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FEM

Unit 5Analysis of structures Q1) Explain the Analysis of structures: Truss elements.A1)
  • Definition: A truss is a structure that consists of
  • 1)     All straight members2)     Connected together with pin joints3)     Connected only at the ends of the members4)     And all external forces (loads & reactions) must be applied only at the joints.
  • The analysis of trusses is usually based on the following simplifying assumptions:
  • 1)     The centroidal axis of each member coincides with the line connecting the centers of the adjacent members and the members only carry axial force.2)     All members are connected only at their ends by frictionless hinges in plane trusses.
  • Trusses Using FEA In this section, we will apply basic finite element techniques to solve general two dimensional truss problems. The technique is a little more complex than that originally used to solve truss problems, but it allows us to solve problems involving statically indeterminate structures.
  •  Q2) Explain Analysis of truss problems by direct stiffness method.A2)Stiffness matrix of a truss element
  • The truss may be statically determinate or indeterminate. All members are subjected to only direct stresses (tensile or compressive). Joint displacements are selected as unknown variables.
  • Since there is no bending of the members we have to ensure only displacement continuity (C continuity) and there is no need to worry about slope continuity (C continuity).
  • Here we select two noded bar element for the formulation of stiffness matrix of truss element. Since the members are subjected to only axial forces, the displacements are only in the axial directions of the members.
  • Therefore, the nodal displacement vector for the bar element is
  •                                                      {}=

    Where, and are the displacements in axial direction of the element. The stiffness matrix of a bar element is

                              

    []=

     

      Q3)  Example -Analyze the truss as shown in fig. cross sectional area of members are AB= 1000 , BC=800 ,CA= 800 take E

    C:\Users\Ssd\Desktop\Untit 5 1.png

     

                        Fig.1    A3)

    C:\Users\Ssd\Desktop\Unit 5 2.png

     

                                                                              Fig.2  

    Step-1 degrees of freedom

    Discretization –

    Elements

    Nodes

    Displacements mm

    Boundary conditions

    1

    AB

    2

    BC

    =0

    3

    CA

    -

    Assume x-axis horizontal through point (& vertical through point A). the co-ordinates of node A(0,1.5) , B(4,1.5) & C(2,0) . take E in Gpa.

    Member

    L

    l

    m

    AE/l (KN/mm)

    AB

    4

    0

    4

    1

    0

    50

    BC

    -2

    -1.5

    2.5

    -0.8

    -0.6

    64

    CA

    -2

    1.5

    2.5

    -0.8

    0.6

    64

     

    Step-2 element stiffness matrices

    Stiffness matrix of element AB .

    Stiffness matrix of element BC

    Stiffness matrix of element CA

    Step 3- global stiffness matrix

    Total Dof are 06, size of stiffness matrix 6*6

    Step -4 reduced stiffness matrix

    Since eliminate corresponding rows & columns from global stiffness matrix

    Step -5 equation of equilibrium

     

      Q4) Example -Figure shows a plane , truss with three members cross- sectional area of all members 500 young modulus is 200 KN/. Determine deflection at loaded joint.

     S4)

    Step 1 – degree of freedom ;-

    Discretization

    Element

    Nodes

    Displacement (mm)

    Boundary cond

    1

    AD

    2

    BD

    3

    CD

    Assume origin support A(0,0). The co-ordinates of other nodes&  B(1000,0), C(2000,0) and D(1500,1000)

    Member

    L

    l

    m

    AE/L (KN/M)

    AD

    1500

    1000

    1802.8

    0.832

    0.555

    88.75

    BD

    500

    1000

    1118

    0.447

    0.894

    143.112

    CD

    -500

    1000

    1118

    -0.477

    0.894

    143.112

     

    Step -2 element stiffness matrices

    Stiffness matrix of element AD

     

    Step – 4 equations of equilibrium

     

     Q5) Example  For the truss as shown in fig. using finite element method, determines deflections at loaded joints. The joint B is subjected to 50 KN horizontal force towards left & 80 KN force vertically downward. take cross sectional area of all the members 1000 young modulus is 200 Gpa.

    C:\Users\Ssd\Desktop\UNIT 5 4.png

     

                         Fig.4A5)  

    Step -1 degree of freedom (06)

    Discretization

    Element

    Nodes

    Displacement (mm)

    Boundary cond

    1

    AB

    2

    DB

    3

    CB

     

    Assume origin point B. the co-ordinates points are

    Members

    L

    l

    m

    AE/L (kN/mm)

    AB

    4000

    -3000

    5000

    0.8

    -0.6

    40

    DB

    4000

    3000

    5000

    0.8

    0.6

    40

    CB

    -4000

    30000

    5000

    -0.8

    0.6

    40

     

    Step -2 stiffness  matrix of element AB .

