Unit - 1

Internet of Things

Q1) What is the Internet of Things?

A1) The Internet of Things (IoT) is a broad term for connected devices that communicate with other connected devices via embedded sensors and wireless networks, mainly cellular and WiFi. These devices streamline common tasks and not-so-common tasks. We are currently living in a world that uses IoT devices daily, however, with the arrival of the 5G era, we expect these devices to be more commonplace.”

A network of connected devices with 1) unique identifiers in the form of an IP address which 2) have embedded technologies or are equipped with technologies that enable them to sense, gather data and communicate about the environment in which they reside and/or themselves.

Q2) Define the Sensors?

A2) Broadly speaking, sensors are devices that detect and respond to changes in an environment. Inputs can come from a variety of sources such as light, temperature, motion and pressure. Sensors output valuable information and if they are connected to a network, they can share data with other connected devices and management systems. 

Sensors are crucial to the operation of many of today’s businesses. They can warn you of potential problems before they become big problems, allowing businesses to perform predictive maintenance and avoid costly downtime. The data from sensors can also be analyzed for trends allowing business owners to gain insight into crucial trends and make informed evidence-based decisions.

Q3) State the classification of sensors.

A3) 1. Temperature sensors

Temperature sensors degree the quantity of warmth power in a supply, letting them hit upon temperature modifications and convert these modifications to records. Machinery used in production frequently calls for environmental and tool temperatures to be at particular degrees. Similarly, inside agriculture, soil temperature is a key component for crop growth.

2. Humidity sensors

These kinds of sensors measure the amount of water vapor within the environment of air or other gases. Humidity sensors are normally found in heating, vents and aircon (hvac) systems in each commercial and residential domain. They may be found in lots of different areas together with hospitals, and meteorology stations to file and are expecting weather.

3. Pressure sensors

A pressure sensor senses modifications in gases and liquids. When the strain changes, the sensor detects those modifications, and communicates them to connected systems. Common use cases include leak trying out which may be a result of deterioration. Stress sensors also are beneficial in the manufacturing of water structures because it is straightforward to detect fluctuations or drops in stress.

4. Proximity sensors

Proximity sensors are used for non-touch detection of items close to the sensor. These varieties of sensors frequently emit electromagnetic fields or beams of radiation along with infrared. Proximity sensors have a few exciting use instances. In retail, a proximity sensor can discover the motion among a patron and a product in which she or he is fascinated. The user may be notified of any reductions or special offers of merchandise located near the sensor. Proximity sensors also are used within the parking plenty of shops, stadiums and airports to indicate parking availability. They also can be used on the meeting strains of chemical, food and lots of other varieties of industries.

5. Degree sensors

Stage sensors are used to detect the extent of substances consisting of beverages, powders and granular materials. Many industries together with oil manufacturing, water treatment and beverage and meals manufacturing factories use level sensors. Waste management systems provide a not unusual use case as degree sensors can hit upon the extent of waste in a rubbish can or dumpster.

6. Accelerometers

Accelerometers discover an object’s acceleration i.e. The fee of alternate of the object’s speed with recognize to time. Accelerometers can also detect adjustments to gravity. Use cases for accelerometers encompass smart pedometers and monitoring driving fleets. They can also be used as anti-robbery safety alerting the machine if an object that ought to be stationary is moved.

7. Gyroscope

Gyroscope sensors measure the angular rate or speed, frequently defined as a dimension of velocity and rotation around an axis. Use instances include automotive, which includes automobile navigation and digital balance manipulate (anti-skid) structures. Additional use instances consist of movement sensing for video games, and digital camera-shake detection structures.

8. Gasoline sensors

These styles of sensors screen and come across adjustments in air best, together with the presence of toxic, combustible or unsafe gasses. Industries using gasoline sensors include mining, oil and fuel, chemical studies and manufacturing. A commonplace consumer use case is the acquainted carbon dioxide detectors used in many houses.

9. Infrared sensors

Those sorts of sensors experience traits in their surroundings by way of either emitting or detecting infrared radiation. They also can measure the heat emitted through gadgets. Infrared sensors are utilized in a diffusion of different iot initiatives such as healthcare as they simplify the monitoring of blood go with the flow and blood pressure. Televisions use infrared sensors to interpret the indicators sent from a far-off control. Some other thrilling software is that of art historians using infrared sensors to see hidden layers in paintings to assist determine whether a piece of art is original or fake or has been altered through a healing technique.

10. Optical sensors

Optical sensors convert rays of mild into electrical indicators. There are numerous packages and use instances for optical sensors. In the vehicle industry, motors use optical sensors to recognize signs, limitations, and other matters that a driving force might observe whilst driving or parking. Optical sensors play a big position in the development of driverless vehicles. Optical sensors are very common in clever phones. As an example, ambient light sensors can extend battery existence. Optical sensors also are used in the biomedical subject which includes breath analysis and coronary heart-fee monitors.

Industrial wireless sensor - my things smart sensor

My things iot sensor

My things clever sensor is a self-contained, battery-powered multi-purpose iot sensor that allows you to capture vital facts factors like acceleration, temperature, humidity, stress and gps. The clever sensor is incorporated with my things library – a hardware impartial, small-footprint and strength-optimized library of code, proposing the mioty (ts-unb) low-strength wide location community protocol.

Q4) State the Applications of sensors

A4) Sensors find usage in numerous industries like automotive, production, aviation, marine, clinical, telecom, chemical, and computer hardware.

1. Automobile

Braking and traction manage: antilock braking gadget (abs) sensors related to the wheel, measures the velocity of the wheel and braking pressure and continues sending them to abs controlling while the driving force applies the sudden brake, abs device, with breaking strain and velocity facts obtained from the sensors, releases the braking strain to keep away from skidding/locking of wheels. It's miles one of the important protection components of cars.

A. Heating, air flow, and air-situation (hvac)  

b. Navigation,  

c. Safety functions

D. Smart cruising

e. Suspension  

f. Security

G. Far off locking   

2. Production

Right here are some of the manufacturing programs of sensors given underneath:

Predictive maintenance of the equipment, assembly equipment the use of the records accrued from sensors inside the machines.

Premiere utilization of machines by using constantly monitoring the performances and successfully rejigging the operations with the statistics accrued from sensors.

Fine-tuning the quality systems and decorate the great standards using the records accumulated from sensors. Design notifications and indicators in case of a deterioration of fine and manner standards.

Agility in reacting to market demands.

3. Aviation

Sensors deployed in the aviation enterprise measures the statistics during navigation of plane, monitoring various systems, and controlling devices. These data are utilized inefficient flight operations, enhance plane performance and layout upgrades.

A number of the instrumentation sensors are tachometers, gauges to measure engine strain and oil& fuel amount, altimeters, airspeed meters, and so forth. Sensors help degree the checking out of the ground conditions, vibration and surroundings factors and offer useful inputs to the pilot to control the general operation and emergency situations.

4. Clinical & healthcare

Signals generated by using sensors in clinical equipment, surgical gadgets and devices are used for prognosis, treatment and manipulate capabilities by way of medical doctors.

A number of the packages are:

Blood pressure monitoring (self).

Continuous glucose tracking by way of people.

Automatic size of vitals of the affected person and sending it to the affected    

Person’s physician.

Greater domestic care center’s and ambulatory treatments.

Computerized detection of traffic spreading the disorder to sufferers in hospitals.

Decentralized laboratories.

Robotics in operation theatre.

5. Marine

Sensors in deliver measures fuel tank ranges, liquid cargo tiers, tank stress/temperature. Pitch, roll, pace and different vessel moments also are measured and monitored with sensors’ help. There are numerous sensors in engines measuring normal attributes of internal combustion parameters.

Q5) What are the IoT components?

                Or

What are the layers of IoT?

A5) The complete IoT systems are the same in that they represent the integration of four distinct components: sensors/devices, connectivity, data processing, and a user interface.

