Unit 4
Doors and Windows
1. Give the construction details of doors and windows.
Construction Details of Doors and Windows:
As with the peak and duration of partitions, the precise placement and length of home windows and doorways may also need to be adjusted to make creation simpler.
No modifications want to be made while the partitions may be made from rammed earth, stone, concrete, bamboo, or some other cloth apart from block or brick.
However, while the use of blocks of any kind (adobe, sand-cement, cement, etc.) the dimensions and site of home windows and doorways have to be deliberate a good way to cause them to in spite of the publications of blocks.
The manner for adjusting the peak and width of the distance for home windows and doorways is precisely similar to the manner for adjusting the peak and duration of a wall.
Simply consider the home windows and doorways as aleven though they have been partitions to be constructed with blocks.
For example, assume a window is deliberate in order to start one hundred thirty-five cm. From the lowest of a wall made from 10 cm. Excessive x 20 cm. Thick x forty cm. Lengthy blocks. One hundred thirty-five cm. Could be 13½ layers (publications) of blocks excessive. So, in place of reduce an entire layer of blocks to healthy the window height, it's far a great deal simpler both to elevate or decrease the window five cm. So it's going to begin one hundred thirty cm. (thirteen publications) or a hundred and forty cm. (14 publications) from the lowest of the wall.
The creation plan for partitions have to display how the door and window frames may be connected to the partitions.
Window and door frames are made from timber (five cm. Thick timber is exceptional) to healthy the precise length of the wall opening.
The frames are completely connected to the partitions, after which the home windows and doorways are connected to the frames.
Frames which might be nailed proper to the masonry or concrete of the wall are the exceptional for stopping drafts and leaks.
But they will additionally be connected to the wall through putting wood slats withinside the mortar joints and nailing the body to the slats.
Fig. Placement of Doors and Windows
2. What is mean by hinged and sliding doorways?
Hinged doorways:
Most doorways are hinged alongside one aspect to permit the door to pivot farfar from the entrance in a single route, however now no longer the other.
The axis of rotation is typically vertical. In a few instances, which includes hinged storage doorways, the axis can be horizontal, above the door establishing.
Doors may be hinged in order that the axis of rotation isn't withinside the aircraft of the door to lessen the gap required at the aspect to which the door opens.
This calls for a mechanism in order that the axis of rotation is at the aspect apart from that during which the door opens. This is occasionally the case in trains or airplanes, which includes for the door to the toilet, which opens inward.
A swing door has unique single-movement hinges that permit it to open both outwards or inwards, and is typically sprung to maintain it closed.
French doorways are derived from an authentic French layout known as the casement door. It is a door with lites wherein all or a few panels might be in a casement door.
A French door historically has a moulded panel at the lowest of the door. It is known as a French window while utilized in a couple as double-leaved doorways with massive glass panels in every door leaf, and wherein the doorways might also additionally swing out (typically) in addition to in.
A Mead door, evolved with the aid of using S Mead of Leicester, swings each ways.
It is liable to compelled access because of its layout. A Dutch door or strong door includes halves. The pinnacle 1/2 of operates independently from the lowest 1/2 of.
A version exists wherein establishing the pinnacle component one at a time is possible, however due to the fact the decrease component has a lip at the internal, remaining the pinnacle component, whilst leaving the decrease component open, isn't.
A lawn door resembles a French window (with lites), however is greater stable due to the fact most effective one door is operable.
The hinge of the working door is subsequent to the adjoining constant door and the latch is positioned on the wall establishing jamb in preference to among the 2 doorways or with the usage of an espagnolette bolt.
Sliding doorways:
It is regularly beneficial to have doorways which slide alongside tracks, regularly for area or aesthetic considerations.
A skip door is a door unit that has or greater sections. The doorways can slide in both route alongside one axis on parallel overhead tracks, sliding beyond every other. They are maximum typically utilized in closets to offer get entry to one aspect of the closet at a time. Doors in a skip unit overlap barely while considered from the the front so that they do not have a seen hole while closed
Doors which slide internal a wall hollow space are known as pocket doorways. This kind of door is utilized in tight areas wherein privateness is likewise required.
The door slab is set up to curler and a music on the pinnacle of the door and slides internal a wall.
Sliding glass doorways are not unusual place in lots of houses, especially as a front to the backyard. Such doorways also are famous to be used for the entrances to business structures, despite the fact that they're now no longer counted as hearthplace go out doorways.
The door that movements is known as the "lively leaf", whilst the door that stays constant is known as the "inactive leaf".
3. Explain automatic, high speed and rotating doorways.
Rotating Doorways:
A revolving door has numerous wings or leaves, typically four, radiating from a critical shaft, forming cubicles that rotate approximately a vertical axis.
A revolving door lets in humans to byskip in each instruction without colliding, and paperwork an airlock keeping a seal among internal and out.
A pivot door, as opposed to hinges, is supported on a bearing a long way farfar from the edge, in order that there's greater or much less of an opening at the pivot aspect in addition to the outlet aspect.
In a few instances the pivot is critical, developing same openings.
High-speed door:
A excessive-speed door is a completely rapid door a few with establishing speeds of as much as 4 m/s, specifically used withinside the business zone wherein the velocity of a door has an impact on manufacturing logistics, temperature and stress control.
Excessive-pace smooth room doorways are utilized in pharmaceutical industries for the unique curtain and stainless-steel frames.
They assure the tightness of all accesses. The effective excessive-pace doorways have a clean floor shape and no sticking out edges. Therefore, they may be without difficulty wiped clean and depositing of debris is basically excluded.
High-pace doorways are made to deal with an excessive range of openings, typically greater than 200,000 a year.
They should be constructed with heavy obligation elements and counterbalance structures for pace enhancement and emergency establishing function.
The door curtain became at the beginning product of PVC, however became later additionally evolved in aluminium and acrylic glass sections.
High Speed refrigeration and bloodless room doorways with amazing insulation values became additionally added with the Green and Energy saving requirements.
In North America, the Door and Access Systems Manufacturing Association (DASMA) defines excessive-overall performance doorways as non-residential, powered doorways, characterized with the aid of using rolling, folding, sliding or swinging movement, which are both excessive-cycle (minimal one hundred cycles/day) or excessive-pace (minimal 20 inches(508 mm)/second), and out of 3 of the following: made-to-order for actual length and custom features, capable of resist device impact (break-away if by chance hit with the aid of using vehicle), or capable of preserve heavy use with minimum maintenance.
