English | unit 2 ancient architecture in india from the prescribed textbook english for engineers published by cambridge university press

ENG

English

Unit - 2

Question Bank

2.1. What is a Claim or Complaint letter? Give an example of a complaint letter.

A claim letter is essentially a complaint letter which a buyer writes to a seller to resolve grievances. Claim letters are formal business letters in which an individual or company demands the fulfilment of their claims.

In a claim letter the buyer asks for a refund or replacement for the faulty products or services provided by the seller. The seller then sends an adjustment letter where he tries to find a solution for the buyer’s problem.

Below is a sample claim letter which can be used as a template while writing a claim letter:

2.2. