Unit – 2

Solid waste management

Q1) Explain municipal solid waste

A1) Solid wastes generated from different zones of the city differs in characteristics. There solid waste comprise refuse, ordinary refuse (includes garbage & rubbish) and trash.

Refuse, refers to non-hazardous solid waste from the community requiring collection and transporting to processing/disposal site. Garbage comprises items that are highly decomposable (putrescible) food, waste vegetables and meat scraps.

Rubbish contains mostly dry, non-decomposable (non-putrescible) material-glass, rubber, tin cans, also, or combustible material - paper, textiles, wooden articles, etc.

Hence, community refuse can be referred to as municipal solid waste (MSW).

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) - popularly known as garbage or garbage - contains everyday items that we use and dispose of, such as packaging, cutting grass, furniture, clothing, bottles, food scraps, newspapers, appliances, paint and batteries. This comes from our homes, schools, hospitals and businesses.

Each year the EPA produces a report called Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2013, formerly known as Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: Facts and Figures. Includes details on MSW generation, reuse, and disposal.

After 30 years of MSW tracking, this report has been expanded to include additional information on MSW's resource reduction (waste prevention), information on MSW land disposal fees, as well as information on the construction and demolition of waste, outside MSW.

The new term also emphasizes the importance of sustainable management (SMM). SMM refers to the use and reuse of materials in the most productive and sustainable ways throughout their life cycle. SMM methods conserve resources, reduce waste, moderate climate change and reduce environmental impacts on our resources.

Q2) Explain composition and various chemical and physical parameters of msw

A2) The physical and chemical composition of the city of Chittagong. Organic matter contains the bulk of the solid waste produced (35.1%), while fine dust and vegetable matter make up 28.5% and 20.6% respectively. Major components of municipal waste include food waste, glass, metals, cans, waste, bricks, boards, leaves, paper, dirt and ash, the chemical composition found in solid waste shows high humidity content, high ash and inorganic content and is relatively low phosphorus and potassium.

The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content represent the number of essential ingredients of organic fertilizer and the potential conversion of waste to good compost. The properties of leachate have shown to be acidic in nature. It is also rich in nitrate and phosphate, whenever highly contaminated leachate is trapped in surface-washed ponds, placing the highest impurities in the ground and surface water and the health risk that follows.

Solid waste is garbage, garbage, mud and other waste products including solids, liquids, solids, or gas content, from industrial, commercial, mining and agricultural activities, and public works (Peavy, et al., 1985; Kumar, et al., 2016). Large amounts of municipal solid waste (MSW) (UN, 2003) produce on a daily basis since the rate of production increases much faster than the rate of urban migration (Hoornweg and Bada-Tata, 2012). Strengthening solid waste production within ten years from 0.68 billion tons per year in 2000 to 1.3 billion tons per year in 2010 (Islam, 2016). It is expected to reach 2.2 billion tons per year by 2025 and 4.2 billion tons per year by 2050 (Hoornweg and Bada-Tata, 2012).

Municipal solid waste is a global concern (in Adeolu, et al., 2011) in developing countries even though industrialized countries produce large quantities of waste (Sujauddin, et al., 2008; Tchobanoglous and Theisen, 1977). Developing countries produce solid waste due to lower purchasing power and subsequent low consumption (Cairncross and Feachem, 1993). Other factors such as poverty, population growth and the high rate of urbanization affect the waste management of developing countries (Cunningham, et al., 2005; Zurbrugg, 2003; Sridhar and Ojediran, 1983; Corereau, 1982; Doan, 1998; El- Salam and Abu-Zuid, 2015).

Bangladesh is a developing country that is facing a major problem with solid waste. The astonishing production of solid waste has been noted for rapid population growth and continued economic development (Bhuiyan, 2010; Ahsan, et al., 2014; Afroz, et al., 2011). In addition, Bangladesh, a densely populated country that is experiencing urbanization and a large number of rural people moving to urban areas every year (Salequzzaman, 2000; Enayetullah, et al., 2005). As a result, random urban sprawl and slum development have slowed down, and these areas produce large amounts of uncontrolled waste in all major cities (Dhaka, Chittagong, Rajshahi, Khulna, Sylhet and Barisal) of Bangladesh (Salequzzaman, et al., 2001).

Large debris generated quickly and created many problems in Bangladesh (Bhuiyan, 2010). If this solid waste is not properly managed, this will inevitably have a detrimental effect on sustainable living, environmental, and human health (Scarlat, et al., 2015; Enayetullah, et al., 2005; Hasan and Chowdhury, 2005). Adverse effects were reported in many cities in different countries such as China (Cheng and Hu, 2010), India (Singh, et al., 2011), Malaysia (Johari, et al., 2012), and Thailand (Chiemchaisri and Visvanathan, 2008). Serious waste management has become a challenge for governments in developing countries in Asia and Africa (Calo and Parise, 2009; Halla, and Majani, 2003; Mwangi, 2000; Ogu, 2000; Zia, and Devadas, 2008; Zurrugg, 2002). Strong management undermines the urban environment and poses significant risks to natural resources and thus prevents equally sustainable development (Kumar and Bowmick, 1998). 16,380 tons of waste is produced in Bangladesh per day (Anonymous, 2004). About 4500 tons of waste generated in Dhaka per day (Hasan and Chowdhury, 2005) even though Dhaka City Corporation (DCC) can collect and dispose of only 42% of solid waste (Salequzzaman, et al., 1998).

Much research work has been done on solid waste management in Bangladesh (Salequzzaman, et al., 1998; Salequzzaman, et al., 2001; Salequzzaman, 2000; Ahmed and Rahman, 2000; Alam, et al., 2002; Hasan and Chowdhury, 2005; Enayetullah, et al., 2005; Rahman, et al., 2006; Sinha, 2006). Sustainable management of these wastes is important to know the natural and chemical composition. The current study was conducted to determine the Physical and Chemical Forms of Solid Pollution in Chittagong City.

Q3) Explain MSW Management also collection, transport, treatment and disposal of msw.

A3) COLLECTION

The disposal of solid municipal waste will be banned in cities, towns and suburbs informed by the State Government. To prevent pollution and to facilitate compliance, the following steps will be taken by a municipal official, namely

Fig no 1 Solid waste collection

TRANSPORT

Garbage removal is the transportation of garbage to a place by train, tank, truck, bar, or other vehicle. Types of waste that can be transported from municipal waste to radioactive or hazardous waste.

Hazardous waste can be transported for treatment, storage or disposal. Resources that generate hazardous waste are required to prepare a shipping document, or "manifest," to move the waste as it is transported from the product site. The manifest must accompany the garbage to its destination and be used to trace waste from the womb to the grave.

The capacity for waste disposal during refuse removal varies; litter becomes more hazardous and the volume transported is greater, seriously damaging the environment / human health in the event of an accident. Traffic accidents or train wrecks can lead to waste disposal and emissions that could pollute air, water and soil. Dirt can also be removed during loading or mute during travel.

Approximately four billion tons of controlled hazardous goods are shipped inside the United States each year with more than 250,000 shipments entering the U.S. transportation system. Every day. The Emergency Response Notification System (ERNS) database of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) shows that from 1988 to 1992 an average of nineteen travel accidents involving toxic chemicals occur each day.

TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF MSW

As cities grow in size with population growth, the amount of waste generated becomes increasingly uncontrollable. Local companies have changed a variety of waste disposal methods - open spaces, dumping sites, dumping sites and fire-fighting plants. One of the most important methods of waste management is composting.

Open dump

Open openings refer to uncovered areas used to dispose of solid debris of all kinds. Waste is untreated, undisclosed, and not segregated. It is a breeding ground for flies, rats, and other pests. Rainwater runoff from this coal pollutes the soil around the water and thus spreads disease. In some lands, open rubbish dumps are being demolished.

Fig no 2 Open disposal

Landfill

Landfills are commonly found in urban areas where large amounts of garbage are produced and should be disposed of locally. Unlike open dumps, it is a hole dug in the ground. Garbage is disposed of and the pit is covered thus preventing breeding of flies and rats. At the end of each day, a layer of soil is spread over it and another method is used, the machines that usually travel the earth are used to compress the garbage, which is now a cell. So, every day, garbage is dumped into a cell. After the sewage is filled, the area is covered with a lot of mud and helps after which it can be built as a parking lot or park.

Garbage disposal has many problems. All types of waste are disposed of in landfills and when water enters them it pollutes and pollutes the environment. This pollution of groundwater and soil by sewage filling is known as leaching.

Sanitary landfills

Another type of waste disposal that will solve the problem of leaks to some degree, is a clean and tidy disposal facility that is structured. These are packed with inaccessible materials such as plastics and clay, and are built over impenetrable soil. Building sanitation facilities is very expensive and they have their problems. Some authorities claim that plastic liners often have cracks as they come in contact with various liquid chemicals present in the garbage.

The rate of waste disposal also varies considerably. This can be due to the fact that less oxygen is available as the waste is heavily pressed. It has also been observed that some of the decaying materials do not decompose into the garbage dump. Another major problem is the formation of methane gas, which occurs when less oxygen is present, i.e., during anaerobic decomposition. In some lands, methane produced in private dumps is pumped and sold as fuel.

Incineration Plant

This process of heating waste in large furnaces is known as heating. In these plants the recyclable material is separated and the rest is burned. At the end of the process all that is left is ashes. During the process the other ashes floated in the hot air. This is called fly ash. Both the fly ash and the ashes left in the furnace after burning have high levels of harmful toxins such as dioxins and heavy metals. Disposal of these ashes is problematic. The ashes buried in the garbage dumps leak into the area and cause great pollution.

Fig no 3 Incineration plant

Burning garbage is not a clean process as it produces tons of toxic ash and pollutes the air and water. A large amount of waste here can be recovered and reused. In fact, at present, fire burning is maintained as a last resort and is widely used in the treatment of infectious waste.

Managing non-biodegradable solid waste (NBDSW)

Solid waste (NBDSW) or garbage is the name of the carpet. It covers a wide range of materials ranging from asbestos to Zinc batteries. Polythene and its derivatives are the strongest raw materials found in urban areas. Many solid, non-perishable solid waste products are known to cause serious environmental hazards when released from land, water, and atmosphere.

Coastal Environmental and social waste management

Problems related to garbage disposal are particularly prevalent in the megalopolis and risks reach even higher levels of coastal cities. Solid pollution of domestic and industrial units is considered to be the greatest pollution of the coastal regions of India.

Q4) Explain special msw

A4) Special waste including hazardous household waste contains any solid waste or a combination of solid waste that requires specialization management and disposal because of its quantity, focus, physical and chemical properties, or biological properties, for protection human health, and the environment and its use of energy for reset.

In line with this definition, the following waste is described as special waste:

1. Plastic waste

2. Health care waste

3. Slaughterhouse debris

4. Electrical and Electronic Waste (e-waste)

5. Waste Tires

6. Battery waste

Ideally, special waste including hazardous household waste is not appropriate install MSW streams, but because most of the above streams are also available produced at home level, they often end up mixed MSW distribution due to improper collection systems or lack of segmentation at the fountain. Other special rules besides the SWM Rules and SWM, 2016 - are applies to these special wastes that include hazardous household waste. Typically, special waste includes the need for hazardous household waste different methods of collection and treatment to:

Similarly, different types of special waste include domestic hazardous waste requires special collection and treatment plans specified in manual

How far do ULBs responsible?

Not all special pollution includes hazardous household waste is required ULB performance involvement. The following options are appropriate:

Q5) Explain waste from commercial establishments and other urban areas

A5) Garbage is an unwanted waste in the environment. In urban areas, waste is available problem as there is a limited amount of waste disposal area therefore become a natural problem. A growing number of people in urban areas as well emphasizes the problem as there is a need for more consumer goods and is limited the space available within the city to deal with the ongoing sustainability. Earth The Bank estimates that by 2100 it will have produced the world's largest urban population garbage three times more than it is today. That level of waste is hard to bear consequences - physical, environmental and economic, in cities around the world.

How waste is generated

Residential waste

In both developed and developing cities, large amounts of waste are generated daily. This mainly consists of food waste, plastics, cardboard and paper. Done in the world this becomes a major problem as consumer population growth leads to purchase and, therefore, disposal of bulk property. In developing countries this is also issue, but the increase in migration from rural to urban areas leading to an increase in urban population the underclass is a big problem. The growth of migrant informal settlements unplanned, illegal and neglected by city authorities and consequently garbage disposal uncooked. Rubbish piles remain on the roads and these often contain chemicals and metal materials from many industrial workshops can be controlled. The living organic matter attracts insects and leads to the spread of disease. Sewage is available and it is problematic due to the lack of effective sanitation systems and this adds to the waste.

Industrial waste

Industrial waste is defined as industrial or industrial waste procedures. Industrial waste can include dust and stones, concrete construction, garbage metals, oil, solvents, chemicals, discarded wood and wood, and similar pollutants. Industrial solid, solid waste, or liquid or gases stored in containers, may be dangerous. Hazardous waste such as cleaning fluids, paint, chemicals or pesticides sometimes they are released directly to water courses or illegally leave in the garbage dump.

E-waste:

This is in the garbage dump. An increase in the ‘dump’ society and the speed of Technology refers to consumer goods such as computers, screens, printers, cell phones, computer games etc. is discarded after a few years advances keep them out of date and / or out of fashion. A lot has been done E-waste of the world is sent to developing countries to recover container ships there low-wage workers pull out precious metals to make a living. Electronic devices components, such as CPUs, contain potentially harmful substances such as lead, cadmium, beryllium, or flame retardants. Renewal and release of important assets from e-waste may include significant health risks for employees as well communities in developing countries but it is practiced as an uncontrolled system. Anything left over after the value is issued, is finally completed.

Lifestyles and attitudes and their impact upon waste

Wasting is a problem in urban and developing cities. Type of waste is a big difference. In developed countries where many people are wealthy, people produce large quantities of consumer waste, especially packing from goods, food waste, domestic and waste. Landfills are usually outside an urban area, but economic waste disposal means that sites are closer to urban areas it is necessary to reduce travel costs. Disposal can be in a different world where economic value can be disposed of in garbage. Since the waste disposal space is limited, there are strict rules at landfills regarding the amount of waste people can get discard. Companies and individuals are expected to pay exorbitant fines and this leads to a reduction in flight to other areas, which is a problem for city officials. The EU limits the percentage of waste that can go to member landfills, operates on a slide scale of increasing resilience over the next decade. Countries that dumping large amounts of waste in a landfill site is permitted by the purpose of their fines.

In the world's developing cities, for many people, waste is not considered environmental problem but as a potential resource. In human settlements for example, where waste is left on the road and people live their lives around this waste, the economic power of waste is greater than concern for the environment and its health effects. For municipal waste tips all communities of They 'pick up cloths' by using garbage trucks to remove anything of value waste, from recyclable metal, plastic and cotton, to paper and tin. This another way of uncontrolled reuse.

Q6) Explain solid waste from construction activities

A6) Construction waste or debris is any type of waste that comes from the construction process. Different government agencies have clear definitions. For example, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines building materials and demolition as “waste generated during construction, repair and demolition of buildings, roads and bridges.”

Construction and demolition materials are carried out during the process of constructing a new building or structure or when renovating or demolishing an existing building. These materials are usually heavy materials used in large quantities in modern construction, such as concrete, steel, wood, asphalt and gypsum. Of the total waste in the United States, 90% comes from demolition of buildings, and the waste generated during construction accounts is less than 10%. Construction waste usually includes a small amount of hazardous materials that need to be disposed of separately from a large amount of construction waste, such as fluorescent lamps, batteries, and other electrical items.

Fig no 4 Solid waste from construction

In the manufacture of these waste products, they are processed by sending them to landfill sites, recycling materials, waste disposal, or direct recycling in the area, either in combination with construction or as waste fillers. In dealing with waste products for construction and demolition, it is often difficult to reuse and recycle because of the cost of processing it. Business recycling should compete with lower waste disposal costs and new building materials. In a report compiling data from 24 participating states in the United States, the percentage of solid waste in the US caused by construction and demolition (C&D) waste was 23%. This is approximately one-quarter of the total solid waste generated by the United States, and does not include contaminated water during construction and while most of this waste is dumped in a landfill that puts toxic chemicals in the environment.

Types of waste

Most construction waste is made of materials such as bricks, concrete and wood that are damaged or not used during construction. Experimental studies have shown that this can be up to 10 to 15% of the input of a building, a much higher percentage than the 2.5-5% commonly considered by statisticians and the construction industry. As there are significant differences between construction sites, there is a great potential for reducing this waste.

There has been a tremendous increase in construction and demolition done over the past 30 years in the United States. By 1990, 135 million tons of construction and demolition had been created and had increased to 600 million tons by 2018. This is a 300% increase, but it is important to note that since 2015 the EPA has been keeping records of waste disposal. In 2018, 600 million tons of waste was created as a result of construction and demolition, and 143 million tons of it live in landfills. This means that about 76% of the waste is stored and returned to the industry, but there is still more waste being sent to landfills than all the waste created in 1990.

This unsustainable use of immature material creates increasing business risks. This includes high material costs or disruption to supply chains. In 2010, the EPA developed a Strategic Management Strategy (SMM) that marked the transformation of the EPA's strategy to shift the focus from comprehensive resource rehabilitation programs to sustainable asset management. As property management regulations are very prevalent at the state and local levels, this is not a true standard of practice across the nation for waste minimization strategies. The EPA aims to increase access to the collection, processing and recycling infrastructure to address this issue directly.

The main causes of waste:

Steel reinforcement

Metal is used as a reinforcement and integrity of the building in many construction projects. The main reasons for the metal demolition on the site are due to unresponsive beam cutting issues. The worst areas are usually those that do not have enough design details and standards, which can create waste due to short disposal limits due to improper cutting arrangements. Many companies are now choosing to buy pre-reinforced steel pieces. This reduces waste by excluding bar cuts in companies that prioritize the efficient use of goods.

Premixed concrete

Pre-constructed concrete has one of the indications of lower debris compared to other building materials. Many site managers incorporate the difficulty of controlling the delivery of concrete as a major problem in accurately measuring the required concrete on site. The deviation from the actual concrete buildings and the required beams and design values ​​was found to be 5.4% and 2.7% larger than expected, respectively, compared to data from 30 Brazilian sites. Many of these problems are attributed to inadequate formwork or lack of accuracy in excavating foundation piles. Additionally, site managers are aware that more concrete may be needed, and they tend to over-order so as not to interfere with the pouring of concrete.

Pipes and cables

It is often difficult to plan and keep track of all pipelines and cables on site as they are used in many different areas of the project, especially where electrical and plumbing services are regularly restricted. There are a lot of waste problems arising from this area of ​​the construction process due to poorly designed details and incorrect cutting of pipes and cables leaving short pipes and debris.

Q7) Explain biomedical waste

A7) Biomedical waste or hospital waste is any type of waste that contains infectious (or potentially contagious) substances.  It may also include waste associated with biomedical waste disposal that appears to come from medical or laboratory (e.g., packaging, unused bandages, supply kits etc.), as well as research laboratory waste containing biomolecule or highly biologically restricted organisms to be released. As explained below, discarded waste is considered biomedical waste whether it is contaminated or not, because it may be contaminated with blood and its potential to cause damage if not properly contained and disposed of. Natural waste is a form of biowaste.

Fig no 5 Biomedical wastes

Organic waste can be solid or liquid. Examples of infectious waste include discarded blood, sharpness, unwanted customs and stocks, unidentified body parts (including those due to amputation), other human or animal tissue, used bandages and clothing, discarded gloves, other possible treatments for blood and body fluids, and litter of the lab that displays the features described above. Trash debris includes used (and disposable disposable) needles, scalpels, lancet and other devices that can penetrate the skin.

Biomedical waste is generated from biological and medical sources and functions, such as diagnosis, prevention or treatment of diseases. Typical generators (or producers) of natural waste include hospitals, health clinics, nursing homes, emergency medical services, medical research laboratories, doctor's offices, dentists, veterinarians, home health care and mortuaries or funeral homes. In health care facilities (i.e., hospitals, clinics, doctor's offices, veterinary hospitals and clinical laboratories), waste containing these features can be termed medical or clinical waste.

Organic waste is different from ordinary waste or general waste, and is different from other types of hazardous waste, such as chemical, radioactive, environmental or industrial waste. Medical facilities produce hazardous chemical and radioactive waste. While such waste is usually non-communicable, it needs proper disposal. Some waste is considered bulk, such as tissue samples stored in formalin.

Q8) Explain effect of solid waste on environment

A8) The decomposition of waste into chemicals is a common source of local pollution. This problem is especially acute in developing lands. There are very few garbage dumps in the world's poorest countries that can meet the environment standards are adopted in developed countries, and with limited budgets there may be a few areas to be explored before using them in the future.

The problem is also compounded by the problems associated with rapid urbanization. Of particular concern to the environment is the emissions of greenhouse gases. Methane is a product of anaerobic respiration, and these bacteria thrive in damp waste dumps. Methane concentration can be up to 50% of the formation of waste disposal gas at high anaerobic decomposition (Cointreau-Levine, 1997).

The second problem with this depletion is their impact on the development of greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. The management of leachate liquid varies across the entire landfill of the developing world. Leachate questioning. threat to local and groundwater systems.

The use of dense clay deposits at the bottom of debris pits, combined with plastic sheet type fabrics to prevent intrusion into the surrounding soil, is often considered a good strategy to contain a large amount of liquid. In this way, the garbage is encouraged to evaporate rather than go inside

MEASURES TO PREVENT THE REDUCTION OF IMPACT ENVIRONMENTAL AND HUMAN IMPACT

Solid waste management should be done to ensure that it does not affect the environment and does not cause health hazards to the people living there. At the right housing level waste disposal should be done and should be ensured that every living thing is set aside to make compost, which is undoubtedly the best way. with proper disposal of this waste category. In fact, part of the waste produced easily decomposes, attracting insects and causing disease. Natural waste can be fertilized and used as a fertilizer. These steps can be taken to prevent the impact

Q9) Explain effect on air

A9) We know that we've a critical solid waste trouble, anywhere when we appearance garbage disposal is abnormal and we're compelled to endure it around us. The garbage or family waste blanketed the entire aspect which is not associated with human nutrition and usage.

In each day lifestyles 250 gram to at least one kg waste material disposed every day. As air and water are significance thing of existence and we are able to say that it's far vital for all dwelling and of direction non-dwelling things. Increasing strong waste dumping trouble is cause air and water pollution in India.

Fig no 6 Effect on air

City society produces garbage and other solid waste each day. Greater lately, but, guy’s fitness and welfare are being suffering from environmental pollution. These pollutants are substances gift certainly within the environment however whilst launched in great amount through people, end up toxic. Strong waste has grown to be an international trouble for neighborhood or nearby or countrywide stage, due to the fast populace growth, urbanization and industrialization.

Sick control of stable waste in most locations of growing nations results in troubles that impair human and animal fitness and ultimately bring about monetary, environmental and organic losses.