1) Sensors/Devices

First, sensors or devices collect data from their environment. This data could be as simple as a temperature reading or as complex as a full video feed.

We use “sensors/devices,” because multiple sensors can be bundled together or sensors can be part of a device that does more than just sense things. For example, your phone is a device that has multiple sensors (camera, accelerometer, GPS, etc), but your phone is not just a sensor since it can also perform many actions. However, whether it’s a standalone sensor or a full device, in this first step data is being collected from the environment by something.

2) Connectivity

The sensors/devices can be connected to the cloud through a variety of methods including: cellular, satellite, WiFi, Bluetooth, low-power wide-area networks (LPWAN), connecting via a gateway/router or connecting directly to the internet via ethernet

Choosing which connectivity option is best comes down to the specific IoT application, but they all accomplish the same task: getting data to the cloud.

3) Data Processing

Once the data gets to the cloud software performs some kind of processing on it. This can be such as checking that the temperature reading is within an acceptable range. Or it could also be very complex, such as using computer vision on video to identify objects. But what happens when the temperature is too high or if there is an intruder on property? That’s where the user comes in.

4) User Interface

Next, the information is made useful to the end-user in some way. This could be via an alert to the user (email, text, notification, etc). For example, a text alert when the temperature is too high in the company’s cold storage.

A user might have an interface that allows them to proactively check in on the system. For example, a user might want to check the video feeds on various properties via a phone app or a web browser.

However, it’s not always a one-way street. Depending on the IoT application, the user may also be able to perform an action and affect the system. For example, the user might remotely adjust the temperature in the cold storage via an app on their phone.

Layers:

Perception layer

This is the bodily layer of the architecture. This is in which the sensors and connected devices come into play as they acquire numerous amounts of information as per the want of the assignment. Those may be the brink gadgets, sensors, and actuators that engage with their surroundings.

Network layer

The statistics that's collected through all of those devices needs to be transmitted and processed. It truly is the network layer's task. It connects those devices to other smart gadgets, servers, and network gadgets. It additionally handles the transmission of all the records.

Application layer

The application layer is what the user interacts with. It's what is responsible for delivering application specific services to the user. This can be a smart home implementation, for example, where users tap a button in the app to turn on a coffee maker.

Q6) What are Smart Cities?

A6) A smart city is a framework, predominantly composed of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), to develop, deploy, and promote sustainable development practices to address growing urbanization challenges.

A big part of this ICT framework is an intelligent network of connected objects and machines (also known as a digital city) transmitting data using wireless technology and the cloud. 

Cloud-based IoT applications receive, analyze, and manage data in real-time to help municipalities, enterprises, and citizens make better decisions that improve quality of life.

Citizens engage with smart city ecosystems in various ways using smartphones and mobile devices and connected cars and homes. Pairing devices and data with a city’s physical infrastructure and services can cut costs and improve sustainability. 

Communities can improve energy distribution, streamline trash collection, decrease traffic congestion, and improve air quality with help from the IoT.

1. Smart infrastructure

Cities ought to create the situations for continuous improvement: virtual technology have become increasingly more crucial, urban infrastructures and homes ought to be planned more successfully and sustainably.   co2 emissions must be saved as little as viable for example making an investment in electric cars and self-propelled vehicles. Clever cities use sensible technology to obtain an electricity-green and environmentally pleasant infrastructure. Clever lights must handiest supply mild while someone truly walks past them like placing brightness levels and monitoring each day use to reduce the want of electrical electricity

2. The city air control device (cyam)

Siemens has developed an entire, cloud-based totally software program-suite “the metropolis air management tool”: captures pollutants facts in real time and forecasts emissions, forecasts as much as 90% accuracy is viable to gain the emissions for the subsequent three to 5 days, it's miles the prediction of air pollutants with the measurement of the effectiveness and the technologies that are used which make the metropolis air control tool unique the prediction is based on an set of rules that works with an synthetic neural network

Cyam is a cloud-primarily based software suite with a dashboard that presentations actual-time facts at the air first-rate detected by means of sensors throughout a metropolis and predicts values for the imminent three to five days

