MTCP
Unit 5
Natural Ventilation
- What do you mean by natural ventilation?
Natural Ventilation:
- Definition: the procedure of pulling sparkling air right into a constructing from the outside. In turn, this sparkling air enables pressure the nice and cozy, grimy air interior of the constructing out thru the hole withinside the roof. This turns into done, without mechanical assistance. While this is the definition, in a nutshell, it’s real software and use is a good deal extra complex.
- There are basically sorts of air flow that arise clearly in homes. There is both wind-primarily based totally air flow (additionally called pass air flow) or Buoyancy-pushed air flow (additionally called stack-impact air flow.
- Cross Ventilation: Wind shifting beyond a constructing will create exceptional regions of excessive and occasional strain. The windward aspect of the constructing is a place of excessive strain whilst the leeward aspect & roof are low strain. Strategically putting exceptional sizes and sorts of openings withinside the excessive and occasional-strain regions purpose air to transport thru the constructing at an expanded price and withinside the favored path.
- The simplest manner to apprehend wind-primarily based totally or wind-pushed air flow is to have a take a observe an open window. Fresh air is available in thru one aspect, actions all through the constructing, after which is going out thru the alternative aspect, pushing the stagnant heat air that changed into withinside the constructing in conjunction with it. Additionally that is a great, low-value air flow answer in sure facilities.
- However, it has to be referred to that wind-primarily based totally air flow isn’t continually best in regions in which there’s loads of pollutants or dust. It additionally doesn’t paintings in regions in which the wind isn't favorable, i.e. wind blows withinside the contrary path and has no impact. Wind-primarily based totally air flow also can purpose a constructing to in particular draughty, which may be elaborate withinside the wintry weather months as well.
- Buoyancy-Driven Ventilation: It appears complicated; however, it really works essentially like a fireplace. Because heat air rises and funky air remains low, this procedure forces heat air up.
- Heat generated inside homes rises closer to the ceiling. In massive homes, in which the shape is of considerable height, the herbal tendency of heat air to upward push generates air motion all through the complete constructing. This is what's usually called thermal buoyancy or the stack impact. Warm air rises thru the shape and escapes through the herbal ventilator. The wall louvers on the ground stage permit cool air to enter, changing the nice and cozy air that escapes.
- The tall roofs of commercial homes create giant variations in temperatures and pressures, that's why commercial webweb sites are best places for gravity air flow structures. Exploit those variations to direct air up and out of the constructing clearly.
- Unlike pass-air flow, this approach can nonetheless paintings on cool and calm days. For herbal air flow, all 12 months spherical buoyancy-pushed air flow is the proper choice.
2. What do you mean by water supply and sanitary fitting? Explain various materials used.
Water Supply and Sanitary fittings (Plumbing):
- Plumbing is any device that conveys fluids for a extensive variety of applications. Plumbing makes use of pipes, valves, plumbing fixtures, tanks, and different apparatuses to deliver fluids.
- Heating and cooling (HVAC), waste removal, and potable water transport are a few of the maximum not unusualplace makes use of for plumbing, however it isn't restricted to those applications.
- The phrase derives from the Latin for lead, plumbum, because the first powerful pipes used withinside the Roman generation have been lead pipes.
- In the advanced world, plumbing infrastructure is vital to public fitness and sanitation.
- Boilermakers and pipefitters aren't plumbers despite the fact that they paintings with piping as a part of their alternate and their paintings can encompass a few plumbing.
Materials
- Water structures of historic instances trusted gravity for the delivery of water, the usage of pipes or channels typically product of clay, lead, bamboo, wood, or stone.
- Hollowed timber logs wrapped in metal banding have been used for plumbing pipes, in particular water mains. Logs have been used for water distribution in England near 500 years ago.
- US towns started out the usage of hollowed logs withinside the overdue 1700s thru the 1800s.
- Today, maximum plumbing deliver pipe is made from metal, copper, and plastic; maximum waste (additionally called "soil") out of metal, copper, plastic, and solid iron.
- The immediately sections of plumbing structures are called "pipes" or "tubes".
- A pipe is generally shaped through casting or welding, while a tube is made thru extrusion.
- Pipe usually has thicker partitions and can be threaded or welded, whilst tubing is thinner-walled and calls for unique becoming a member of strategies together with brazing, compression fitting, crimping, or for plastics, solvent welding.
- These becoming a member of strategies are mentioned in extra element withinside the piping and plumbing fittings article.
Steel
- Galvanized metal potable water deliver and distribution pipes are usually discovered with nominal pipe sizes from 3⁄eight inch (9.five mm) to two inches (fifty one mm).
- It is not often used nowadays for brand spanking new creation residential plumbing. Steel pipe has National Pipe Thread (NPT) popular tapered male threads, which connect to girl tapered threads on elbows, tees, couplers, valves, and different fittings.
- Galvanized metal (frequently recognised sincerely as "galv" or "iron" withinside the plumbing alternate) is distinctly expensive, and hard to paintings with because of weight and requirement of a pipe threader.
- It stays in not unusualplace use for restore of present "galv" structures and to fulfill constructing code non-combustibility necessities generally discovered in hotels, rental homes and different business applications.
- It is likewise extraordinarily long lasting and proof against mechanical abuse.
- Black lacquered metal pipe is the maximum broadly used pipe cloth for hearthplace sprinklers and herbal gas.