Waste effect relies upon on waste composition and unlawful disposal practices. Environmental pollution of waste dumping impacts health thru each quick and long-time period outcome.

Examples of quick-time period consequences are congenital anomalies, allergies and respiratory.  signs and symptoms which include stress, tension, headache, dizziness, nausea, eye and breathing inflammation has been additionally described. Long-time period fitness results related to waste exposure include chronic respiration and cardiovascular illnesses, cancer or even brain, nerves, liver, lymphohematopoietic or kidneys sicknesses.

Solid waste problem in India

Stable waste is essential trouble in Indian cities for this various examine, characteristics, era, collection, transportation and disposal for Indian cities has been completed to assess the present-day repute and pick out the important issues.

Strong waste management is a prime task in cities with excessive populace density in India as the in keeping with capita generation of municipal solid waste has also improved distinctly with advanced lifestyles fashion and social status of the populations in urban centers.

 As extra land is wanted for the final disposal of those stable wastes, problems associated with disposal have grown to be especially tough.

Notwithstanding enormous development in social, financial and environmental areas, stable waste management systems in India have remained pretty unchanged.  Modern-day stable waste control structures are inefficient, with waste having a terrible impact on public health, the environment and the financial system. The waste management and managing guidelines in India had been added via the ministry of surroundings and forests.

Effect of solid waste on air quality

Stable waste creates several noxious gases which includes suspended sulphur dioxide (so2), oxides of nitrogen (nox), carbon monoxide (co), respirable suspended particulate depend (rspm) and suspended particulate count number (spm). The dirt released from diverse assets can produce a collection of diseases ranging from an easy bloodless to risky sicknesses like cancer as.

The higher concentration of particulate count number causes acute and chronic respiration disorders and lung harm in. Populace residing within the area of polluted place through excessive suspended particulate be counted was stated to have a higher hazard of cardiovascular diseases and inside the dry season, the smoke from the incineration of the unload site is a crucial source of air pollution for humans dwelling a way far away from it. They therefore complained approximately chest pains, cough, hypersensitive reaction, irritation, anxiety and respiratory problems.

 In developing countries strong waste is in particular characterized through high density and moisture content material, which while undergoes anaerobic decomposition in landfills, main to production of landfill fuel. The landfill fuel mainly consists of about ch4 and co2 collectively with small quantity of unstable natural compounds and different trace gases. Being green residence gases (ghgs) both ch4 and co2 have global warming potential, that is 25 instances better in ch4 than global warming potential of co2 with atmospheric house time of 12 ± 3 years.

Q10) Explain effect on soil

A10) The menace of environmental pollution has been haunting the human international since early times and is still developing due to excessive increase in growing countries. Municipal strong waste (msw) typically termed as “rubbish” or “trash” is an inevitable byproduct of human interest. Population growth and financial development lead to vast quantities of solid waste era by way of the dwellers of the urban areas (karishnamurti and naidu, 2003).

City msw is normally generated from human settlements, small industries and commercial activities (Singh et al., 2011). An additional source of waste that unearths its manner to msw is the waste from hospitals and clinics. In majority of countries maximum of the smaller devices do now not have any precise technique of dealing with these wastes. When these wastes are mixed with msw, they pose a threat for fitness and also, they'll have long term effect on surroundings (Patnaik and Reddy, 2009).

Fig no 7 Effect on soil

In developing international locations open dumpsites are commonplace, because of the low-price range for waste disposal and non-availability of trained manpower. Open dumping of msw is a commonplace practice in Pakistan. It additionally poses severe hazard to groundwater sources and soil. The infection of soil with the aid of heavy metal can motive adverse results on human fitness, animals and soil productivity (smith et al., 1996).

Over the last a few years, heavy metals have considerably broken the soil best and fertility in result of improved environmental pollutants from business, agricultural and municipal assets (Adriano, 1986). Metal’s reason physiological problems in soils as absorption through root machine therefore retards plant boom and deprives it of vigor (Moustakas et al., 1994). Waste carries distinctive metals which might be then transferred to vegetation by special methods (voutsa et al., 1996).

Depending on the tendency of the contaminants they emerge as either in water held in the soil or leached to the underground water. Contaminants like cd, cu, ni, pb and zn can modify the soil chemistry and have an effect at the organisms and flowers relying on the soil for nutrients (Shaylor et al., 2009).

Range of plants is without delay stimulated through soil traits. Many studies display proof of seriousness of risks because of open waste dumping in the end affecting the plants on the earth main toward an irreversible erosion fashion unless the prevailing land use sample is checked (phil-eze, 2010).

Strong waste pollutants function an outside pressure affecting the physico-chemical characteristics of soil in the end contributing closer to the poor production of plant life (papageorgiou, 2006). The pollution, in the first region, prevent the normal metabolism of flora that's an invisible injury and because of which the seen damage appears within the aftermath (Ahmed et al., 1986).

It is depriving our environment of the herbal balance and bear end result past any repair. Evaluation of soil pollution turns into difficult while contaminants belong to distinct resources and their merchandise are variably dispensed (partha et al., 2011). Chemical homes of soil serve as essential motive of flowers modifications (Neave et al., 1994).

In flowers accumulation of chemical elements relies upon not only on their absolute content in a soil however additionally on the level of fertility, acidic–alkaline and oxidative-reductive conditions and at the presence of organic count number (Subbiah and asija, 1976). The disturbances of higher intensity once in a while endanger the survival of a few species and yield to low richness (Hussain and palmer, 2006).

On this regard, developing countries are even deeper into the chaos as having terrible economic resources to improve their disposal facilities and turned out to be extra vulnerable to the hazards of dumping for their environment (hazra and goel, 2009).

Pakistan is normally confronted with speedy deterioration of environmental situations because of the traditional system of series and dumping of stable wastes. Therefore, city waste management has come to be a prime situation in cities. Little efforts were made as a way to improve the waste series and disposal centers. This has some grave outcomes starting from deterioration of soil high-quality to reduced plant diversity. The prevailing look at has been performed which will assess the triumphing circumstance of soil physico-chemical traits and its effect on flowers.