Automatic Door:
Automatically establishing doorways are powered open and closed both with the aid of using electricity, spring, or each.
There are numerous techniques with the aid of using which an mechanically establishing door is activated: A sensor detects site visitors is approaching.
Sensors for automated doorways are typically: A stress sensor – e.g., a ground mat which reacts to the stress of a person status on it.
An infrared curtain or beam which shines invisible mild onto sensors; if a person or something blocks the beam the door is brought about open.
A movement sensor which makes use of low-energy microwave radar for the equal impact.
A far-flung sensor (e.g. Primarily based totally on infrared or radio waves) may be brought about with the aid of using a transportable far flung control, or is established internal a vehicle.
These are famous for storage doorways. A transfer is operated manually, possibly after safety checks. This may be a push button transfer or a swipe card.
The act of pushing or pulling the door triggers the open and near cycle. These also are referred to as energy-assisted doorways.
In addition to activation sensors, mechanically establishing doorways are typically equipped with protection sensors. These are typically an infrared curtain or beam, however may be a stress mat equipped at the swing aspect of the door. The protection sensor prevents the door from colliding with an item with the aid of using preventing or slowing its movement. A mechanism in present day automated doorways guarantees that the door can open in a energy failure.
4. Explain casement window, pivoted window and double hinged windows.
Casement Windows:
The shutter opens like doorways and additionally synthetic similar to the doorways.
This window contains a body including styles, pinnacle rail, and backside rail.
These frames are made comparable like door frames; however, all of the home windows are furnished with a sill at the lowest.
Fig. Casement Windows
Pivoted Windows:
These home windows are just like casement home windows besides that no rebates are gift and the shutter motion is barely different.
The shutters are allowed to swing round pivots and permit extra mild than facet hung home windows.
The home windows may be pivoted horizontally or vertically and clean to clean.
Fig. Pivoted Windows
Double-hung Windows:
These home windows contain a couple of shutters that could slide withinside the grooves geared up withinside the frame.
Each sash is supplied with a couple of metallic weights with linked twine or chain over a pulley.
The shutters are open to the desired degree whilst the weights are pulled and offer ventilation.
Fig. Double-hung Windows
5. Explain the various types of windows with their information.
Louvered Windows:
These home windows are furnished in case of louvered doors, which gives ok privateness however lets in loose passage of air.
The shutter includes a pinnacle rail, backside rail and patterns that are grooved to acquire the louvers at an attitude of 45° in a set position.
Fig. Louvered Windows
Sliding Windows:
In those windows, those shutters circulate on curler bearings both vertically or horizontally.
They are supplied withinside the partitions to acquire the shutters and favored in buses, trains, shops, financial institution counters, etc.
Fig. Sliding Windows
Metal Windows:
Metal home windows are product of slight steel, bronze, aluminium in preferred sizes.
These home windows are broadly used in recent times and may be constant immediately to the wall or timber frame.
Fig. Metal Windows
Glazed Windows:
Sashes are rebated to get hold of the glass panels, and glass is constant in a role both via way of means of putty or via way of means of small fillets known as glazing beads.
These home windows are absolutely glazed casement home windows.
Gable Windows:
These home windows are furnished on the gable ends of the roof and are the use of from vintage times.
Corner Windows:
These home windows have perpendicular faces that are located on the nook of a room.
They offer ok mild and air from guidelines and additionally upload look to the building.
Bay Windows:
These home windows growths the hole place as they challenge out of doors the outside partitions of a room.
They can be square, splayed, circular, and polygonal or in different shapes and admit extra mild and ventilation.
Dormer Windows:
The essential reason of presenting dormer home windows is to confess mild and air to the rooms.
They are built inside or beneath the roof slopes.
6. Give the advantages and disadvantages of doors and windows.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Doors and Windows:
Advantages of Wooden Doors:
Wooden door has masses of attraction and blessings given beneath:
Wood is a cloth that is simple to work.
Solid timber panel PVC glass door is eco-friendly, soundproof, waterproof (appropriate for coastal areas).
We can use it as a safety door, access door or a revolving door.
A timber door has easy installation, clean surface, grasp sculpture, and sturdiness.
Disadvantages of Wooden Doors:
However, the timber door has a few risks too. These are :
It wishes care and preservation to hold acting at its peak.
A timber door need to be sealed earlier than installation, otherwise, it'd soak up moisture.
Because of its heavy material, a timber door may also sag over time. Thus, it wishes to replace its hardware and body.
Advantages of Metal Doors:
Metal door affords the subsequent blessings –
This door is easy to handle.
It can most effective be located on a door body with sturdiness and smooth installation.
Having windstorm resistant component, it is able to be as aristocratic as a timber door.
The steel door is available in diverse forms. Fire rated steel door is a tremendous manner to encompass greater mild in a room, presenting extra safety.
Sheet steel door is a hinged door fabricated from steel fragments with a lock and a lock code.
It is strong with diverse designs and patterns, additionally chemical resistant.
Real timber texture outcomes are the purpose in the back of the achievement of a steel door.
Using paints, we are able to hold it for an extended time.
As the fee isn't high, all lessons of humans can come up with the money for it.
Disadvantages of Metal Doors:
The risks of a steel door are –
It has a rusting problem.
It can't deliver an architectural view.
This is probably heavy in weight. Utter
7. Explain the various types of roofs.
1. A-Frame Roof
The A-Frame could be very smooth to identify. It’s steep, pointed roof which extends all of the manner to the floor or near the floor.
The roof makes up tons or all off the partitions of the home.
It’s a completely easy roof layout and is cheaper due to the fact the roof serves as each roof and partitions.
Fig. A-frame Roof
2. Bonnet
The bonnet roof is diagnosed with the extending ledge across the base of the roof.
The different a part of the roof may be many designs together with hip, gambrel or gable… while including a prolonged ledge, it turns into a bonnet variant of that roof design.
Fig. Bonnet Roof
3. Butterfly
The butterfly roof is an inverted gable roof.
It’s a V-shape.
It’s alternatively extraordinary searching roof layout and isn't used much. However, one gain of the butterfly roof is you come to be with tall ceilings on facets of the home.
Fig. Butterfly Roof
4. Curved Roof
A curved roof provides a very modern, thrilling characteristic to any building.
Modern roofs take benefit of the power of metallic materials, developing one big curved structure.
Curved roofs do assist to lessen resistance to wind, however are particularly selected because of the beautiful aesthetic appearance they could upload to a building.
Fig. Curved Roof
Dome
A dome roof, unsurprisingly, is a roof withinside the form of a dome.
A complicated and sturdy design, this form of roof provides a lovely aesthetic to a building, and may be visible in lots of ancient homes from the Capitol Building in Washington D.C., to the enduring St. Paul’s Cathedral in London.
Fig. Dome Roof
Dormer
Dormers incorporate a window that initiatives vertically from a conventional pitched roof, growing a prolonged window withinside the roof.
This form of roof is maximum famous in loft conversions, imparting an smooth manner of increasing the distance and herbal mild withinside the transformed loft room.
Fig. Dormer Roof
Flat Roof
While undeniable searching below, the flat roof is often used on cutting-edge and mid-century fashion houses and may be a hanging layout if you want the cutting-edge look.
Fig. Flat Roof
8. Explain the various types of roof treatments.
Roof Treatments:
This is an obligatory process in waterproofing to defend roof from leakage, seepage and warmness.
There are numerous strategies and particular strategies accepted via way of means of many consultants, builders and others. We will see those strategies here.
1) LIME SURKI Roof Waterproofing:
An Old method, that is now obsolete.
Some of its advantages are:
Very excellent waterproofing assets
Very excellent warmness insulation assets
Durable
2) Soil Pot System:
This machine may be very powerful to update the above machine.
Some of its advantages are:
Very excellent waterproofing assets.
Very excellent warmness insulation assets.
Durable
Soil pots are immersed in AQUACRETE® for 2-three hours.
Then the ones are located on AQUACRETE® admixed R.C.C. Roof as conical form might be upward.
The gaps of pots are blanketed for the duration of screed concreting; screed concrete ought to be organized with SYLOCON® and ought to be laid in panels.
Panel joints are stuffed up with AQUACRETE® FLEXEEL, a fantastically elastomeric water resistant and climate evidence sealant.
Some of its Limitations are:
Collecting soil pots is important; soil pots are fragile items
Care ought to be taken to address soil pots to keep away from harm
3) Cement and Fillers with Polymer Coating:
Cementitious slurry is organized, that is implemented on R.C.C. Roof slab and is blanketed via way of means of a layer of screed concrete.
Some of its blessings are:
Ease of working
Economical
Some of its barriers are:
When screed concrete is cracked, below remedy is likewise slowly broken and holds water in concrete wallet.
During warm season entrapped water is evaporated, which reasons similarly improvement of cracks in screed concrete and below remedy is broken because of this random crack improvement in screed concrete.
This machine isn't always discovered long lasting and repairing process is the handiest answer of this hassle that is a simply transient answer.
4) Scratch Resistant White Acrylic Coating on Top of Screed Concrete:
Some of its advantages are:
Reflects warmness
Good waterproofing membrane
Durable
Some of its limitations are:
Reflects warmness until white color isn't always stricken by dust or dust.
A guarantee duration is supplied via way of means of producer or applicator this means that it has sure durability Very costly.
Skilled workmanship is needed.
5) Any Type of Membrane Waterproofing:
Some are blanketed via way of means of screed concrete and a few are uncovered to climate.
Some of its advantages are:
Very excellent waterproofing
Some of its barriers are:
If right workmanship and care isn't always taken, joint failure hassle is discovered, which purpose water leakage
Costly
A guarantee duration is supplied via way of means of producer or applicator, this means that it has sure durability
6) Mosaic Finish Roof:
Waterproof via way of means of nature.
Some of its advantages are:
Ease of laying and completing a great aesthetic pinnacle
Some of its limitations are:
Cracks are advanced on pinnacle floor thru which water percolation takes area. Based in this revel in concrete is laid in segments and joints among segments are separated via way of means of glass strip / PVC strip. But each the strips couldn't display any quality end result. Glass strips are damaged because of thermal enlargement and contraction. Also, there may be no bonding among glass, PVC and concrete. Water percolation takes area thru the gap, that is a end result of de-bonding among concrete and glass / PVC.
7) Bricks laid on Mother R.C.C. Slab for Insulation:
Here bricks are laid as an insulting thing on mom R.C.C. Slab.
In maximum instances mom R.C.C. Slab is lined with water resistant coating.
Bricks are blanketed with screed concrete or tiles are laid on pinnacle of screed concrete.
Some of its advantages are:
Good thermal insulation assets.
Due to utility of water-resistant coating on mom slab, waterproofing assets lasts until the pinnacle floor does now no longer permit water infiltration.
Some of its limitations are:
Increases most useless load on roof slab.
Once pinnacle floor permits water infiltration, water is entrapped internal wallet and bricks are wet. As a end result, useless load is similarly increased.
Water percolation begins off evolved from bricks to below water-resistant coating. Waterproof cementitious coating begins off evolved swelling and slowly harm is discovered reasons leakage.
Further, entrapped water evaporates forming gas, which generates upward strain and liberates growing new cracks or gaps on pinnacle.
8) A Unique Technique of Roof Waterproofing:
Mother R.C.C. Slab is made with AQUACRETE®, that is a liquid nano waterproofing compound, while response takes area among calcium silicates, this creates a water repellent hydrophobic concrete. This facilitates in self-curing too. So, no cracks are advanced in concrete. Once mom slab concrete is water resistant, there may be no risk of water percolation thru the AQUACRETE® admixed concrete.
Top of the slab is blanketed to empty out water; a screed concrete is laid in panels. SYLOCON® is delivered in screed concrete to keep away from cracks in screed concrete and imparting a water-resistant safety on roof. SYLOCON® additionally facilitates screed concrete in curing.
Panel joints are stuffed up with AQUACRETE® FLEXEEL, a fantastically elastomeric water resistant and climate evidence sealant.
Some of its advantages are:
A monolithic water-resistant roof is made.
No extra water-resistant coating is required.
Screed concrete isn't cracked because of this specification.
Some of its limitations are:
Proper blending of AQUACRETE® and SYLOCON® with concrete may be very important.
9) Roof Garden:
This is a highly-priced approach of roof treatment, which isn't best appealing and surroundings friendly, however it has a superb insulation property.
Some of its limitations are:
If waterproofing isn't best and growth joint (for massive area) isn't handled well with proper product and concept, there's a not unusualplace hazard of failure. This is validated in lots of projects.
9. What do you mean by lintel and cha-cha.
Lintel and Chhajja:
A lintel or lintel is a structural horizontal block that spans the gap or commencing among vertical supports.
It may be an ornamental architectural element, or a blended ornamented structural item.
It is regularly located over portals, doors, home windows and fireplaces. In the case of home windows, the lowest span is alternatively called a sill, however, in contrast to a lintel, does now no longer serve to undergo a load to make sure the integrity of the wall.
Modern day lintels are made the usage of prestressed concrete and also are called beams in beam and block slabs or ribs in rib and block slabs.
These prestressed concrete lintels and blocks are additives which are packed collectively and propped to shape a suspended ground concrete slab.
A chhajja is an overhanging eave or roof masking located in Indian architecture.
It is characterized with massive aid brackets with distinctive inventive designs.
Variation is likewise visible in its length relying at the significance of the constructing on which it capabilities or the selection of the designer.
Its characteristic is just like that of different overhangs or eaves in that it protects and ornaments entrances, arches and home windows from the out of doors elements.
Some forms of roof may be taken into consideration massive chhajja as well.
Fig. Showing Lintel and Chhajja
10. Explain the principles of building planning.
Principles of Building Planning:
In making plans a residential residence, the subsequent ideas are to be saved in thoughts. Deshpande has given sure ideas which may be used as courses for residential making plans.
These principles are:
1. Aspects:
The issue of the residence must be such that it allows the own circle of relatives individuals to stay comfortably.
Aspect is worried with the orientation of the constructing.
The association of the doorways and home windows withinside the outdoor partitions of the residence must be in this type of manner that masses of sunrays, breeze can input into the residence.
All the rooms must be nicely ventilated and nicely lighted via way of means of the right placement of doorways and home windows.
Aspects of a constructing offer comfort, hygiene and first-class perspectives.
The kitchen must have a Japanese issue for purchasing natural air from outdoor that can dispose of the fumes of cooking and the room stays cool withinside the day time.
Bed rooms must have a South East or South West issue.
The mattress rooms must have a verandah in West.
So that it protects the partitions from getting direct sunrays.
The drawing room or dwelling room may have North East or South East issue.
2. Prospect:
Prospect is the view from outdoor of a residence.
The residence must have a right prospect in order that it may provide a sense of cheerfulness to the humans dwelling in it.
It must create an awesome effect on someone who perspectives it from outdoor.
Prospect must display first-class functions and cover unsightly and unwanted functions of the residence.
The residence now no longer best seems appealing from outdoor, however it have to additionally own properly characteristics like comfort, cheerfulness, security, labour saving and contemporary-day outlook.
For e.g. Small Projections or bay window may have an awesome out-appearance in addition to enables in supplying breeze, mild and daylight to the room.
3. Privacy:
It is a vital precept whilst making plans a residential constructing.
Privacy may be maintained in ways:
External
Internal.
External Privacy:
This may be maintained via way of means of:
Fixing monitors at the doorways and home windows.
If the residence is constructed on the bottom of the plot with sufficient distance from the toll road and streets, then privateness may be maintained effortlessly. The residence must now no longer be constructed at the brink of the roads.
Screens must be constant on the primary door of the residence in order that one can not have a complete view of the inner components of the residence from outdoor.
The outside privateness may be maintained via way of means of making plans the primary front cautiously or via way of means of screening it with timber or creepers.
Internal Privacy:
Screens can be used withinside the doorways of all rooms that can effortlessly separate one room from another. Bedrooms, toilets, toilet, kitchen must be well screened. This may be feasible if all rooms have unbiased access.
The door must be positioned on one aspect of the lengthy wall of the room.
Privacy may be maintained via way of means of unmarried panel doorways.
4. Grouping:
It manner the rooms have to be organized when it comes to one another.
Different hobby regions must be separated.
The public or not unusualplace rooms consisting of drawing room, dwelling room, own circle of relatives room and eating room must be grouped collectively.
The bed room, examine room, dressing room and rest room must be separated from public regions via way of means of a principal corridor or passage.
Dining room must be near the kitchen.
The drawing room must now no longer be close to the kitchen.
The toilets must be available to all rooms.
Children’s room must be close to the parent’s room.
5. Roominess:
The roominess will be produced in a residence via way of means of the usage of small proportions.
An affect of spaciousness may be created even supposing the residence is small.
A rectangular room might also additionally appearance smaller than square room of the equal rectangular meter region due to the alternate in proportion.
The cabinets and cabinets must be constant in this type of manner as to make the exceptional use of area available.
The constructed in wall cabinets, display cases, cabinets assist in heading off over-crowding of ground region.
The area beneath the window sill may be used for garage functions.
Wall shelves withinside the kitchen offer sufficient garage area.
The kitchen lawn and the verandah must be so positioned that collectively they offer continuity of area.
6. Sanitation:
The fitness of the own circle of relatives individuals relies upon upon the sanitary situation of the residence.
Provision must be made for correct lighting, ventilation, cleanliness and different sanitary conveniences withinside the residence.
All the rooms must be nicely lighted and nicely ventilated.
There must be home windows on contrary wall of the room to have move ventilation.
Instead of 1 window, there must be to 3 home windows in unique partitions of the room so that each one the rooms can get enough mild and air.
7. Flexibility:
It manner that the room may have multi-reason use.
When there's scarcity of area, flexibility of room will become vital.
For e.g. a dwelling room may be transformed to bed room at night.
Kitchen must serve each the functions of cooking and dinning.
Bed rooms may be used as examine room.
Flexibility is vital for people who stay in flats.
8. Communication:
Easy communique among rooms is one of the maximum vital ideas in residential residence.
This may be feasible via way of means of the right placement of doorways, halls and stair cases.
The doorways must be positioned in this type of manner that we are able to circulate without crossing the middle of the room.
The passage withinside the room must now no longer intrude with the fixtures association.
A straight, brief and separate passage may be very vital for privateness of each room.
It enables in heading off disturbances in doing work.
Easy communique or circulate enables in decreasing the actions of the individuals doing family activities.