Introduction of recent environmental zones (low-emission zones), speed ​​limits or free public delivery. cyam is based totally on mind sphere, siemens' cloud-based totally, open operating machine for internet of factors (iot)

 3. Traffic management

Challenge for massive clever cities is to optimize traffic la: as one of the busiest towns in the world, the metropolis has applied a smart shipping answer to manipulate the site visitors float pavement included sensors send actual-time updates of traffic glide to a relevant traffic control platform which analyses the facts and routinely adjusts visitors lighting to the visitor’s scenario within seconds. It makes use of historical statistics to expect in which visitors can move – the whole lot without human involvement

4. Clever parking

Sensible parking solutions become aware of whilst a vehicle has left the parking area. The sensors within the ground file via telephone the motive force, wherein they are able to discover a loose parking space while others use car comments to tell precisely wherein the openings are and nudge waiting vehicles towards the direction of least resistance. Smart parking is reality today and does now not require complicated infrastructure and excessive funding making them perfect for a mid-length smart city

 5. Smart waste management

Waste control answers help to optimize the performance of waste series and to reduce operational charges and higher cope with the environmental problems associated with an inefficient waste collection. Waste field gets a degree sensor; while a sure threshold is reached, the control platform of a truck driver receives a notification at the smartphone. The message appears to drain a complete container, which avoids half empty drains

Q7) Explain the concept Industrial Internet of Things

A7) IIoT stands for Industrial Internet of things or Industrial IoT that is initially referred to an industrial framework whereby a large number of devices or machines are connected and synchronized through the use of software tools and third platform technologies in a machine-to-machine and Internet of things context, later an Industry 4.0 or Industrial Internet context.

Today IIoT is mainly used in the scope of Internet of Things applications outside of the consumer space and enterprise IoT market, as an umbrella term for applications and use cases across several industrial sectors.

The Industrial Internet of Things or IIoT is defined as “machines, computers and people enabling intelligent industrial operations using advanced data analytics for transformational business outcomes”.

Machine-to-machine communication and IIoT

As mentioned, a keyword here is machine-to-machine communication (M2M), which is an element of the Internet of Things but also refers to specific activities and to the initial stages of the Industrial Internet of Things.

The place of machine-to-machine or M2M in the Internet of Everything view

The IIoT in this sense can be considered a movement towards ‘smart machines’ whereby the accuracy levels of the operations involved in the respective systems are heightened to a level that cannot be achieved through human interventions.

Benefits of IIoT in manufacturing and beyond

One of the greatest benefits of Industrial Internet of Things has to be seen in the reduction of human errors and manual labor, the increase in overall efficiency and the reduction of costs, both in terms of time and money. We also cannot forget the possible underpinnings of IIoT in quality control and maintenance.

Industrial Internet of Things

The Industrial Internet of Things is part of the Internet of Things.  Internet of Things or IoT is data-rich: large amounts of data get collected, aggregated and shared in a meaningful way. Here again the goal is to increase the automation level at domestic and commercial levels. In the Industrial Internet of Things, data is crucial as well and this causes a change in the human tasks in an Industry 4.0 context whereby automation leads to a decrease of specific types of work but at the same time requires new skillsets. The goal of the Industrial Internet of Things is also not to fully replace human work, its goal is to enhance and optimize it by, for example, creating new revenue streams and business models with a big role for data (analysis).

The intelligent communication loop setup between machines enables timely attention to maintenance issues. The safety level of the operations is also boosted by alleviating the risk factors.

The Industrial Internet of Things takes the benefits of the Internet of Things in general to a higher level and also to the industries with high-stakes where human error could result in massive risks. The precision level that can be achieved through the IIoT is one of the greatest advantages, that makes this discipline one of the most welcome gifts of IoT.

Times are not far whereby entire manufacturing plant operations and processes could be made to operate almost independently. Moreover, the Industrial Internet of Things is used for many use cases which help us reduce the exposure of human workforce, which will always matter, to scenarios with high industrial hazards.