Q11) Explain water surface and ground health hazards

A11) A water pollutant is a chemical or physical substance present in it on the excessive levels capable of causing harm to living organisms. The chemical hazards are the copper, manganese, lead, cadmium, phosphate, nitrate and so forth.

As the public health challenge, the ground water has to be free from bodily and chemical risks. The humans in and across the dumping website are relying upon the ground water for consuming and different domestic purposes.

Fig no 8 Water surface hazards

Different high-hazard organization includes population living near a waste dump and those, whose water deliver has end up contaminated either because of waste dumping or leakage from landfill web sites will increase threat of damage, and contamination.

 Mainly, home waste creates beneficial conditions to the survival and boom of microbial pathogens.

Uncollected strong waste can also hinder storm water runoff, resulting inside the forming of stagnant water bodies that come to be the breeding floor of illnesses which include malaria, chest pains, diarrhea and cholera.

Direct dumping of untreated waste in rivers, seas, and lakes resulted within the accumulation of poisonous materials within the food chain through the flora and animals that feed on it

Sure, chemical substances if launched untreated, e.g., Cyanides, mercury and polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) are enormously poisonous and exposure can cause disorder or loss of life. Exclusive people detected higher ranges of organic and inorganic pollutants and heavy metals in surface and underground water and water in the location of strong waste landfills.

It's far said that city facilities of India produce 120,000 lots of solid waste consistent with day and in almost all the towns, unscientific disposal of stable waste has created environmental pollution.

Potable water of precise first-rate is essential for existence. Human sports intrude in many ways with natural water cycle and affect the society-water relationship. Continuously increasing human population and its expectations regarding the standard of residing growth demands on exploitation of present resources along with water (Chowdhury, 2013).

Special uses of water have an effect on each the first-class and the quantity of the water available and the management of water pollutants and water assets play an important role at each country wide and international level. Water stays one of the most poorly controlled assets on the earth.

Division to kinds of water according to their incidence displays most effective the instantaneous nation and location even as the real country and its dynamics in nature isn't always taken into consideration.

Upon touch with soil, the rain water becomes floor water and after soaking in it is able to be known as floor water. Hence inadequate protection of floor water towards infection with human and animal wastes may additionally purpose principal water deliver problems.

Availability of appropriate satisfactory potable water is affected additionally by worldwide climate modifications that cause shortages and overexploitation in a few places and flooding in other locations with all associated results consisting of decreased safety of meals and capability disorder transfer.

Anthropogenic stress on the environment results in lower in water first-class however there is some limit which cannot be passed otherwise international ecological stability might be disturbed.

Q12) Explain disposal of solid waste

A12) Solid waste that can't be recycled may be dealt with or disposed of with the aid of using landfill or thermal processing.

The principal environmental issues from landfill are leachate, which could contaminate water sources, and landfill fueloline, that is a greenhouse fueloline and is flammable.

Landfills variety from out-of-control open dumps to sanitary landfills, in which leachate and landfill fueloline are controlled and controlled.

Factors to be taken into consideration whilst choosing a brand-new landfill web website online consist of the location of land required, distance from the town, ability for pollutants of water sources, soil kind and nearby way of life and beliefs.

The open burning and open dumping of strong waste, that is a not unusual place exercise in lots of city centers in Ethiopia, is risky to human fitness and protection and to the broader environment.

Incineration reduces the quantity of waste for disposal, however the final ash nonetheless desires to be landfilled.

It is critical to recognize the character and traits of strong waste, to recognize unsafe waste, and to comprehend the way it ought to be treated and dealt with.

Q13) Explain segregation solid waste method

A13) Waste segregation is the keeping apart and sorting of waste to facilitate recycling. And, while looked after, waste is greater effortlessly recycled thereby saving you money. As an example, an employer who types its cardboard packaging, glass containers, steel waste and wood waste will keep a large amount of waste then sending a mixed material pass for recycling.

It's far critical to remember that waste segregation have to be primarily based on:

Q14) Explain reduction at source method

A14) Source reduction, conjointly called waste interference or pollution prevention, is the elimination of waste before it's created.   It involves the design, manufacture, purchase or use of materials and merchandise to scale back the amo​unt or toxicity of what's thrown away.

Source Reduction suggests that stopping waste before it happens.

Pollution interference (P2) - associate innovative approach to environmental management through the elimination of pollution before recycling, treatment, or disposal. Waste Minimization - The reduction of the generation and toxicity of venturesome waste materials similar to paint cans, pesticides, and oil before disposal or storage. 

Maryland’s supply Reduction Credit System

To facilitate the State meet its annual Waste Diversion goal of 40%, Maryland created a supply reduction system to be used by its twenty-three counties associated urban center City.  The credit system, that went into impact in 2000, acts as an incentive to counties to spice up their waste diversion rate by up to 5%.  every year, counties complete a SR Credit Checklist of their source reduction activities.  Activities embrace yard waste reduction (composting), public education programs, and research. 

Maryland was the third state to supply a source reduction credit, when Minnesota and Oregon.  Since the credit system went into effect within the year 2000, the average source reduction credit claimed by Maryland counties has increased from 1.8% in 2000 to 4.3% in 2018 (most recent data).  In 2018, thirteen counties​​ have taken advantage of the credit​.  MDE can still work with counties to get them a lot of involved and to assist them increase their supply reduction activities.

Besides serving to reach the States 40% waste diversion goal, increasing source reduction activities could save the counties a major quantity of money.  contemplate this scenario:  If Maryland’s counties as a full remittent the entire amount of waste generated by simply 1%, they might save nearly $4 million in disposal prices (based on the average Maryland tipping fee of $57/ton).