Unit 4
Doors and Windows
1. Give the construction details of doors and windows.
Construction Details of Doors and Windows:
As with the peak and duration of partitions, the precise placement and length of home windows and doorways may also need to be adjusted to make creation simpler.
No modifications want to be made while the partitions may be made from rammed earth, stone, concrete, bamboo, or some other cloth apart from block or brick.
However, while the use of blocks of any kind (adobe, sand-cement, cement, etc.) the dimensions and site of home windows and doorways have to be deliberate a good way to cause them to in spite of the publications of blocks.
The manner for adjusting the peak and width of the distance for home windows and doorways is precisely similar to the manner for adjusting the peak and duration of a wall.
Simply consider the home windows and doorways as aleven though they have been partitions to be constructed with blocks.
For example, assume a window is deliberate in order to start one hundred thirty-five cm. From the lowest of a wall made from 10 cm. Excessive x 20 cm. Thick x forty cm. Lengthy blocks. One hundred thirty-five cm. Could be 13½ layers (publications) of blocks excessive. So, in place of reduce an entire layer of blocks to healthy the window height, it's far a great deal simpler both to elevate or decrease the window five cm. So it's going to begin one hundred thirty cm. (thirteen publications) or a hundred and forty cm. (14 publications) from the lowest of the wall.
The creation plan for partitions have to display how the door and window frames may be connected to the partitions.
Window and door frames are made from timber (five cm. Thick timber is exceptional) to healthy the precise length of the wall opening.
The frames are completely connected to the partitions, after which the home windows and doorways are connected to the frames.
Frames which might be nailed proper to the masonry or concrete of the wall are the exceptional for stopping drafts and leaks.
But they will additionally be connected to the wall through putting wood slats withinside the mortar joints and nailing the body to the slats.
Fig. Placement of Doors and Windows
2. What is mean by hinged and sliding doorways?
Hinged doorways:
Most doorways are hinged alongside one aspect to permit the door to pivot farfar from the entrance in a single route, however now no longer the other.
The axis of rotation is typically vertical. In a few instances, which includes hinged storage doorways, the axis can be horizontal, above the door establishing.
Doors may be hinged in order that the axis of rotation isn't withinside the aircraft of the door to lessen the gap required at the aspect to which the door opens.
This calls for a mechanism in order that the axis of rotation is at the aspect apart from that during which the door opens. This is occasionally the case in trains or airplanes, which includes for the door to the toilet, which opens inward.
A swing door has unique single-movement hinges that permit it to open both outwards or inwards, and is typically sprung to maintain it closed.
French doorways are derived from an authentic French layout known as the casement door. It is a door with lites wherein all or a few panels might be in a casement door.
A French door historically has a moulded panel at the lowest of the door. It is known as a French window while utilized in a couple as double-leaved doorways with massive glass panels in every door leaf, and wherein the doorways might also additionally swing out (typically) in addition to in.
A Mead door, evolved with the aid of using S Mead of Leicester, swings each ways.
It is liable to compelled access because of its layout. A Dutch door or strong door includes halves. The pinnacle 1/2 of operates independently from the lowest 1/2 of.
A version exists wherein establishing the pinnacle component one at a time is possible, however due to the fact the decrease component has a lip at the internal, remaining the pinnacle component, whilst leaving the decrease component open, isn't.
A lawn door resembles a French window (with lites), however is greater stable due to the fact most effective one door is operable.
The hinge of the working door is subsequent to the adjoining constant door and the latch is positioned on the wall establishing jamb in preference to among the 2 doorways or with the usage of an espagnolette bolt.
Sliding doorways:
It is regularly beneficial to have doorways which slide alongside tracks, regularly for area or aesthetic considerations.
A skip door is a door unit that has or greater sections. The doorways can slide in both route alongside one axis on parallel overhead tracks, sliding beyond every other. They are maximum typically utilized in closets to offer get entry to one aspect of the closet at a time. Doors in a skip unit overlap barely while considered from the the front so that they do not have a seen hole while closed
Doors which slide internal a wall hollow space are known as pocket doorways. This kind of door is utilized in tight areas wherein privateness is likewise required.
The door slab is set up to curler and a music on the pinnacle of the door and slides internal a wall.
Sliding glass doorways are not unusual place in lots of houses, especially as a front to the backyard. Such doorways also are famous to be used for the entrances to business structures, despite the fact that they're now no longer counted as hearthplace go out doorways.
The door that movements is known as the "lively leaf", whilst the door that stays constant is known as the "inactive leaf".
3. Explain automatic, high speed and rotating doorways.
Rotating Doorways:
A revolving door has numerous wings or leaves, typically four, radiating from a critical shaft, forming cubicles that rotate approximately a vertical axis.
A revolving door lets in humans to byskip in each instruction without colliding, and paperwork an airlock keeping a seal among internal and out.
A pivot door, as opposed to hinges, is supported on a bearing a long way farfar from the edge, in order that there's greater or much less of an opening at the pivot aspect in addition to the outlet aspect.
In a few instances the pivot is critical, developing same openings.
High-speed door:
A excessive-speed door is a completely rapid door a few with establishing speeds of as much as 4 m/s, specifically used withinside the business zone wherein the velocity of a door has an impact on manufacturing logistics, temperature and stress control.
Excessive-pace smooth room doorways are utilized in pharmaceutical industries for the unique curtain and stainless-steel frames.
They assure the tightness of all accesses. The effective excessive-pace doorways have a clean floor shape and no sticking out edges. Therefore, they may be without difficulty wiped clean and depositing of debris is basically excluded.
High-pace doorways are made to deal with an excessive range of openings, typically greater than 200,000 a year.
They should be constructed with heavy obligation elements and counterbalance structures for pace enhancement and emergency establishing function.
The door curtain became at the beginning product of PVC, however became later additionally evolved in aluminium and acrylic glass sections.
High Speed refrigeration and bloodless room doorways with amazing insulation values became additionally added with the Green and Energy saving requirements.
In North America, the Door and Access Systems Manufacturing Association (DASMA) defines excessive-overall performance doorways as non-residential, powered doorways, characterized with the aid of using rolling, folding, sliding or swinging movement, which are both excessive-cycle (minimal one hundred cycles/day) or excessive-pace (minimal 20 inches(508 mm)/second), and out of 3 of the following: made-to-order for actual length and custom features, capable of resist device impact (break-away if by chance hit with the aid of using vehicle), or capable of preserve heavy use with minimum maintenance.