- Most common unmarried own circle of relatives domestic structures might not require deliver piping large than 3⁄four inch (19 mm) because of cost in addition to metal piping's tendency to grow to be obstructed from inner rusting and mineral deposits forming at the interior of the pipe over the years as soon as the inner galvanizing zinc coating has degraded.
- In potable water distribution carrier, galvanized metal pipe has a carrier lifestyle of approximately 30 to 50 years, even though it isn't unusual for it to be much less in geographic regions with corrosive water contaminants.
3. Explain copper, plastic and electric fittings.
Copper
- Copper pipe and tubing changed into broadly used for home water structures withinside the latter 1/2 of of the 20 th century.
- Demand for copper merchandise has fallen because of the dramatic growth withinside the rate of copper, ensuing in expanded call for for opportunity merchandise consisting of PEX and stainless metal.
Plastic
- Plastic pipe is in extensive use for home water deliver and drain-waste-vent (DWV) pipe.
- Principal kinds encompass: Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) changed into produced experimentally withinside the nineteenth century however did now no longer grow to be sensible to fabricate till 1926, whilst Waldo Semon of BF Goodrich Co. Advanced a technique to plasticize PVC, making it less difficult to procedure.
- PVC pipe started out to be synthetic withinside the Forties and changed into in extensive use for Drain-Waste-Vent piping at some point of the reconstruction of Germany and Japan following WWII. In the 1950s, plastics producers in Western Europe and Japan started out generating acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) pipe.
- The approach for generating pass-related polyethylene (PEX) changed into additionally advanced withinside the 1950s.
- Plastic deliver pipes have grown to be more and more not unusualplace, with plenty of substances and fittings employed.
Electric Fittings:
- Electrical conduits are the infrastructure of electrical installations.
- Building generation is one of the creation ranges of a residence that's used longest - often for the complete lifestyles of the constructing.
- Those who need to put in simplest the minimal gadget withinside the new constructing for value motives have to plan beforehand and encompass numerous conduits.
- A expert retrofit set up of cables withinside the wall reasons dust and is disproportionately expensive.
- In addition, that is hardly ever viable in concrete partitions.
- Frequently, conduits display their actual price years later whilst proprietors and tenants remember shopping for new technical devices
- This is why a well-planned, complete set up of conduits assures the developers already at the development degree that they are able to continually use new technology of their domestic - and this with little or no set up effort.
- Renovation and modernization have to additionally be utilized in present homes to put in conduits to make the residence equipped for the future.
- Electrical conduits are the proper funding to make residential belongings future-evidence and are positive to repay withinside the lengthy run.
4. Explain heating ventilation and air conditioning.
Heating Ventilation & Air conditioning (HVAC):
Fig.Heating Ventilation & Air conditioning
- Heating, air flow, and aircon (HVAC)is the generation of indoor and vehicular environmental consolation.
- Its purpose is to offer thermal consolation and ideal indoor air first-rate.
- HVAC gadget layout is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering, primarily based totally at the standards of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics and warmth switch.
- "Refrigeration" is from time to time delivered to the field's abbreviation, as HVAC&R or HVACR or "air flow" is dropped, as in HACR (as withinside the designation of HACR-rated circuit breakers).
- HVAC is an critical a part of residential systems including unmarried own circle of relatives homes, rental homes, accommodations and senior residing facilities, medium to big commercial and workplace homes including skyscrapers and hospitals, automobiles including cars, trains, airplanes, ships and submarines, and in marine environments, in which secure and wholesome constructing situations are regulated with recognize to temperature and humidity, the use of clean air from outdoors.
- Ventilating or air flow (the "V" in HVAC) is the procedure of changing or changing air in any area to offer excessive indoor air first-rate which entails temperature manage, oxygen replenishment, and elimination of moisture, odors, smoke, warmness, dust, airborne bacteria, carbon dioxide, and different gases. Ventilation eliminates ugly smells and immoderate moisture, introduces out of doors air, maintains indoors constructing air circulating, and stops stagnation of the indoors air.
- Ventilation frequently refers back to the intentional transport of the out of doors air to the constructing indoor environment. It is one of the maximum critical elements for preserving ideal indoor air first-rate in homes. Methods for ventilating a constructing are divided into mechanical/compelled and herbal types.
Heating:
- Heaters are home equipment whose motive is to generate warmness (i.e. warmth) for the constructing.
- This may be performed thru valuable heating. Such a gadget carries a boiler, furnace, or warmness pump to warmness water, steam, or air in a valuable region including a furnace room in a home, or a mechanical room in a big constructing.
- The warmness may be transferred with the aid of using convection, conduction, or radiation.
- Space warmers are used to warmness unmarried rooms and best include a unmarried unit.
Ventilation:
- Ventilation is the procedure of converting or changing air in any area to manipulate temperature or get rid of any aggregate of moisture, odors, smoke, warmness, dust, airborne bacteria, or carbon dioxide, and to fill up oxygen.
- Ventilation frequently refers back to the intentional transport of the out of doors air to the constructing indoor area.
- It is one of the maximum critical elements for preserving ideal indoor air first-rate in homes.
- Methods for ventilating a constructing can be divided into mechanical/compelled and herbal types.
Mechanical or forced ventilation
- Mechanical, or compelled, air flow is furnished with the aid of using an air handler (AHU) and used to manipulate indoor air first-rate.