Source Reduction for Residents, Consumers, & Businesses

In 2018, Marylanders generated seven million a lot of Maryland Recycling Act (MRA) waste (MRA waste is waste that, if recycled, counts towards a county’s utilization rate). that's enough waste to make a 3-x half dozen wall 3,975 miles long, or constant distance from urban center to urban center and halfway back again.  The recycling rate and the supply reduction (SR) credit form up the waste diversion rate. Through the efforts of citizens, businesses, and government agencies, Maryland achieved a wide waste diversion rate of 47.9% in 2018 (the last year knowledge is available). The 47.9% waste diversion rate was composed of a 43.6% MRA recycling rate and a 4.3% SR credit.

Source reduction is the very best goal within the solid waste management hierarchy - Reduce, Reuse, Recycle.   By itself, utilization does not address the difficulty of wasteful product use. When recycling is in addition to supply reduction, however, wasteful purchase and use of merchandise is minimized. Whenever possible, scale back or utilize first, then recycle.

Reduce or reuse first, then recycle.

The follow of source reduction advantages the setting through reduced energy consumption and pollution, conservation of natural resources, and extension of valuable lowland space.   It may have economic benefits by reducing prices related to transportation, disposal or recycling of waste.  Plus, source reduction can prevent cash every day.

Everyone can participate in supply reduction.  Here are some artistic ways that you'll be able to follow source reduction each day:

At Home - straightforward and fun ways to scale back waste in your home, yard or while

At the Office - Tips for reducing waste at work whereas saving money

At the Retail Store - cost-efficient concepts for creating your store a lot of environmentally friendly

If you’re searching for source reduction ideas, here are some Alternative Uses of Common unit Products.  By incorporating even a number of those ideas into your day, not solely will you reduce waste, you may conjointly save money while serving to protect the environment.

Q15) Explain recovery and recycled method

A15) Recycling is the recovery Associate in Nursing reuse of materials from wastes. Solid waste recycling refers to the use of factory-made merchandise from those resources similar to steel, copper, or plastics can be recovered and reused. utilization and recovery are simply one part of an integrated approach to solid waste management that additionally includes reducing the quantity of waste produced, composting, incinerating, and landfilling.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) comes from household, commercial, institutional, and light-weight industrial sources, and from some hospital and laboratory sources. In 2000 the u. s. produces nearly 232 million tons (210.5 million metric tons) of MSW per year, nearly 4.5 pound (2 kg) per resident per day. the chances of MSW generated during this country embody paper and paperboard, 38.1%; yard wastes, 12.1%; metals, 7.8%; glass, 5.5%; rubber, textiles, animal skin and wood, 11.9%; food wastes, 10.9%; plastics, 10.5%; and other, 3.2%.

Recycling could be an important thanks to keep giant amounts of solid waste out of landfills, conserve resources, and save energy. As of 2000, Americans recovered, recycled, or composted 30.1% of MSW, incinerated 14.5%, and landfilled 55.3%.

The technology of utilization involves assortment, separation, making ready the fabric to consumers specifications, sale to markets, processing, and also the ultimate use of materials. Separation and collection are simply the primary step; if the material is not additionally processed and came back to commerce, then it isn't being recycled. In several elements of the country, markets aren't however sufficiently developed to handle the growing offer of collected material.

Intermediate markets for useful materials embody scrap dealers or brokers, who expect favorable market conditions within which to sell their inventory. Final markets are facilities wherever recycled materials are reborn to new products, the last introduce the utilization circle.

The materials recycled these days include metal, paper, glass, plastics, iron and steel, scrap tires, and used oil. Aluminum, significantly cans, could be a valuable commodity. By the late 1980s, over 50% of all metal wills were recycled. utilization aluminum saves an amazing quantity of energy: it takes 95% less energy to supply an aluminum can from an existing one instead of from ore. different aluminum product that are recycled embody siding, gutters, door and window frames, and field furniture.

Over 40% of the paper and posterboard employed in the U.S. is collected and utilized as either stuff to form recycled paper, or as an export to overseas markets. Recycled paper shows up in newsprint, roofing shingles, tar paper, and insulation. different useful paper products include recent furrowed containers, mixed workplace waste, and top-quality waste paper. Contaminants should be off from paper product before the remanufacture method will begin, however, similar to food wastes, metal, glass, rubber, and different extraneous materials.

The marketplace for crushed glass, or cullet, has increased. Recycled glass is employed to form covering material and new glass containers. concerning 1.25 million tons (1.14 million metric tons) of glass is recycled annually within the United States.

Three styles of plastic are with success being recycled, the foremost common being PET (polyethylene terephthalate), or drinkable containers. Recycled PET is used for fiberfill in sleeping baggage and ski jackets, carpet backing, automobile bumpers, bathtubs, floor tiles, and paintbrushes. HDPE plastic (high density polyethylene) is employed for milk jugs and also the bottoms of sentimental drink bottles. It will be recycled into trash cans and flower pots, among different items. vinylbenzene foam is crushed into pellets and became plastic lumber for benches and walkways. Commingled plastics are recycled into fence posts and park benches.

Iron and steel are the foremost recycled materials used today. In 1987, fifty-one million tons (46 million metric tons) were recycled, quite doubly the quantity of all other materials combined. the fabric is remelted and formed into new products.

More than one billion discarded tires are stockpiled within the United States, however scrap tires will be chopped and used for asphalt-rubber or retreading; are incinerated for fuel; or want to construct artificial marine reefs.

Used oil could be a valuable resource, and of the 1.2 billion gal (4.5 billion L) generated annually, common fraction is recycled. The rest, concerning four hundred million gal (1.5 billion L), is disposed of or dumped. concerning 57% of used oil is reprocessed for fuel, 26% is refined and became base stock to be used as lubricating oil, and about 17% is recycled for different uses.

Composting is the aerobic biological decomposition of organic waste materials, sometimes field clippings. Composting isn't Associate in Nursing possibility for a serious portion of the solid waste stream, however is a very important part of the resource recovery program.

