Unit 2 | unit 2 fluid kinematics

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FM&HM

Unit - 2

Fluid Kinematics

Q1) Enlist the classification of fluid flow?

A1)

Classification of fluid flow is as follows:

Steady and unsteady flow
Uniform and non-uniform flow
Laminar and turbulent flow
Compressible and incompressible flow
Rotational and irrotational flow
One, two and three-dimensional flow
Subcritical and supercritical flow
Sonic, subsonic and supersonic flow

Q2) What is Steady and Unsteady flow?

A2)

Steady Flow

The flow in which fluid characteristics like velocity, pressure, density etc. at a point do not change with time is called as steady flow.
E.g., flow of water with constant discharge through a pipeline is as steady flow.

Unsteady Flow

The flow in which fluid characteristics like velocity, pressure, density etc. at a point change with time is called as unsteady flow.
E.g., flow of water with varying discharge through a pipe is as unsteady flow.

Q3) What is Uniform and Non-uniform Flow?

A3)

Uniform Flow

The flow in which velocity at a given time does not change with respect to space (length of direction of flow) is called as uniform flow.
E.g., flow through a long straight pipe of uniform diameter is consider as uniform flow.

Non-Uniform Flow

The flow in which velocity at a given time changes with respect to space (length of direction of flow) is called as non- uniform flow.
E.g., flow through a long pipe with varying cross section is consider as non-uniform flow.

Fig.: Uniform and Non-uniform velocity

Q4) What is Laminar and Turbulent Flow?

A4)

Laminar Flow

The flow in which the adjacent layer does not cross to each other and move along the well define path is called as laminar flow.
E.g., flow of blood in small veins, flow of oil in bearings, flow in porous media, flow of highly.

Turbulent Flow

The flow in which the adjacent layer cross to each other and do not move along the well define path is called as turbulent flow.
E.g., flow through a river or canal, smoke from chimney, smoke from a cigarette.

Fig.: Laminar and Turbulent flow

 If Reynold's number is less than 2000, then the flow is laminar.

 If Reynold's number is more than 4000, then the flow is turbulent.

 If Reynold's number is between 2000 to 4000, then the flow is transit.

Q5) What is Compressible and Incompressible flow?

A5)

Compressible Flow

The flow in which the density does not constant for the fluid flow is called as compressible flow.
E.g., problems involving flight of rockets, aircrafts, flow of air in problems concerned with turbo machines, compressor blades, flow of gases through openings like nozzles.

Incompressible Flow

The flow in which the density is constant for the fluid flow is called as incompressible flow.
E.g., problems involving liquids i.e., hydraulics problems, flow of gases in machines like fans and blowers.

= constant

Q6) What is Rotational and Irrotational Flow?

A6)

Fig.: Rotational and Irrotational motion

Rotational Flow

The flow in which the fluid particle while flowing along stream lines, also rotate about their own axis is called as rotational flow.
E.g., motion of liquid in a rotating cylinder (forced vortex) as rotational flow.

Irrotational Flow

The flow in which the fluid particle while flowing along streamlines, do not rotate about their own axis is called as irrotational flow.
E.g., flow of liquid in an emptying wash-basin (free vortex) as an irrotational flow.

Q7) What is One, Two and Three Dimensional Flow?

A7)

One-dimensional flow

The flow in which the velocity is the function of time and one space co-ordinate (x) is called as One-dimensional flow.
E.g., flow through the pipe is consider as a one-dimensional flow.

u = f(x), v=0, w=0

Fig.: One-dimensional flow

Two-Dimensional Flow

The flow in which the velocity is the function of time and two space co-ordinate (x, y) is called as two-dimensional flow.
E.g., viscous flow between parallel plates of large extent, flow at the middle part of airplane wing, flow over a long spillway, flow below long weirs are considered as a two-dimensional flow.

u = f1(x, y) v= f2 (x, y) w=0

Fig.: Two-dimensional flow

Three-Dimensional Flow

The flow in which the velocity is the function of time and three space co-ordinate (x, y, z) is called as three-dimensional flow.
E.g., flow is converging or diverging pipes or open channels are as three-dimensional flow. Flow in a river, flow at an inlet of a nozzle etc. are the example of three-dimensional flow.

u = f₁(x, y, z), v=f₂(x, y, z), w=f3 (x, y, z)=0

Where u, v, w are the velocities in x, y, z direction.

