Unit 3

Operators and Expression in ‘C’

1. Explain arithmetic operator with example

Arithmetic Operator: These are the operators which are useful in performing mathematical calculations. Following are the list of arithmetic operator in C language. To understand the operation assume variable A contains value 10 and variable contains value 5.

Example:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

Void main()

{

 int a,b,c;

 clrscr();

 printf("Enter two numbers");

 scanf("%d %d",&a,&b);

 printf("\n Result of addition of  %d and  %d is %d",a,b,a+b);

 printf("\n Result of subtraction of %d and %d is %d",a,b,a-b);

 printf("\n Result of multiplication %d and %d is %d",a,b,a*b);

 printf("\n Result of division of %d and %d is %d",a,b,a/b);

 printf("\n Result of modulus of  %d and %d is %d",a,b,a%b);

 getch();

}

Output:

Enter two numbers

5

3

Result of addition of 5 and 3 is 8

Result of subtraction of 5 and 3 is 2

Result of multiplication of 5 and 3 is 15

Result of division of 5 and 3 is 1

Result of modulus of 5 and 3 is 2

2.     Explain relational operator with example

Relational Operators: Relational operator used to compare two operands. Relational operator produce result in terms of binary values. It returns 1 when the result is true and 0 when result is false. Following are the list of relational operator in C language. To understand the operation assume variable A contains value 10 and variable contains value 5.

Example:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

Void main()

{

 int a,b,c;

 clrscr();

 printf("Enter two numbers");

 scanf("%d %d",&a,&b);

 printf("\n Result of less than operator of  %d and %d is %d",a,b,a<b);

 printf("\n Result of greater than operator of %d and %d is %d",a,b,a>b);

 printf("\n Result of leass than or equal to operator %d and %d is %d",a,b,a<=b);

Printf("\n Result of greater than or equal to operator of %d and %d is %d",               a,b,a>=b);

 printf("\n Result of double equal to operator of  %d and %d is %d",a,b,a==b);

 printf("\n Result of not equal to operator of  %d and %d is %d",a,b,a!=b);

 getch();

}

Output:

Enter two numbers

5

3

Result of less than operator of 5 and 3 is 0

Result of greater than operator of 5 and 3 is 1

Result of less than or equal to operator of 5 and 3 is 0

Result of greater than or equal to operator of 5 and 3 is 1

Result of double equal to operator of 5 and 3 is 0

Result of not equal to operator of 5 and 3 is 1

3.     Explain logical operator with example

Logical Operators: Logical operators are used to compare logical values of two operands. Following are the list of logical operator in C language. To understand the operation assume variable A contains value 10 and variable contains value 5.

Example:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

Void main()

{

Int a,b,c;

 clrscr();

 printf("Enter two numbers");

 scanf("%d %d",&a,&b);

 printf("\n Result of logical and operator of  %d and  %d is %d",a,b,a&&b);

 printf("\n Result of logical or  operator of %d and %d is %d",a,b,a||b);

 printf("\n Result of logical not operator of %d and and %d is %d",a,b,!(a&&b));

 getch();

}

Output:

Enter two numbers

5

3

Result of logical and operator of 5 and 3 is 1

Result of logical or operator of 5 and 3 is 1

Result of logical not operator of 5 and 3 is 0

4.     Explain assignment operator with example

Assignment Operators: Assignment operator is used to assign the value to variable. To understand the operation assume variable A contains value 10 and variable contains value 5.

Example: A=B;

In the above example value of variable B is assign to variable A. Result of this expression is value of A is 5 and value of B is 5.

1. Increments and Decrement Operators: These operator are used to increase or decrease the value of variable by one. Following are the list of logical operator in C language. To understand the operation assume variable A contains value 10.