Automatic Door:
Automatically establishing doorways are powered open and closed both with the aid of using electricity, spring, or each.
There are numerous techniques with the aid of using which an mechanically establishing door is activated: A sensor detects site visitors is approaching.
Sensors for automated doorways are typically: A stress sensor – e.g., a ground mat which reacts to the stress of a person status on it.
An infrared curtain or beam which shines invisible mild onto sensors; if a person or something blocks the beam the door is brought about open.
A movement sensor which makes use of low-energy microwave radar for the equal impact.
A far-flung sensor (e.g. Primarily based totally on infrared or radio waves) may be brought about with the aid of using a transportable far flung control, or is established internal a vehicle.
These are famous for storage doorways. A transfer is operated manually, possibly after safety checks. This may be a push button transfer or a swipe card.
The act of pushing or pulling the door triggers the open and near cycle. These also are referred to as energy-assisted doorways.
In addition to activation sensors, mechanically establishing doorways are typically equipped with protection sensors. These are typically an infrared curtain or beam, however may be a stress mat equipped at the swing aspect of the door. The protection sensor prevents the door from colliding with an item with the aid of using preventing or slowing its movement. A mechanism in present day automated doorways guarantees that the door can open in a energy failure.
4. Explain casement window, pivoted window and double hinged windows.
Casement Windows:
The shutter opens like doorways and additionally synthetic similar to the doorways.
This window contains a body including styles, pinnacle rail, and backside rail.
These frames are made comparable like door frames; however, all of the home windows are furnished with a sill at the lowest.
Fig. Casement Windows
Pivoted Windows:
These home windows are just like casement home windows besides that no rebates are gift and the shutter motion is barely different.
The shutters are allowed to swing round pivots and permit extra mild than facet hung home windows.
The home windows may be pivoted horizontally or vertically and clean to clean.
Fig. Pivoted Windows
Double-hung Windows:
These home windows contain a couple of shutters that could slide withinside the grooves geared up withinside the frame.
Each sash is supplied with a couple of metallic weights with linked twine or chain over a pulley.
The shutters are open to the desired degree whilst the weights are pulled and offer ventilation.
Fig. Double-hung Windows
5. Explain the various types of windows with their information.
Louvered Windows:
These home windows are furnished in case of louvered doors, which gives ok privateness however lets in loose passage of air.
The shutter includes a pinnacle rail, backside rail and patterns that are grooved to acquire the louvers at an attitude of 45° in a set position.
Fig. Louvered Windows
Sliding Windows:
In those windows, those shutters circulate on curler bearings both vertically or horizontally.
They are supplied withinside the partitions to acquire the shutters and favored in buses, trains, shops, financial institution counters, etc.
Fig. Sliding Windows
Metal Windows:
Metal home windows are product of slight steel, bronze, aluminium in preferred sizes.
These home windows are broadly used in recent times and may be constant immediately to the wall or timber frame.
Fig. Metal Windows
Glazed Windows:
Sashes are rebated to get hold of the glass panels, and glass is constant in a role both via way of means of putty or via way of means of small fillets known as glazing beads.
These home windows are absolutely glazed casement home windows.
Gable Windows:
These home windows are furnished on the gable ends of the roof and are the use of from vintage times.
Corner Windows:
These home windows have perpendicular faces that are located on the nook of a room.
They offer ok mild and air from guidelines and additionally upload look to the building.
Bay Windows:
These home windows growths the hole place as they challenge out of doors the outside partitions of a room.
They can be square, splayed, circular, and polygonal or in different shapes and admit extra mild and ventilation.
Dormer Windows:
The essential reason of presenting dormer home windows is to confess mild and air to the rooms.
They are built inside or beneath the roof slopes.
6. Give the advantages and disadvantages of doors and windows.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Doors and Windows:
Advantages of Wooden Doors:
Wooden door has masses of attraction and blessings given beneath:
Wood is a cloth that is simple to work.
Solid timber panel PVC glass door is eco-friendly, soundproof, waterproof (appropriate for coastal areas).
We can use it as a safety door, access door or a revolving door.
A timber door has easy installation, clean surface, grasp sculpture, and sturdiness.
Disadvantages of Wooden Doors:
However, the timber door has a few risks too. These are :
It wishes care and preservation to hold acting at its peak.
A timber door need to be sealed earlier than installation, otherwise, it'd soak up moisture.
Because of its heavy material, a timber door may also sag over time. Thus, it wishes to replace its hardware and body.
Advantages of Metal Doors:
Metal door affords the subsequent blessings –
This door is easy to handle.
It can most effective be located on a door body with sturdiness and smooth installation.
Having windstorm resistant component, it is able to be as aristocratic as a timber door.
The steel door is available in diverse forms. Fire rated steel door is a tremendous manner to encompass greater mild in a room, presenting extra safety.
Sheet steel door is a hinged door fabricated from steel fragments with a lock and a lock code.
It is strong with diverse designs and patterns, additionally chemical resistant.
Real timber texture outcomes are the purpose in the back of the achievement of a steel door.
Using paints, we are able to hold it for an extended time.
As the fee isn't high, all lessons of humans can come up with the money for it.
Disadvantages of Metal Doors:
The risks of a steel door are –
It has a rusting problem.
It can't deliver an architectural view.
This is probably heavy in weight. Utter
7. Explain the various types of roofs.
1. A-Frame Roof
The A-Frame could be very smooth to identify. It’s steep, pointed roof which extends all of the manner to the floor or near the floor.
The roof makes up tons or all off the partitions of the home.
It’s a completely easy roof layout and is cheaper due to the fact the roof serves as each roof and partitions.
Fig. A-frame Roof
2. Bonnet
The bonnet roof is diagnosed with the extending ledge across the base of the roof.
The different a part of the roof may be many designs together with hip, gambrel or gable… while including a prolonged ledge, it turns into a bonnet variant of that roof design.
Fig. Bonnet Roof
3. Butterfly
The butterfly roof is an inverted gable roof.
It’s a V-shape.
It’s alternatively extraordinary searching roof layout and isn't used much. However, one gain of the butterfly roof is you come to be with tall ceilings on facets of the home.