Fig.: Three-dimensional flow

Q8) What is Critical, Subcritical and Super Critical flow?

A8)

Critical flow

When the Froude number is equal to unity and mean velocity of flow V= the flow is called as critical flow.

Fr=1

Subcritical flow

When Froude number is less than one or V=, the flow is said to be subcritical flow or tranquil or streaming flow.

Fr < 1

Supercritical flow

When the Froude number is greater than one of V=, the flow is said to be super critical flow or rapid flow or shooting flow.

Fr > 1

Where D= hydraulic depth of channel

Q9) Explain Reynold’s number and its application?

A9)

The ratio of inertia force to the viscous force is called as Reynold's number. It is denoted by Re.

= ∵

Application:

Motion of completely submerged bodies like submarine, aeroplanes and automatic with low velocity, Incompressible flow through pipes, flow through low-speed turbo machine in which viscous forces are predominant.

Q10) What are types of Acceleration of Fluid Particles?

A10)

Types of Acceleration of Fluid Component are as follows:

Tangential and Normal Acceleration
Material Acceleration or Substantial Acceleration
Local Acceleration or Temporal Acceleration
Convective Acceleration

Tangential and Normal Acceleration

Let’s and n represent the tangential and normal direction respectively at any point on the streamlines as shown in Fig.

Let as = Tangential acceleration in s direction
an = Normal acceleration in n direction
The tangential component of the acceleration is due to the change in the magnitude of velocity along the streamline is called as tangential acceleration.
It is denoted by as.

The normal component of the acceleration is due to the change in the direction of velocity vector is called as normal acceleration. It is denoted by an.

For any streamline,

Vn=0

∴

For steady flow, velocity does not change with respect to time. i.e.,

∴ ,

Where r is the radius of curvature of the streamline.

Material Acceleration or Substantial Acceleration

The rate of increase in velocity due to both time and position of fluid particle is called as material acceleration. It is the total acceleration of fluid particle.

Local Acceleration or Temporal Acceleration

The rate of increase of velocity with respect to time at a given point in a flow field is called as local acceleration. For steady flow, "local acceleration is zero,

Convective Acceleration

The rate of increase of velocity with respect to changes in the position of fluid particle in a flow field is called as convective acceleration. For steady flow, convective acceleration is not zero. In uniform flow, the convective acceleration is zero.

Q11) What is Flow Rate and Continuity equation?

A11)

Continuity equation is based on the principle of conservation of mass. It states that mass can neither be created nor destroyed. The mass accumulated equals the rate of change of mass between the two sections.
Consider a stream tube as shown in Fig., Fluid flow enters in the tube al section 1-1 and fluid flow exist from the tube at section 2-2. Two sections at a distance ds apart in a stream tube.

Rate of increase of mass within the body Mass flow rate enters-Mass flow rate exists

… (1)

Now rate of increase of mass between the two sections mass= volume

= … (2)

By law of conservation of mass, Equating Equations 1 and 2

∴

This is the general continuity equation for one-dimensional flow based on stream tube concept.
For steady flow

∴

For incompressible flow p is constant,

Integrating w.r.t ds,

∴ AV = constant.

∴ A₁V₁= A2V2

Q12) Explain Differential equation of continuity?

A12)

Continuity equation is based on the principle of conservation of mass.
Consider a fluid element of lengths dx, dy, dz in the direction of x, y, z.
Let u, v, w are the inlet velocity components in x, y, z direction respectively.

Let is mass density of fluid element at particular instant.
Mass of fluid entering the face ABCD (In flow)

= Mass density x Velocity x-direction X Area of ABCD

Then mass of fluid leaving the face EFGH (out flow)

Rate of increases in mass x-direction = Outflow - Inflow

= –( )

Rate of increases in mass x direction

Similarly, Rate of increases in mass y-direction

Rate of increases in mass z-direction

Total rate of increases in mass

By law of conservation of mass, there is no accumulation of mass, and hence the above quantity must be zero.

...for compressible fluid

If fluid is incompressible, then is constant

This is the continuity equation for three-dimensional flow.

Now, for two-dimensional flow, the velocity component w=0

Hence continuity equation is,

Q13) Explain Mathematical definition of Irrotational & Rotational motion?