Recycling assortment ways vary, but pavement collection is that the preferred and has the very best participation rates. it's additionally the foremost overpriced approach for municipalities to gather recyclables in their communities. assortment centers don't yield as several recyclables as a result of residents should do the sorting themselves, but centers provide the most reasonable method of collection.

Precycling is an option that's gaining widespread recognition in this country. Basically, precycling refers to the consumer making environmentally sound choices at the point of purchase. It includes avoiding products with extra packaging, or products made to satisfy only short-term needs, such as disposable razors.

Resource recovery or materials recovery is the recycling of waste in an industrial setting. It does not involve recycling consumer waste or municipal solid waste, but includes reprocessed industrial material that, for whatever reason, is not able to be used as it was initially intended. Some consumer groups are pressing for government guidelines on labeling packaging or products "reprocessed" as opposed to "recycled."

While the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) insists that no single alternative to the municipal solid waste problem should be relied upon, its generally accepted hierarchy of waste management alternatives is 1) source reduction and 2) reusing products. Waste that is not generated never enters the waste streams

If recycling is to be used as a genuine MSW management alternative rather than a "feel good" way to conserve resources, then materials must be recovered and made into new products in large quantities. For some materials, however, an insufficient market exists, so communities must pay to have some recyclable materials taken away until a market is developed. utilization programs depend upon the need of the community to follow through, and in several areas, response is weak and social control lacking. However, dwindling lowland house within the Nineteen Nineties could force communities to mandate recycling programs.

Recent Environmental Protection Agency laws seriously affected the quantity of operable landfills. the wants embody putting in liners, aggregation and treating liquids that leach, watching groundwater and surface water for harmful chemicals, and monitoring the escape of paraffin gas. These regulations will increase the number of corporate-run landfills, however the price of building and maintaining a landfill that adheres to the regulations will high $125 million. The end value to shoppers to own trash hauled away may force several garbage manufacturers to become reducers, reusers, and recyclers.

Q16) Enlist different disposal methods

A16) Here are the techniques of stable waste disposal and management:

Solid Waste Open Burning.

Sea dumping process.

Solid wastes sanitary landfills.

Incineration method.

Composting process.

Disposal with the aid of using Ploughing into the fields.

Disposal with the aid of using hog feeding.

Salvaging procedure.

Q17) Explain integrated solid waste management

A17) Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) represents a recent and systematic approach to solid waste management. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines ISWM as an entire waste reduction, collection, composting, recycling, and disposal system. associate economical ISWM system considers the way to reduce, reuse, recycle, and manage waste to shield human health and also the natural environment. It involves evaluating native conditions and needs. Then choosing, mixture and applying the foremost appropriate solid waste management activities in step with the condition.

The Importance of ISWM as a Waste Management Approach

With speedy population enlargement and constant economic development, waste generation each in residential furthermore as commercial/industrial areas continues to grow rapidly, golf shot pressure on society’s ability to method and get rid of this material. Also, unsuitably managed solid waste streams can create a major risk to health and environmental concerns.

Improper waste handling in conjunction with uncontrolled waste merchandising can cause a broad vary of problems, as well as polluting water, attracting rodents and insects, furthermore as increasing floods thanks to blockage in drains. As well, it should induce safety hazards from explosions and fires. Improper solid waste management may also increase gas (GHG) emissions, therefore contributory to climate change.

Having a comprehensive waste management system for efficient waste collection, transportation, associated systematic waste disposal—together with activities to scale back waste generation and increase waste recycling—can considerably reduce of these problems. whereas nothing new, an ISWM approach provides the chance to form an acceptable combination of existing waste management practices to manage waste most economically.

Q18) Explain hazardous waste

A18) Hazardous waste is waste that has extensive or capability threats to public health or the environment.

Characteristic dangerous wastes are substances which are recognized or examined to showcase one or greater of the subsequent dangerous traits:

Listed dangerous wastes are substances in particular indexed with the aid of using regulatory government as dangerous wastes which can be from non-precise sources, precise sources, or discarded chemical merchandise.

Hazardous wastes may be found in different physical states such as gaseous, liquids, or solids. A hazardous waste is a special type of waste because it cannot be disposed of by common means like other by-products of our everyday lives. Depending on the physical state of the waste, treatment and solidification processes might be required.

The international community has defined the responsible management of hazardous waste and chemicals as an important part of developing a sustainable economy with Sustainable Development Goal 12. Target 12.4 measures two indicators to "achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle".

Q19) Explain type and nature of hazardous waste as per the HW schedule of regulating authority

A19) Hazardous waste was outlined in Study Session seven as any discarded material that will cause a considerable or potential threat to public health or the environment. venturous waste, whether or not liquid or solid, should be unbroken cut loose non-hazardous waste and needs special handling and treatment. venturous wastes may be:

Toxic – these are wastes that are capable of inflicting acute or chronic health problems. Examples embrace asbestos, arsenic, serious metals and artificial pesticides.

Ignitable – ignitable wastes will catch alight terribly simply once exposed to a flame or spark. flammable wastes also are extremely flammable that means they burn easily. Examples are organic solvents, oils and paint wastes.

Corrosive – corrosive substances that are powerfully acidic (pH not up to 2) or strongly alkaline (pH over 12.5), and may without delay dissolve commonplace instrumentation materials or injury living tissue. Examples embrace acids, alkalis, improvement agents and discarded batteries or battery producing residues.

Reactive – reactive wastes are dangerous attributable to their vigorous reaction with air and water, or as a result of they'll explode and generate noxious fumes. Examples are obsolete munitions, wastes from manufacturing dynamite or firecrackers, and a few chemical wastes.

Infectious – any waste that contains micro-organisms which will hurt humans. A lot of the waste made by hospitals, health centers and dentists may well be infectious. this kind of waste may additionally be cited as a biohazard.