Fig. Butterfly Roof
4. Curved Roof
A curved roof provides a very modern, thrilling characteristic to any building.
Modern roofs take benefit of the power of metallic materials, developing one big curved structure.
Curved roofs do assist to lessen resistance to wind, however are particularly selected because of the beautiful aesthetic appearance they could upload to a building.
Fig. Curved Roof
Dome
A dome roof, unsurprisingly, is a roof withinside the form of a dome.
A complicated and sturdy design, this form of roof provides a lovely aesthetic to a building, and may be visible in lots of ancient homes from the Capitol Building in Washington D.C., to the enduring St. Paul’s Cathedral in London.
Fig. Dome Roof
Dormer
Dormers incorporate a window that initiatives vertically from a conventional pitched roof, growing a prolonged window withinside the roof.
This form of roof is maximum famous in loft conversions, imparting an smooth manner of increasing the distance and herbal mild withinside the transformed loft room.
Fig. Dormer Roof
Flat Roof
While undeniable searching below, the flat roof is often used on cutting-edge and mid-century fashion houses and may be a hanging layout if you want the cutting-edge look.
Fig. Flat Roof
8. Explain the various types of roof treatments.
Roof Treatments:
This is an obligatory process in waterproofing to defend roof from leakage, seepage and warmness.
There are numerous strategies and particular strategies accepted via way of means of many consultants, builders and others. We will see those strategies here.
1) LIME SURKI Roof Waterproofing:
An Old method, that is now obsolete.
Some of its advantages are:
Very excellent waterproofing assets
Very excellent warmness insulation assets
Durable
2) Soil Pot System:
This machine may be very powerful to update the above machine.
Some of its advantages are:
Very excellent waterproofing assets.
Very excellent warmness insulation assets.
Durable
Soil pots are immersed in AQUACRETE® for 2-three hours.
Then the ones are located on AQUACRETE® admixed R.C.C. Roof as conical form might be upward.
The gaps of pots are blanketed for the duration of screed concreting; screed concrete ought to be organized with SYLOCON® and ought to be laid in panels.
Panel joints are stuffed up with AQUACRETE® FLEXEEL, a fantastically elastomeric water resistant and climate evidence sealant.
Some of its Limitations are:
Collecting soil pots is important; soil pots are fragile items
Care ought to be taken to address soil pots to keep away from harm
3) Cement and Fillers with Polymer Coating:
Cementitious slurry is organized, that is implemented on R.C.C. Roof slab and is blanketed via way of means of a layer of screed concrete.
Some of its blessings are:
Ease of working
Economical
Some of its barriers are:
When screed concrete is cracked, below remedy is likewise slowly broken and holds water in concrete wallet.
During warm season entrapped water is evaporated, which reasons similarly improvement of cracks in screed concrete and below remedy is broken because of this random crack improvement in screed concrete.
This machine isn't always discovered long lasting and repairing process is the handiest answer of this hassle that is a simply transient answer.
4) Scratch Resistant White Acrylic Coating on Top of Screed Concrete:
Some of its advantages are:
Reflects warmness
Good waterproofing membrane
Durable
Some of its limitations are:
Reflects warmness until white color isn't always stricken by dust or dust.
A guarantee duration is supplied via way of means of producer or applicator this means that it has sure durability Very costly.
Skilled workmanship is needed.
5) Any Type of Membrane Waterproofing:
Some are blanketed via way of means of screed concrete and a few are uncovered to climate.
Some of its advantages are:
Very excellent waterproofing
Some of its barriers are:
If right workmanship and care isn't always taken, joint failure hassle is discovered, which purpose water leakage
Costly
A guarantee duration is supplied via way of means of producer or applicator, this means that it has sure durability
6) Mosaic Finish Roof:
Waterproof via way of means of nature.
Some of its advantages are:
Ease of laying and completing a great aesthetic pinnacle
Some of its limitations are:
Cracks are advanced on pinnacle floor thru which water percolation takes area. Based in this revel in concrete is laid in segments and joints among segments are separated via way of means of glass strip / PVC strip. But each the strips couldn't display any quality end result. Glass strips are damaged because of thermal enlargement and contraction. Also, there may be no bonding among glass, PVC and concrete. Water percolation takes area thru the gap, that is a end result of de-bonding among concrete and glass / PVC.
7) Bricks laid on Mother R.C.C. Slab for Insulation:
Here bricks are laid as an insulting thing on mom R.C.C. Slab.
In maximum instances mom R.C.C. Slab is lined with water resistant coating.
Bricks are blanketed with screed concrete or tiles are laid on pinnacle of screed concrete.
Some of its advantages are:
Good thermal insulation assets.
Due to utility of water-resistant coating on mom slab, waterproofing assets lasts until the pinnacle floor does now no longer permit water infiltration.
Some of its limitations are:
Increases most useless load on roof slab.
Once pinnacle floor permits water infiltration, water is entrapped internal wallet and bricks are wet. As a end result, useless load is similarly increased.
Water percolation begins off evolved from bricks to below water-resistant coating. Waterproof cementitious coating begins off evolved swelling and slowly harm is discovered reasons leakage.
Further, entrapped water evaporates forming gas, which generates upward strain and liberates growing new cracks or gaps on pinnacle.
8) A Unique Technique of Roof Waterproofing:
Mother R.C.C. Slab is made with AQUACRETE®, that is a liquid nano waterproofing compound, while response takes area among calcium silicates, this creates a water repellent hydrophobic concrete. This facilitates in self-curing too. So, no cracks are advanced in concrete. Once mom slab concrete is water resistant, there may be no risk of water percolation thru the AQUACRETE® admixed concrete.
Top of the slab is blanketed to empty out water; a screed concrete is laid in panels. SYLOCON® is delivered in screed concrete to keep away from cracks in screed concrete and imparting a water-resistant safety on roof. SYLOCON® additionally facilitates screed concrete in curing.
Panel joints are stuffed up with AQUACRETE® FLEXEEL, a fantastically elastomeric water resistant and climate evidence sealant.
Some of its advantages are:
A monolithic water-resistant roof is made.
No extra water-resistant coating is required.
Screed concrete isn't cracked because of this specification.
Some of its limitations are:
Proper blending of AQUACRETE® and SYLOCON® with concrete may be very important.