A13)

Rotational flow:

Flow is said to be rotation, when every fluid element rotates at its axis which is perpendicular to the plane of motion.
Consider a rectangular fluid element ABCD at a certain time in a two-dimensional x - y plane.

The velocity components x-direction at A and D are, u and respectively.

The velocity component in y-direction at B and D are, v and respectively.

Since these velocities are different, there will be angular velocity developed for linear element AD and AB respectively.
In time interval dt, the elements AB and AD would move relative to point A, the fluid element takes position AB'C'D'.
Consider anti-clockwise rotation as positive, the angular velocity of element AB at z-axis is,

We know, L=r and = ,

= =

Perpendicularly angular displacement at AD about Z-axis,

= - (Moment is positive, =-ve)

The average of angular velocities of two mutually perpendicular elements gives the rotation about Z-axis.

For these dimensional fluid, three-rotational components are given by,

Rotational vector, = = Curl.v

Irrotational Flow:

When the rotational component of every point of flowing fluid are equal to zero, then flow is said to be irrotational flow.

Condition for irrotational flow,

OR curl V=V v = 0

Substituting u =, and v = in Equations (5.8.1), (5.8.2) and (5.8.3),

Rotational components,

Perpendicularly, =,

If is continuous function,

When rotational components are zero, the flow is irrotational.

Q14) What is Circulation?

A14)

In rotational motion, circulation is a very useful concept. Circulation around a closed curve C is defined as the line integrate of the tangential component of the velocity taken round a closed curve C taken positive in anticlockwise direction. The flow along a closed curve called as circulation.
E.g., flow in eddies and vortices

Fig.: Circulation concept

Q15) What is Potential function and Stream function?

A15)

Potential function:

It is defined as a scalar function of space and time such that its negative derivative with respect to any direction gives the fluid velocity in that direction. It is denoted by (Phi).
For steady flow velocity potential = f (x, y, z).

u =-, v=, w=

Negative sign indicate that flow take place in the direction in which '' decreases
Continuity equation for steady flow,

∴is a Laplace equation,

For two-dimensional,

Properties of Potential Function

If velocity potential () exist, the flow is irrotational.
If the velocity potential () satisfies the Laplace equation, it represents the possible steady incompressible irrotational flow.

Stream Function:

It is defined as the scalar function of space and time, such that its partial derivative with respect to any direction gives the velocity component at right angles to that direction. It is denoted by (Psi) and defined only two-dimensional flow.
For steady flow, =f (x, y) such that,

Properties of Stream function:

If stream function exists, it is a possible case of fluid flow which may be rotational or irrotational.
If stream function satisfies the laplas equation, it is a possible case of an irrotational flow.

Q16) What is Flow net?

A16)

A grid obtained by drawing a series of streamlines y and equipotential lines is known as a flow net.
Flow net provides a simple graphical technique for studying two-dimensional irrotational flows, when the mathematical calculation is difficult and cumbersome.

Fig.: Flow net

The streamlines y and equipotential lines are mutually perpendicular to each other.
The stream lines are so spaced that rate of flow Q is same between each successive pair of lines.
The stream lines in flow net show the direction of flow and the equipotential lines join the points the equal velocity potential .

Condition for Drawing Flow Net:

The flow net should be steady so that the stream line patterns will remain constant.
The flow should be irrotational which has negligible viscosity.
Flow net should not be governed by the gravity force to maintain the fixed pattern of flow net.

Uses of Flow Net:

To determine the amount of seepage and upward lift pressure below hydraulic structure.
Once the flow net is constructed, the same one applies to flows at different discharges.
If the velocity of any reference point is known, the flow net gives velocity at any point by using continuity equation.
A flow net analysis assists in the design of an efficient boundary shapes. It helps in avoiding the separation and the points of stagnation in the design of boundary shapes.

Limitation of Flow Net:

The flow net analysis cannot be applied in the region closed to the boundary where the effects of viscosity are predominant.
The flow net is not applied to a sharply diverging flow, as the actual flow pattern is not represented by the flow net.
Flow net are unable to show the formation of wakes due to the separation and eddies.

Q17) The velocity components for a two-dimensional incompressible flow is given by

1) u = 4 xy + y². v = 6 xy + 3x