- Excess humidity, odors, and contaminants can frequently be managed thru dilution or substitute with out of doors air.
- However, in humid climates extra power is needed to get rid of extra moisture from air flow air.
- Kitchens and lavatories commonly have mechanical exhausts to manipulate odors and from time to time humidity.
- Factors withinside the layout of such structures consists of the waft rate (that's a feature of the fan pace and exhaust vent length) and noise level.
- Direct pressure lovers are to be had for plenty applications, and might lessen upkeep desires.
- In summer, ceiling lovers and table/ground lovers flow into air inside a room for the motive of decreasing the perceived temperature with the aid of using growing evaporation of perspiration at the pores and skin of the occupants.
- Because warm air rises, ceiling lovers can be used to hold a room hotter withinside the wintry weather with the aid of using circulating the nice and cozy stratified air from the ceiling to the ground.
5. Explain air conditioning.
Air conditioning:
- An aircon gadget, or a standalone air conditioner, affords cooling and/or humidity manage for all or a part of a constructing.
- Air-conditioned homes frequently have sealed home windows, due to the fact open home windows might paintings towards the gadget supposed to hold consistent indoor air situations.
- Outside, clean air is normally drawn into the gadget with the aid of using a vent into a mixture air chamber for blending with the distance go back air.
- Then the aggregate air enters an indoor or out of doors warmness exchanger segment in which the air is to be cooled down, then be guided to the distance developing effective air pressure.
- The percent of go back air made of clean air can generally be manipulated with the aid of using adjusting the hole of this vent. Typical clean air consumption is ready 10% of the whole deliver air.[citation needed]
- Air conditioning and refrigeration are furnished thru the elimination of warmness. Heat may be eliminated thru radiation, convection, or conduction.
- The warmness switch medium is a refrigeration gadget, including water, air, ice, and chemical substances are called refrigerants.
- A refrigerant is hired both in a warmness pump gadget wherein a compressor is used to pressure thermodynamic refrigeration cycle, or in a unfastened cooling gadget which makes use of pumps to flow into a groovy refrigerant (commonly water or a glycol mix).
- It is vital that the aircon horsepower is enough for the region being cooled.
- Underpowered aircon gadget will cause electricity wastage and inefficient usage. Adequate horsepower is needed for any air conditioner installed.
6. Explain lifts with suitable diagram.
Lifts:
Fig.showing Lift
- These are the device used for vertical motion interior a constructing and contains of 1 or greater cars (sheet steel packing containers with sliding doors), suspended in a structural ‘sling’ of metals channels, that may be moved up and down the storeys of the constructing through a few using and controlling mechanism.
- In a easy installation, the elevate shaft is of concrete or masonry forming the a part of provider core.
- Desirably the motor room is without delay over the shaft. Safety overruns are saved above the pinnacle touchdown stage and withinside the basement pit.
- The counterweight balances the automobile weight and guarantees that the hoist rope’s friction grips the using sheaves, and additionally this reduces motor electricity consumption.
- The motor electricity is used to triumph over friction, acceleration, inertia and the unbalanced load throughout lifting.
- The compensating cables are there to offset the burden of the hoist cables, moving to the counterweight aspect as the automobile rises, maintaining the burden at the sheaves balanced.
- Slower lifts can be pushed through an AC motor however variable voltage DC automobiles deliver a better, smoother overall performance for excessive velocity lifts.
- A elevate motor room has following features:
- A concrete gadget base incorporating a vibration separating cork slab to split it’s higher and decrease parts.
- Motor and brake gadget bolted to the higher, vibration-isolated, concrete slab.
- Flexible armored electric powered cable connection to the motor.
- The elevate motor essential isolator transfer near the plant room door.
- An get right of entry to hatch into the elevate shaft.
- The electric powered manipulate panel A lifting beam constructed into the structure.
- Adequate synthetic illumination
- Natural air flow
- 13 A power point
- Locked door
- Light coloured partitions and ceilings
7. Explain Escalator with neat sketch.
Escalator:
Fig.Escalator
- Escalators are wished wherein big numbers of humans are to be moved via a restrained no of floors.
- They are used to offer mechanical transportation for big range of passengers from surges at discharge instances from offices, railways underground stations, airport terminals and departmental stores.
- Capacity is basically ruled through the tread width, which might be from 0.6 to 1.05m, permitting status and passing room.
- The perspective of inclination is commonly 30o, however 35o may be used for vertical upward thrust of much less than 6m.
- Speed is much less significant; on account that a queue of humans can best switch to an escalator at a given price of 0.5m/s.
- Speeds of as much as 0.75m/s are permissible as that is the most secure access and go out velocity.
8. What is mean by fire fighting and fire protection of building?
Fire Fighting and Fire Protection of Buildings:
- The dreams of hearthplace prevention applications are to save you lack of life, belongings damage, and downtime in use of a constructing.
- Fires regularly motive disruption of commercial enterprise activities, lack of commercial enterprise documents, lack of worker paintings hours, and legal responsibility claims as a result of the unfold of hearthplace to adjoining properties.
- Depending on the development kind or contents of the constructing and the occupancy kind and range of occupants, hearthplace prevention functions must offer life-protection and belongings safety or a mixture of each.
- A hearthplace prevention software can lessen or cast off the incidence of fires through schooling occupants in hearthplace protection, in addition to right preservation and care of hearthplace safety and life-protection structures, and through controlling capability ignition reassets and fuels.