    Stiffness matrix at element DB.

    Step 3- reduced stiffness matrix

    Step 4- equation of equilibrium

     

     Q6) Explain Steps for the solution of Indeterminate plane frames using finite element method.A6)Steps for the solution of Indeterminate plane frames using finite element method:1. Divide the frame into number of elements (Take one member as one element)2. Identify total degrees of freedom (Three D.O.F. at each node, two displacements and rotation)3. Determine stiffness matrices of all elements ([K]1, [K]2……)4. Assemble the global stiffness matrix [K]  5. Impose the boundary conditions and determine reduced stiffness matrix.6. Determine element nodal load vector [q] (Restrained structure)7. Determine equivalent load vector[f]8. Apply equation of equilibrium [K]{∆}={f}, and determine unknown joint displacements.9. Apply equation [K]{∆}+[q]={f} to determine reactions and moments Q7) Example - Analysis the portal frame as shown in fig. using finite element methos take EI constant. Neglect axial deformation  

    C:\Users\Ssd\Desktop\UnIT 5 5.png

     

                                                                       Fig.5 Solution-

    Step -1 total DoF =12

    (three DOf at each node, two displacement & one rotation)

    No. of elements 03 (AB,BC,CD)

    Discretization

    Element

    Nodes

    Displacement

    Boundary conditions

    1

    AB

    1,2,3,4,5,,6,

    1=2=3=zero

    2

    BC

    4,5,6,7,8,9

    5=8=zero,4=7

    3

    DC

    10,11,12,7,8,9

    10=11=12=zero

     

    Step 2- element stiffness matrix

    Element stiffness matrix from AB (column member)

    Imposing boundary conditions 5=8=0

    Element stiffness matrix for DC

    Imposing boundary conditions 10=12=0

    Step -3 reduced stiffness matrix

    Since horizontal sway at B& C are same (4=7) we can modify the above stiffness matrix as

     

    Step -4 element nodal load vector

     

     

    C:\Users\Ssd\Desktop\UnIT 5 6.png

                                       Fig.6

     

     

    Reduced element nodal load vector

    Step -5 equivalent load vector

    {f}= {q}+ joint forces

    Step -6 equation of equilibrium

    Step -7 moment calculations

    Member AB

    =

    Member BC

    Member DC

     

         Q8)Example  Analyze the rigid frame by using finite element method. Take EI constant . neglect axial deformation

    C:\Users\Ssd\Desktop\UNIT 5 7.png

     

                                             Fig.7  A8)

    Step -1 total DOf =12

    (three dof at each node , two displacements & one rotation)

    Element

    Nodes

    Displacement

    Boundary conditions

    1

    AB

    1,2,3,4,5,,6,

    1=2=3=zero

    2

    BC

    4,5,6,7,8,9

    5=8=zero,4=7

    3

    DC

    10,11,12,7,8,9

    10=11=12=zero

    Step -2 element stiffness matrix for column AB

     

    Element stiffness matrix of beam Bc

    Element stiffnes matrix of beam DC.

      Imposing boundary condition

    1=2=3=5=8=10=11=12=0

    Step -3 reduced stiffness matrix

    Since horizontal sway at B &C are same (4=7) , we can modify the above stiffness matrix as

    Step -4 element nodal load vector

    C:\Users\Ssd\Desktop\UnIT 5 8.png                               

                                                                       Fig.8

     

     

     

     

     

    Reduced element nodal load vector

     

    Step -5 equivalent load vector

    Step -6 equation of equilibrium

    Step -7 moment calculations

    Member AB

    Member BC

    Member DC

     

    Q9) Example For the axisymmetric element shown in figure, determine the element stresses Let E=210

    C:\Users\Ssd\Desktop\UnIT 5 9.png

     

                                                                  Fig.9 Poisson’s Ratio=0.25The total displacements are u1=0.05mm ;    W1=0.03mmu2=0.02mm;  W2=0.02mmu3=0mm;W3=0mm To Find Element Stresses & Stiffness Matrix S9)

     

     

    We know that

    &

     

    =1250mm

    Substitute all this values in {B}

                                             Put =E =

     

     

    We know that stiffness matrix

     

    Note ; matrix form [k]= (6*6)

    To find stresses

    Note – matrix form = 4*1

     

     Q10) Example  :- A long hollow cylinder of inside diameter 80mm & outside diameter 120mm is firmly filled in a hole of another rigid cylinder over it full length as shown in fig. the cylinder is then subjected to an internal pressure of 2 MPa. By using two elements on the 10mm length shown . find the displacement at the inner radius . take E=200 Gpa ,u=0.3

    C:\Users\Ssd\Desktop\UNIT 5 10.png

                                        Fig 10 S10)

    Stiffness matrix for element 1

    For the both elements 

    The stiffness matrices for element