9) Roof Garden:
This is a highly-priced approach of roof treatment, which isn't best appealing and surroundings friendly, however it has a superb insulation property.
Some of its limitations are:
If waterproofing isn't best and growth joint (for massive area) isn't handled well with proper product and concept, there's a not unusualplace hazard of failure. This is validated in lots of projects.
9. What do you mean by lintel and cha-cha.
Lintel and Chhajja:
A lintel or lintel is a structural horizontal block that spans the gap or commencing among vertical supports.
It may be an ornamental architectural element, or a blended ornamented structural item.
It is regularly located over portals, doors, home windows and fireplaces. In the case of home windows, the lowest span is alternatively called a sill, however, in contrast to a lintel, does now no longer serve to undergo a load to make sure the integrity of the wall.
Modern day lintels are made the usage of prestressed concrete and also are called beams in beam and block slabs or ribs in rib and block slabs.
These prestressed concrete lintels and blocks are additives which are packed collectively and propped to shape a suspended ground concrete slab.
A chhajja is an overhanging eave or roof masking located in Indian architecture.
It is characterized with massive aid brackets with distinctive inventive designs.
Variation is likewise visible in its length relying at the significance of the constructing on which it capabilities or the selection of the designer.
Its characteristic is just like that of different overhangs or eaves in that it protects and ornaments entrances, arches and home windows from the out of doors elements.
Some forms of roof may be taken into consideration massive chhajja as well.
Fig. Showing Lintel and Chhajja
10. Explain the principles of building planning.
Principles of Building Planning:
In making plans a residential residence, the subsequent ideas are to be saved in thoughts. Deshpande has given sure ideas which may be used as courses for residential making plans.
These principles are:
1. Aspects:
The issue of the residence must be such that it allows the own circle of relatives individuals to stay comfortably.
Aspect is worried with the orientation of the constructing.
The association of the doorways and home windows withinside the outdoor partitions of the residence must be in this type of manner that masses of sunrays, breeze can input into the residence.
All the rooms must be nicely ventilated and nicely lighted via way of means of the right placement of doorways and home windows.
Aspects of a constructing offer comfort, hygiene and first-class perspectives.
The kitchen must have a Japanese issue for purchasing natural air from outdoor that can dispose of the fumes of cooking and the room stays cool withinside the day time.
Bed rooms must have a South East or South West issue.
The mattress rooms must have a verandah in West.
So that it protects the partitions from getting direct sunrays.
The drawing room or dwelling room may have North East or South East issue.
2. Prospect:
Prospect is the view from outdoor of a residence.
The residence must have a right prospect in order that it may provide a sense of cheerfulness to the humans dwelling in it.
It must create an awesome effect on someone who perspectives it from outdoor.
Prospect must display first-class functions and cover unsightly and unwanted functions of the residence.
The residence now no longer best seems appealing from outdoor, however it have to additionally own properly characteristics like comfort, cheerfulness, security, labour saving and contemporary-day outlook.
For e.g. Small Projections or bay window may have an awesome out-appearance in addition to enables in supplying breeze, mild and daylight to the room.
3. Privacy:
It is a vital precept whilst making plans a residential constructing.
Privacy may be maintained in ways:
External
Internal.
External Privacy:
This may be maintained via way of means of:
Fixing monitors at the doorways and home windows.
If the residence is constructed on the bottom of the plot with sufficient distance from the toll road and streets, then privateness may be maintained effortlessly. The residence must now no longer be constructed at the brink of the roads.
Screens must be constant on the primary door of the residence in order that one can not have a complete view of the inner components of the residence from outdoor.
The outside privateness may be maintained via way of means of making plans the primary front cautiously or via way of means of screening it with timber or creepers.
Internal Privacy:
Screens can be used withinside the doorways of all rooms that can effortlessly separate one room from another. Bedrooms, toilets, toilet, kitchen must be well screened. This may be feasible if all rooms have unbiased access.
The door must be positioned on one aspect of the lengthy wall of the room.
Privacy may be maintained via way of means of unmarried panel doorways.
4. Grouping:
It manner the rooms have to be organized when it comes to one another.
Different hobby regions must be separated.
The public or not unusualplace rooms consisting of drawing room, dwelling room, own circle of relatives room and eating room must be grouped collectively.
The bed room, examine room, dressing room and rest room must be separated from public regions via way of means of a principal corridor or passage.
Dining room must be near the kitchen.
The drawing room must now no longer be close to the kitchen.
The toilets must be available to all rooms.
Children’s room must be close to the parent’s room.
5. Roominess:
The roominess will be produced in a residence via way of means of the usage of small proportions.
An affect of spaciousness may be created even supposing the residence is small.
A rectangular room might also additionally appearance smaller than square room of the equal rectangular meter region due to the alternate in proportion.
The cabinets and cabinets must be constant in this type of manner as to make the exceptional use of area available.
The constructed in wall cabinets, display cases, cabinets assist in heading off over-crowding of ground region.
The area beneath the window sill may be used for garage functions.
Wall shelves withinside the kitchen offer sufficient garage area.
The kitchen lawn and the verandah must be so positioned that collectively they offer continuity of area.
6. Sanitation:
The fitness of the own circle of relatives individuals relies upon upon the sanitary situation of the residence.
Provision must be made for correct lighting, ventilation, cleanliness and different sanitary conveniences withinside the residence.
All the rooms must be nicely lighted and nicely ventilated.
There must be home windows on contrary wall of the room to have move ventilation.
Instead of 1 window, there must be to 3 home windows in unique partitions of the room so that each one the rooms can get enough mild and air.
7. Flexibility:
It manner that the room may have multi-reason use.
When there's scarcity of area, flexibility of room will become vital.
For e.g. a dwelling room may be transformed to bed room at night.
Kitchen must serve each the functions of cooking and dinning.
Bed rooms may be used as examine room.
Flexibility is vital for people who stay in flats.
8. Communication:
Easy communique among rooms is one of the maximum vital ideas in residential residence.
This may be feasible via way of means of the right placement of doorways, halls and stair cases.
The doorways must be positioned in this type of manner that we are able to circulate without crossing the middle of the room.
The passage withinside the room must now no longer intrude with the fixtures association.
A straight, brief and separate passage may be very vital for privateness of each room.
It enables in heading off disturbances in doing work.
Easy communique or circulate enables in decreasing the actions of the individuals doing family activities.