- A hit hearthplace prevention software is a part of the everyday operations of each belonging.
- Fire prevention is the obligation of the proprietor, the supervisor, and all occupants of a belongings. It includes 3 number one parts:
- Precautions towards hearthplace
- Fire-protection training
- Fire safety and life-protection structures
Precautions towards Fire
- Traditional hearthplace prevention applications emphasize precautions designed to maintain a hearthplace from starting.
- The belongings proprietor or supervisor must take steps to:
- Control smoking substances and open flames
- Store flammable and flamable beverages correctly
- Use electric device efficaciously
- Perform preferred housework responsibilities on a ordinary foundation
- Purchase hearthplace-secure furnishings, decorations, and indoors finishes
- Maintain industrial kitchen exhaust structures
- Control unique dangers
9. Explain plastering with the types.
Plastering:
- Plastering is the system of masking hard partitions and choppy surfaces withinside the production of homes and different systems with a plastic fabric, referred to as plaster, that's a combination of lime or cement concrete and sand in conjunction with the desired amount of water.
REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD PLASTER
- It must adhere to the history and must stay adhered for the duration of all climatic changes.
- It must be reasonably-priced and economical. It must be tough and durable.
- It must be viable to use it for the duration of all climate conditions.
- It must efficiently test the access or penetration of moisture from the surfaces. It must own excellent workability.
Types of plastering:
There are distinct varieties of plasters are to be had such as:
- Lime plaster
- Cement plaster
- Mud plaster
- Stucco plaster
1. Lime plaster:
- When lime is used as a binding fabric it's miles referred to as lime plaster.
- Lime plaster is a form of plaster composed of hydrated lime, sand and water.
- Lime plaster is much like lime mortar, the primary distinction is primarily based totally on use as opposed to composition.
- Mortar for lime plaster is commonly organized through blending sand and lime in identical proportions, to enhance the power small amount of cement is delivered to it.
2. Cement plaster:
- When cement is used as a binding fabric it's miles referred to as cement plaster.
- It is in particular acceptable for damp condition.
- Cement plaster is typically implemented in a single coat.
- Thickness of coat may be 12 – 15mm or 20mm relying upon webweb page situations and form of building.
- 6mm thickness of plastering of 1:3 or 1:4 Ratio is suggested for cement plastering of RCC surfaces.
3. Mud plaster:
- The floor to be organized precisely withinside the equal way as that of for lime plaster or cement plaster.
- Mud plaster is usually implemented in coats, the primary coat being 18mm thick at the same time as the thickness of 2nd coat saved 6mm.
4. Stucco plaster:
- Stucco is the call given to ornamental form of plaster which offers a first-rate finish.
- Stucco plaster may be used for indoors in addition to outdoors surfaces.
- It is typically laid in 3 coats making the full thickness of plaster approximately 25mm. The first coat is known as scratch coat, the second one coat is known as high-quality coat, it's also called brown coat and the 0.33 coat is known as white coat or completing coat.
10. Explain pointing and distempering.
Pointing:
Fig.Showing Pointing
- Pointing is the time period given to the “finish” that sits among the bricks or stone used to construct your home.
- Depending at the age of the building, the mortar used to deposit the stone or brick might be manufactured from lime or, extra recently, cement.
- Pointing incorrectly reasons irreparable harm to older homes. It is vital to apprehend what mortar joints clearly do for the material of the home.
- The characteristic of mortar at the wall is to behave as a basis among stones and varies from nice joints withinside the stonework to large joints in rubble masonry partitions.
- The joints are efficaciously shriveled via way of means of placing small stones and ‘cut’ portions of stone. While appearing as a bed, the mortar ought to additionally carry out different functions:
- It ought to save you water from penetrating via the joints because of its bodily presence nearly like a masonry ‘sponge’ however it ought to permit the wall to respire and drain, porosity being a key element whilst deciding on a mortar to refer to.
- It ought to be bendy to permit movement/agreement of the shape because of thermal responses and agreement withinside the shape.
- Many former big homes aren't designed with today’s current expansion/contraction joints.
- The power of the mortar must usually be much less than that of the encompassing stones and must be taken into consideration as a sacrificial detail of the wall and visible as a protection object that wishes to be replaced, probable each century.
- The circumstance of the stone partitions can't be visible in isolation, and changing any partitions will now no longer therapy water ingress issues resulting from different creation failures, along with gutters, roofs, and lead.
- They ought to be in top circumstance to preserve the beneficial existence of the wall elements.
- The partitions want to respire – and, if the indicator does now no longer permit it, the wall will quick deteriorate. Mortar joints are the lungs of a wall – they permit water within the shape to go into and go out freely.
- If the water attempts to pop out via stone or brick, it's going to slowly disintegrate. Block the mortar joints, and the wall might be destroyed.
- The mortar ought to be softer than the cloth with which the wall is built. The indication ought to be subservient to the cloth with which the wall is built and visually count on a secondary characteristic.
Distempering:
- Distempering is the extensively used approach of portray the indoors in addition to outdoors surfaces of the house.
- It is only a technique of making use of wash like white wash or shade wash at the floor. But the completed floor received via way of means of distempering is some distance advanced to the ones received via way of means of white or shade wash.
- Distempering is performed via way of means of distempers.