Example:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

Void main()

{

Int a=5,b=5,c=5,d=5;

 clrscr();

 printf("Original value of a, b, c, d is %d \t %d \t %d \t %d",a,b,c,d);

a++;

 printf("\n New value of a is %d",a);

++b;

 printf("\n New value of b is %d",b);

 printf("\n New value of c is %d",c++);

 printf("\n New value of d is %d",++d);

 getch();

}

Output:

Original value of a, b, c, d is 5555

New value of a is 6

New value of b is 6

New value of c is 5

New value of d is 6

5.     Explain bitwise operator with example

Bitwise Operators: These operators are used to work on the each bits of data. These operators can work on the binary data. If the data is non binary then computer first of all convert it into binary form and then perform the operation. Following are the list of logical operator in C language. To understand the operation assume variable A contains value 10 and variable contains value 5. So the binary values of

A = 0000 1010 and

B = 0000 0101

Example:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

Void main()

{

Int a,b,c;

 clrscr();

 printf("Enter two numbers");

 scanf("%d %d",&a,&b);

 printf("\n Result of bitwise and operator of  %d and  %d is %d",a,b,a&b);

 printf("\n Result of bitwise or  operator of %d and %d is %d",a,b,a|b);

 printf("\n Result of bitwise exclusive operator of %d and %d is %d",a,b,a^b);

 printf("\n Result of bitwise left shift operator of %d and %d is %d",a,b,a<<b);

 printf("\n Result of bitwise right shift  operator of %d and %d is %d",a,b,a>>b);

 getch();

}

Output:

Enter two numbers

5

3

Result of bitwise and operator of 5 and 3 is 1

Result of bitwise or operator of 5 and 3 is 7

Result of bitwise exclusive operator of 5 and 3 is 6

Result of bitwise left shift operator of 5 and 3 is 40

Result of bitwise right shift operator of 5 and 3 is 0

6.     Explain conditional operator in detail

Conditional Operator

The conditional operator is also known as a ternary operator. The conditional statements are the decision-making statements which depends upon the output of the expression. It is represented by two symbols, i.e., '?' and ':'.

As conditional operator works on three operands, so it is also known as the ternary operator.

The behavior of the conditional operator is similar to the 'if-else' statement as 'if-else' statement is also a decision-making statement.

Syntax of a conditional operator

1. Expression1? expression2: expression3;  

The pictorial representation of the above syntax is shown below:

Meaning of the above syntax.

• In the above syntax, the expression1 is a Boolean condition that can be either true or false value.
• If the expression1 results into a true value, then the expression2 will execute.
• The expression2 is said to be true only when it returns a non-zero value.
• If the expression1 returns false value then the expression3 will execute.
• The expression3 is said to be false only when it returns zero value.

Let's understand the ternary or conditional operator through an example.

1. #include <stdio.h>  
2. Int main()  
3. {  
4.    Int age;  // variable declaration  
5.    Printf("Enter your age");  
6.    Scanf("%d",&age);   // taking user input for age variable  
7.    (age>=18)? (printf("eligible for voting")) : (printf("not eligible for voting"));  // conditional operator  
8.    Return 0;  
9. }  

In the above code, we are taking input as the 'age' of the user. After taking input, we have applied the condition by using a conditional operator. In this condition, we are checking the age of the user. If the age of the user is greater than or equal to 18, then the statement1 will execute, i.e., (printf("eligible for voting")) otherwise, statement2 will execute, i.e., (printf("not eligible for voting")).

Let's observe the output of the above program.

If we provide the age of user below 18, then the output would be:

If we provide the age of user above 18, then the output would be:

As we can observe from the above two outputs that if the condition is true, then the statement1 is executed; otherwise, statement2 will be executed.

Till now, we have observed that how conditional operator checks the condition and based on condition, it executes the statements. Now, we will see how a conditional operator is used to assign the value to a variable.

Let's understand this scenario through an example.

1. #include <stdio.h>  
2. Int main()  
3. {  
4.   Int a=5,b;  // variable declaration  
5.   b=((a==5)?(3):(2)); // conditional operator  
6.   Printf("The value of 'b' variable is : %d",b);  
7.    Return 0;  
8. }  

In the above code, we have declared two variables, i.e., 'a' and 'b', and assign 5 value to the 'a' variable. After the declaration, we are assigning value to the 'b' variable by using the conditional operator. If the value of 'a' is equal to 5 then 'b' is assigned with a 3 value otherwise 2.

