, for earthquake resistance, it should be 300mm.
6	Longitudinal steel in Beam is on two faces which are used to resist bending moment while the vertical loads are resisted by stirrups or inclined beam	Longitudinal steel in Column is on all faces which basically resists compression
7	Communally cast with slab and hence greater care is observed for its concreting and curing in case of RCC structures.	Communally cast in small batches and hence the quality of concreting as well as curing ignored in case of RCC structures.
8	Beam without building possible	Here, Column important part of building

Q6) What is bending moment?

A6)

In both multiple- and single-unit restorations, bite forces create components of vertical loads and also transversal forces that give rise to bending moments on the crown–abutment–implant complex.

Specific transverse bending loads can also be caused by premature contacts, bruxism or significantly angled implants (Misch 1999a).

Bending movements can create high stress levels in implant components causing fatigue or component fracture.

Adverse reactions at crestal bone levels surrounding the implant (Brunski 1988; Rieger et al. 1990a) can be caused by bending moments due to the higher concentration of stress gradients at the bone–implant interface

Q7) Describe P-M Interaction curve in short.

A7)

The impact of the concrete to the column strength is seen as a continuous curve, and the contribution of the steel bar (prestressing steel) and the structural steel in both faces as a curve with two lines comparatively straight which inter connect each other at a point.

Vertical members that are part of a building frame are subjected to combined axial loads and bending moments. These forces develop due to external loads, such as dead, live, and wind loads. Simply put, an interaction diagram (or curve) displays the combinations of the acceptable moment and axial capacities of a structural member.

The equivalency between an eccentrically applied load and an axial load–moment combination is shown below. Assume that a force P is applied to a cross-section at a distance e (eccentricity) from the centroid. Eccentric force P may now be combined with the force P acting downward at the centroid and a couple of Pe, which is a pure moment.

Q8) Define the following:

A8)

Pure axial compression (point A). This is the largest axial compression load that the column can support.

Compression with minor bending (point B). This is the case of a large axial load acting at a small eccentricity. The stress distribution becomes inclined but the section is still under compression. Failure occurs by crushing of the concrete.

Compression control (point C). Here exist both compression zone and tension zone of concrete. Steel is subjected to tension. Failure occurs by crushing of the concrete on the compression side, whereas the stress in steel fs is less than the yield stress fy.

Balanced condition (point D). A balanced condition is reached when the compression strain in the concrete reaches limited and the tensile reinforcement reaches yielding simultaneously. Failure of concrete occurs at the same time as the steel yields.

Tension control (point E). This is the case of a small axial load with large eccentricity, that is, a large moment. At failure, the strain in the tension steel is greater than the yield strain.

Q9) What is moment amplification?

A9) In structural engineering the amplification factor is the ratio of 2nd order to first order deflections.

The amplification factor, additionally called gain, is the volume to which an analog amplifier boosts the power of a signal.

In the layout of slim metal beam-columns, the moment amplification factor is used to estimate the most bending moment. In the parametric study, significance of the preliminary deflection, the axial load ratio, the slenderness ratio and the end moment ratio are decided on because the parameters.

Q10) Define flexural torsional Buckling.

A10) This form of buckling simplest happens in compression participants which have unsymmetrical go-segment with one axis of symmetry. Flexural-torsional buckling is the simultaneous bending and twisting of a member. This in the main happens in channels, structural tees, double-perspective shapes, and same-leg unmarried angles.

Q11) What is role of CG in buckling?

A11)

The middle of gravity is the factor at which all moments generated from the mass of the detail same zero.

For participants like an I-fashioned member, the middle of gravity and the shear middle are the precise identical factor wherein the 2 axes of symmetry intersect. for channels, the shear middle and the middle of gravity are different, which creates a pair and makes the twisting that reasons torsional buckling.

Flexural-torsional buckling may be described as a aggregate of bending and twisting response of a member in compression. Such a deflection mode need to be taken into consideration for layout purposes.

Q12) What is biaxial Bending?

A12)

A column is a vertical structural member designed to transfer a compressive load. For example, a column might transfer loads from a ceiling, floor or roof slab or from a beam, to the foundations.

Columns also carry the bending moment about one or both axes of their cross-section.

Biaxial bending affects columns where the load is eccentric about both the axes in the plane of the column (eccentric load is a force placed upon a portion of a column which is not symmetric with its central axis, thereby producing bending).

Q13) Write a short note on bi axial bending In columns.

A13) Columns are usually subjected to two bending moments about two perpendicular axes (X and Y) as well as an axial force in the vertical Z direction (see Figure 1).

With the shown sign convention, bending about X-axis causes compression in the top part and tension in the bottom region, whereas bending about Y-axis causes compression in the left-hand part and tension in the right part. For symmetric sections subjected to uniaxial bending, the neutral axis is parallel to the moment axis. In biaxial bending (d), the top-left part is subjected to double compression and the bottom right part is subjected to double tension. The remaining parts are subjected to combined compression and tension

Q14) What is P-M Interaction?

A14) A load-moment interaction diagram planned on the P-M interaction chart represents the specific axial load capacity and ultimate bending moment capacity of a given section of column. The uniaxial bending moment capacity and axial load can be computed by using the principal of static symmetry and strain compatibility.

Q15) What are the different types of loads that affect Flexure behavior?

A15)

The forces that are generated are typically three-dimensional with components directed along one or more of the clinical co-ordinate axes.

The effect of this is to resolve the force into a combination of components in any given plane, with the same magnitude of force having a different effect on the bone–implant interface depending on the direction in which it is applied.

The main types of loading on the implant assembly that need to be considered are axial (compression/tension) forces and bending moments (Rangert et al. 1989; Quirynen et al. 1992).

Q16) Give the classification of beam based on different conditions.

A16)

Based on geometry:

Straight beam

Curved beam

Tapered beam

2. Based on shape of crocc section:

I beam

T beam

C beam

3. Based on equilibrium conditions:

Statically determinate

Statically indeterminate

4. Based on type of support:

Simply Supported beam

Cantilever Beam

Overhang beam

Continuous beam

Fixed beam

Q17) How can you stop buckling in beams?

A17) To prevent buckling during substrate penetration, the critical load (Fcritical) of a configuration should be higher than the penetration load (Fpenetration). That is, the buckling ratio of Fcritical to Fpenetration should be higher than 1 (equation (1)).

Q18) What is the moment amplification?

A18) Moment Amplification for First-Order Elastic Analysis. For a member subjected to combined bending moment and axial force, the bending moments are amplified by the presence of axial force. This occurs to both isolated, statically determinate mem- bers and members in a statically indeterminant frame.

Q19) What are the of failure of columns?

A19) The following types of column failure could be identified.

Pure Compression Failure.

Combine stress failure.

Buckling Failure.

Shear Failure.

Failure due to Lack of Confinement Reinforcement.

Torsional Failures.

Failures due to Construction Defects.

Failures due to errors in the Construction.

Q20) What is the codes that will be used in steel and other concrete sections?

A20)

List of referred Indian Standard Codes for civil engineers

IS: 456 – code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete.

IS: 383 – specifications for fine and coarse aggregate from natural sources for concrete.

IS: 2386 – methods of tests for aggregate for concrete. ( ...

IS: 2430 – methods of sampling.

IS: 4082 – specifications for storage of materials.

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