Unit 5
Natural Ventilation
- What do you mean by natural ventilation?
Natural Ventilation:
- Definition: the procedure of pulling sparkling air right into a constructing from the outside. In turn, this sparkling air enables pressure the nice and cozy, grimy air interior of the constructing out thru the hole withinside the roof. This turns into done, without mechanical assistance. While this is the definition, in a nutshell, it’s real software and use is a good deal extra complex.
- There are basically sorts of air flow that arise clearly in homes. There is both wind-primarily based totally air flow (additionally called pass air flow) or Buoyancy-pushed air flow (additionally called stack-impact air flow.
- Cross Ventilation: Wind shifting beyond a constructing will create exceptional regions of excessive and occasional strain. The windward aspect of the constructing is a place of excessive strain whilst the leeward aspect & roof are low strain. Strategically putting exceptional sizes and sorts of openings withinside the excessive and occasional-strain regions purpose air to transport thru the constructing at an expanded price and withinside the favored path.
- The simplest manner to apprehend wind-primarily based totally or wind-pushed air flow is to have a take a observe an open window. Fresh air is available in thru one aspect, actions all through the constructing, after which is going out thru the alternative aspect, pushing the stagnant heat air that changed into withinside the constructing in conjunction with it. Additionally that is a great, low-value air flow answer in sure facilities.
- However, it has to be referred to that wind-primarily based totally air flow isn’t continually best in regions in which there’s loads of pollutants or dust. It additionally doesn’t paintings in regions in which the wind isn't favorable, i.e. wind blows withinside the contrary path and has no impact. Wind-primarily based totally air flow also can purpose a constructing to in particular draughty, which may be elaborate withinside the wintry weather months as well.
- Buoyancy-Driven Ventilation: It appears complicated; however, it really works essentially like a fireplace. Because heat air rises and funky air remains low, this procedure forces heat air up.
- Heat generated inside homes rises closer to the ceiling. In massive homes, in which the shape is of considerable height, the herbal tendency of heat air to upward push generates air motion all through the complete constructing. This is what's usually called thermal buoyancy or the stack impact. Warm air rises thru the shape and escapes through the herbal ventilator. The wall louvers on the ground stage permit cool air to enter, changing the nice and cozy air that escapes.
- The tall roofs of commercial homes create giant variations in temperatures and pressures, that's why commercial webweb sites are best places for gravity air flow structures. Exploit those variations to direct air up and out of the constructing clearly.
- Unlike pass-air flow, this approach can nonetheless paintings on cool and calm days. For herbal air flow, all 12 months spherical buoyancy-pushed air flow is the proper choice.
2. What do you mean by water supply and sanitary fitting? Explain various materials used.
Water Supply and Sanitary fittings (Plumbing):
- Plumbing is any device that conveys fluids for a extensive variety of applications. Plumbing makes use of pipes, valves, plumbing fixtures, tanks, and different apparatuses to deliver fluids.
- Heating and cooling (HVAC), waste removal, and potable water transport are a few of the maximum not unusualplace makes use of for plumbing, however it isn't restricted to those applications.
- The phrase derives from the Latin for lead, plumbum, because the first powerful pipes used withinside the Roman generation have been lead pipes.
- In the advanced world, plumbing infrastructure is vital to public fitness and sanitation.
- Boilermakers and pipefitters aren't plumbers despite the fact that they paintings with piping as a part of their alternate and their paintings can encompass a few plumbing.
Materials
- Water structures of historic instances trusted gravity for the delivery of water, the usage of pipes or channels typically product of clay, lead, bamboo, wood, or stone.
- Hollowed timber logs wrapped in metal banding have been used for plumbing pipes, in particular water mains. Logs have been used for water distribution in England near 500 years ago.
- US towns started out the usage of hollowed logs withinside the overdue 1700s thru the 1800s.
- Today, maximum plumbing deliver pipe is made from metal, copper, and plastic; maximum waste (additionally called "soil") out of metal, copper, plastic, and solid iron.
- The immediately sections of plumbing structures are called "pipes" or "tubes".
- A pipe is generally shaped through casting or welding, while a tube is made thru extrusion.
- Pipe usually has thicker partitions and can be threaded or welded, whilst tubing is thinner-walled and calls for unique becoming a member of strategies together with brazing, compression fitting, crimping, or for plastics, solvent welding.
- These becoming a member of strategies are mentioned in extra element withinside the piping and plumbing fittings article.
Steel
- Galvanized metal potable water deliver and distribution pipes are usually discovered with nominal pipe sizes from 3⁄eight inch (9.five mm) to two inches (fifty one mm).
- It is not often used nowadays for brand spanking new creation residential plumbing. Steel pipe has National Pipe Thread (NPT) popular tapered male threads, which connect to girl tapered threads on elbows, tees, couplers, valves, and different fittings.
- Galvanized metal (frequently recognised sincerely as "galv" or "iron" withinside the plumbing alternate) is distinctly expensive, and hard to paintings with because of weight and requirement of a pipe threader.
- It stays in not unusualplace use for restore of present "galv" structures and to fulfill constructing code non-combustibility necessities generally discovered in hotels, rental homes and different business applications.
- It is likewise extraordinarily long lasting and proof against mechanical abuse.
- Black lacquered metal pipe is the maximum broadly used pipe cloth for hearthplace sprinklers and herbal gas.