Output

The above output shows that the value of 'b' variable is 3 because the value of 'a' variable is equal to 5.

As we know that the behavior of conditional operator and 'if-else' is similar but they have some differences. Let's look at their differences.

• A conditional operator is a single programming statement, while the 'if-else' statement is a programming block in which statements come under the parenthesis.
• A conditional operator can also be used for assigning a value to the variable, whereas the 'if-else' statement cannot be used for the assignment purpose.
• It is not useful for executing the statements when the statements are multiple, whereas the 'if-else' statement proves more suitable when executing multiple statements.
• The nested ternary operator is more complex and cannot be easily debugged, while the nested 'if-else' statement is easy to read and maintain.

7.     What is special operator in C explain with example?

Special Operators in C:

Below are some of the special operators that the C programming language offers.

Example program for & and * operators in C:

In this program, “&” symbol is used to get the address of the variable and “*” symbol is used to get the value of the variable that the pointer is pointing to. Please refer C – pointer topic to know more about pointers.

Output:

Example program for sizeof() operator in C:

Sizeof() operator is used to find the memory space allocated for each C data types.

Output:

8.     Explain Unary, Binary and Ternary Operators

Unary operator

Only one operand is required to perform calculation.

++(increment operator)

-- (decrement operator)

Example

a = 5;

++a;

--a;

Binary Operator

Two operands are required to perform calculation.

+, -, *, % etc.

Example

a = 5;

b = 15;

a + b;

a - b;

Ternary Operator

Three operands are required to perform calculation.

Example

(expression 1)? (expression 2): (expression 3);

a > b?printf("a"):printf("b");

It is also called as a conditional operator in c.

9.     What is Typecasting in C?

Typecasting is converting one data type into another one. It is also called as data conversion or type conversion. It is one of the important concepts introduced in 'C' programming.

'C' programming provides two types of type casting operations: 

Implicit type casting

Implicit type casting means conversion of data types without losing its original meaning. This type of typecasting is essential when you want to change data types without changing the significance of the values stored inside the variable.

Implicit type conversion happens automatically when a value is copied to its compatible data type. During conversion, strict rules for type conversion are applied. If the operands are of two different data types, then an operand having lower data type is automatically converted into a higher data type. This type of type conversion can be seen in the following example.

#include<stdio.h>

Int main(){

Short a=10; //initializing variable of short data type

Int b; //declaring int variable

b=a; //implicit type casting

Printf("%d\n",a);

Printf("%d\n",b);

}

Output

10. Explain Precedence and Associativity with example

Operator precedence determines the grouping of terms in an expression and decides how an expression is evaluated. Certain operators have higher precedence than others; for example, the multiplication operator has a higher precedence than the addition operator.

For example, x = 7 + 3 * 2; here, x is assigned 13, not 20 because operator * has a higher precedence than +, so it first gets multiplied with 3*2 and then adds into 7.

Here, operators with the highest precedence appear at the top of the table, those with the lowest appear at the bottom. Within an expression, higher precedence operators will be evaluated first.

Example Code

#include <stdio.h>

Main() {

Int a = 20;

Int b = 10;

Int c = 15;

Int d = 5;

Int e;

e = (a + b) * c / d; // ( 30 * 15 ) / 5

Printf("Value of (a + b) * c / d is : %d\n", e );

e = ((a + b) * c) / d; // (30 * 15 ) / 5

Printf("Value of ((a + b) * c) / d is : %d\n" , e );

e = (a + b) * (c / d); // (30) * (15/5)

Printf("Value of (a + b) * (c / d) is : %d\n", e );

e = a + (b * c) / d; // 20 + (150/5)

Printf("Value of a + (b * c) / d is : %d\n" , e );

Return 0;

}

Output

Value of (a + b) * c / d is : 90

Value of ((a + b) * c) / d is : 90

Value of (a + b) * (c / d) is : 90

Value of a + (b * c) / d is : 50