- Most common unmarried own circle of relatives domestic structures might not require deliver piping large than 3⁄four inch (19 mm) because of cost in addition to metal piping's tendency to grow to be obstructed from inner rusting and mineral deposits forming at the interior of the pipe over the years as soon as the inner galvanizing zinc coating has degraded.
- In potable water distribution carrier, galvanized metal pipe has a carrier lifestyle of approximately 30 to 50 years, even though it isn't unusual for it to be much less in geographic regions with corrosive water contaminants.
3. Explain copper, plastic and electric fittings.
Copper
- Copper pipe and tubing changed into broadly used for home water structures withinside the latter 1/2 of of the 20 th century.
- Demand for copper merchandise has fallen because of the dramatic growth withinside the rate of copper, ensuing in expanded call for for opportunity merchandise consisting of PEX and stainless metal.
Plastic
- Plastic pipe is in extensive use for home water deliver and drain-waste-vent (DWV) pipe.
- Principal kinds encompass: Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) changed into produced experimentally withinside the nineteenth century however did now no longer grow to be sensible to fabricate till 1926, whilst Waldo Semon of BF Goodrich Co. Advanced a technique to plasticize PVC, making it less difficult to procedure.
- PVC pipe started out to be synthetic withinside the Forties and changed into in extensive use for Drain-Waste-Vent piping at some point of the reconstruction of Germany and Japan following WWII. In the 1950s, plastics producers in Western Europe and Japan started out generating acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) pipe.
- The approach for generating pass-related polyethylene (PEX) changed into additionally advanced withinside the 1950s.
- Plastic deliver pipes have grown to be more and more not unusualplace, with plenty of substances and fittings employed.
Electric Fittings:
- Electrical conduits are the infrastructure of electrical installations.
- Building generation is one of the creation ranges of a residence that's used longest - often for the complete lifestyles of the constructing.
- Those who need to put in simplest the minimal gadget withinside the new constructing for value motives have to plan beforehand and encompass numerous conduits.
- A expert retrofit set up of cables withinside the wall reasons dust and is disproportionately expensive.
- In addition, that is hardly ever viable in concrete partitions.
- Frequently, conduits display their actual price years later whilst proprietors and tenants remember shopping for new technical devices
- This is why a well-planned, complete set up of conduits assures the developers already at the development degree that they are able to continually use new technology of their domestic - and this with little or no set up effort.
- Renovation and modernization have to additionally be utilized in present homes to put in conduits to make the residence equipped for the future.
- Electrical conduits are the proper funding to make residential belongings future-evidence and are positive to repay withinside the lengthy run.
4. Explain heating ventilation and air conditioning.
Heating Ventilation & Air conditioning (HVAC):
Fig.Heating Ventilation & Air conditioning
- Heating, air flow, and aircon (HVAC)is the generation of indoor and vehicular environmental consolation.
- Its purpose is to offer thermal consolation and ideal indoor air first-rate.
- HVAC gadget layout is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering, primarily based totally at the standards of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics and warmth switch.
- "Refrigeration" is from time to time delivered to the field's abbreviation, as HVAC&R or HVACR or "air flow" is dropped, as in HACR (as withinside the designation of HACR-rated circuit breakers).
- HVAC is an critical a part of residential systems including unmarried own circle of relatives homes, rental homes, accommodations and senior residing facilities, medium to big commercial and workplace homes including skyscrapers and hospitals, automobiles including cars, trains, airplanes, ships and submarines, and in marine environments, in which secure and wholesome constructing situations are regulated with recognize to temperature and humidity, the use of clean air from outdoors.
- Ventilating or air flow (the "V" in HVAC) is the procedure of changing or changing air in any area to offer excessive indoor air first-rate which entails temperature manage, oxygen replenishment, and elimination of moisture, odors, smoke, warmness, dust, airborne bacteria, carbon dioxide, and different gases. Ventilation eliminates ugly smells and immoderate moisture, introduces out of doors air, maintains indoors constructing air circulating, and stops stagnation of the indoors air.
- Ventilation frequently refers back to the intentional transport of the out of doors air to the constructing indoor environment. It is one of the maximum critical elements for preserving ideal indoor air first-rate in homes. Methods for ventilating a constructing are divided into mechanical/compelled and herbal types.
Heating:
- Heaters are home equipment whose motive is to generate warmness (i.e. warmth) for the constructing.
- This may be performed thru valuable heating. Such a gadget carries a boiler, furnace, or warmness pump to warmness water, steam, or air in a valuable region including a furnace room in a home, or a mechanical room in a big constructing.
- The warmness may be transferred with the aid of using convection, conduction, or radiation.
- Space warmers are used to warmness unmarried rooms and best include a unmarried unit.
Ventilation:
- Ventilation is the procedure of converting or changing air in any area to manipulate temperature or get rid of any aggregate of moisture, odors, smoke, warmness, dust, airborne bacteria, or carbon dioxide, and to fill up oxygen.
- Ventilation frequently refers back to the intentional transport of the out of doors air to the constructing indoor area.
- It is one of the maximum critical elements for preserving ideal indoor air first-rate in homes.
- Methods for ventilating a constructing can be divided into mechanical/compelled and herbal types.
Mechanical or forced ventilation
- Mechanical, or compelled, air flow is furnished with the aid of using an air handler (AHU) and used to manipulate indoor air first-rate.
- Excess humidity, odors, and contaminants can frequently be managed thru dilution or substitute with out of doors air.
- However, in humid climates extra power is needed to get rid of extra moisture from air flow air.
- Kitchens and lavatories commonly have mechanical exhausts to manipulate odors and from time to time humidity.
- Factors withinside the layout of such structures consists of the waft rate (that's a feature of the fan pace and exhaust vent length) and noise level.
- Direct pressure lovers are to be had for plenty applications, and might lessen upkeep desires.
- In summer, ceiling lovers and table/ground lovers flow into air inside a room for the motive of decreasing the perceived temperature with the aid of using growing evaporation of perspiration at the pores and skin of the occupants.
- Because warm air rises, ceiling lovers can be used to hold a room hotter withinside the wintry weather with the aid of using circulating the nice and cozy stratified air from the ceiling to the ground.
5. Explain air conditioning.
Air conditioning:
- An aircon gadget, or a standalone air conditioner, affords cooling and/or humidity manage for all or a part of a constructing.
- Air-conditioned homes frequently have sealed home windows, due to the fact open home windows might paintings towards the gadget supposed to hold consistent indoor air situations.
- Outside, clean air is normally drawn into the gadget with the aid of using a vent into a mixture air chamber for blending with the distance go back air.
- Then the aggregate air enters an indoor or out of doors warmness exchanger segment in which the air is to be cooled down, then be guided to the distance developing effective air pressure.
- The percent of go back air made of clean air can generally be manipulated with the aid of using adjusting the hole of this vent. Typical clean air consumption is ready 10% of the whole deliver air.[citation needed]
- Air conditioning and refrigeration are furnished thru the elimination of warmness. Heat may be eliminated thru radiation, convection, or conduction.
- The warmness switch medium is a refrigeration gadget, including water, air, ice, and chemical substances are called refrigerants.
- A refrigerant is hired both in a warmness pump gadget wherein a compressor is used to pressure thermodynamic refrigeration cycle, or in a unfastened cooling gadget which makes use of pumps to flow into a groovy refrigerant (commonly water or a glycol mix).
- It is vital that the aircon horsepower is enough for the region being cooled.
- Underpowered aircon gadget will cause electricity wastage and inefficient usage. Adequate horsepower is needed for any air conditioner installed.
6. Explain lifts with suitable diagram.
Lifts:
Fig.showing Lift
- These are the device used for vertical motion interior a constructing and contains of 1 or greater cars (sheet steel packing containers with sliding doors), suspended in a structural ‘sling’ of metals channels, that may be moved up and down the storeys of the constructing through a few using and controlling mechanism.
- In a easy installation, the elevate shaft is of concrete or masonry forming the a part of provider core.
- Desirably the motor room is without delay over the shaft. Safety overruns are saved above the pinnacle touchdown stage and withinside the basement pit.
- The counterweight balances the automobile weight and guarantees that the hoist rope’s friction grips the using sheaves, and additionally this reduces motor electricity consumption.
- The motor electricity is used to triumph over friction, acceleration, inertia and the unbalanced load throughout lifting.
- The compensating cables are there to offset the burden of the hoist cables, moving to the counterweight aspect as the automobile rises, maintaining the burden at the sheaves balanced.
- Slower lifts can be pushed through an AC motor however variable voltage DC automobiles deliver a better, smoother overall performance for excessive velocity lifts.
- A elevate motor room has following features:
- A concrete gadget base incorporating a vibration separating cork slab to split it’s higher and decrease parts.
- Motor and brake gadget bolted to the higher, vibration-isolated, concrete slab.
- Flexible armored electric powered cable connection to the motor.
- The elevate motor essential isolator transfer near the plant room door.
- An get right of entry to hatch into the elevate shaft.
- The electric powered manipulate panel A lifting beam constructed into the structure.
- Adequate synthetic illumination
- Natural air flow
- 13 A power point
- Locked door
- Light coloured partitions and ceilings
7. Explain Escalator with neat sketch.
Escalator:
Fig.Escalator
- Escalators are wished wherein big numbers of humans are to be moved via a restrained no of floors.
- They are used to offer mechanical transportation for big range of passengers from surges at discharge instances from offices, railways underground stations, airport terminals and departmental stores.
- Capacity is basically ruled through the tread width, which might be from 0.6 to 1.05m, permitting status and passing room.
- The perspective of inclination is commonly 30o, however 35o may be used for vertical upward thrust of much less than 6m.
- Speed is much less significant; on account that a queue of humans can best switch to an escalator at a given price of 0.5m/s.
- Speeds of as much as 0.75m/s are permissible as that is the most secure access and go out velocity.
8. What is mean by fire fighting and fire protection of building?
Fire Fighting and Fire Protection of Buildings:
- The dreams of hearthplace prevention applications are to save you lack of life, belongings damage, and downtime in use of a constructing.
- Fires regularly motive disruption of commercial enterprise activities, lack of commercial enterprise documents, lack of worker paintings hours, and legal responsibility claims as a result of the unfold of hearthplace to adjoining properties.
- Depending on the development kind or contents of the constructing and the occupancy kind and range of occupants, hearthplace prevention functions must offer life-protection and belongings safety or a mixture of each.
- A hearthplace prevention software can lessen or cast off the incidence of fires through schooling occupants in hearthplace protection, in addition to right preservation and care of hearthplace safety and life-protection structures, and through controlling capability ignition reassets and fuels.
- A hit hearthplace prevention software is a part of the everyday operations of each belonging.
- Fire prevention is the obligation of the proprietor, the supervisor, and all occupants of a belongings. It includes 3 number one parts:
- Precautions towards hearthplace
- Fire-protection training
- Fire safety and life-protection structures
Precautions towards Fire
- Traditional hearthplace prevention applications emphasize precautions designed to maintain a hearthplace from starting.
- The belongings proprietor or supervisor must take steps to:
- Control smoking substances and open flames
- Store flammable and flamable beverages correctly
- Use electric device efficaciously
- Perform preferred housework responsibilities on a ordinary foundation
- Purchase hearthplace-secure furnishings, decorations, and indoors finishes
- Maintain industrial kitchen exhaust structures
- Control unique dangers
9. Explain plastering with the types.
Plastering:
- Plastering is the system of masking hard partitions and choppy surfaces withinside the production of homes and different systems with a plastic fabric, referred to as plaster, that's a combination of lime or cement concrete and sand in conjunction with the desired amount of water.
REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD PLASTER
- It must adhere to the history and must stay adhered for the duration of all climatic changes.
- It must be reasonably-priced and economical. It must be tough and durable.
- It must be viable to use it for the duration of all climate conditions.
- It must efficiently test the access or penetration of moisture from the surfaces. It must own excellent workability.
Types of plastering:
There are distinct varieties of plasters are to be had such as:
- Lime plaster
- Cement plaster
- Mud plaster
- Stucco plaster
1. Lime plaster:
- When lime is used as a binding fabric it's miles referred to as lime plaster.
- Lime plaster is a form of plaster composed of hydrated lime, sand and water.
- Lime plaster is much like lime mortar, the primary distinction is primarily based totally on use as opposed to composition.
- Mortar for lime plaster is commonly organized through blending sand and lime in identical proportions, to enhance the power small amount of cement is delivered to it.
2. Cement plaster:
- When cement is used as a binding fabric it's miles referred to as cement plaster.
- It is in particular acceptable for damp condition.
- Cement plaster is typically implemented in a single coat.
- Thickness of coat may be 12 – 15mm or 20mm relying upon webweb page situations and form of building.
- 6mm thickness of plastering of 1:3 or 1:4 Ratio is suggested for cement plastering of RCC surfaces.
3. Mud plaster:
- The floor to be organized precisely withinside the equal way as that of for lime plaster or cement plaster.
- Mud plaster is usually implemented in coats, the primary coat being 18mm thick at the same time as the thickness of 2nd coat saved 6mm.
4. Stucco plaster:
- Stucco is the call given to ornamental form of plaster which offers a first-rate finish.
- Stucco plaster may be used for indoors in addition to outdoors surfaces.
- It is typically laid in 3 coats making the full thickness of plaster approximately 25mm. The first coat is known as scratch coat, the second one coat is known as high-quality coat, it's also called brown coat and the 0.33 coat is known as white coat or completing coat.
10. Explain pointing and distempering.
Pointing:
Fig.Showing Pointing
- Pointing is the time period given to the “finish” that sits among the bricks or stone used to construct your home.
- Depending at the age of the building, the mortar used to deposit the stone or brick might be manufactured from lime or, extra recently, cement.
- Pointing incorrectly reasons irreparable harm to older homes. It is vital to apprehend what mortar joints clearly do for the material of the home.
- The characteristic of mortar at the wall is to behave as a basis among stones and varies from nice joints withinside the stonework to large joints in rubble masonry partitions.
- The joints are efficaciously shriveled via way of means of placing small stones and ‘cut’ portions of stone. While appearing as a bed, the mortar ought to additionally carry out different functions:
- It ought to save you water from penetrating via the joints because of its bodily presence nearly like a masonry ‘sponge’ however it ought to permit the wall to respire and drain, porosity being a key element whilst deciding on a mortar to refer to.
- It ought to be bendy to permit movement/agreement of the shape because of thermal responses and agreement withinside the shape.
- Many former big homes aren't designed with today’s current expansion/contraction joints.
- The power of the mortar must usually be much less than that of the encompassing stones and must be taken into consideration as a sacrificial detail of the wall and visible as a protection object that wishes to be replaced, probable each century.
- The circumstance of the stone partitions can't be visible in isolation, and changing any partitions will now no longer therapy water ingress issues resulting from different creation failures, along with gutters, roofs, and lead.
- They ought to be in top circumstance to preserve the beneficial existence of the wall elements.
- The partitions want to respire – and, if the indicator does now no longer permit it, the wall will quick deteriorate. Mortar joints are the lungs of a wall – they permit water within the shape to go into and go out freely.
- If the water attempts to pop out via stone or brick, it's going to slowly disintegrate. Block the mortar joints, and the wall might be destroyed.
- The mortar ought to be softer than the cloth with which the wall is built. The indication ought to be subservient to the cloth with which the wall is built and visually count on a secondary characteristic.
Distempering:
- Distempering is the extensively used approach of portray the indoors in addition to outdoors surfaces of the house.
- It is only a technique of making use of wash like white wash or shade wash at the floor. But the completed floor received via way of means of distempering is some distance advanced to the ones received via way of means of white or shade wash.
- Distempering is performed via way of means of distempers.
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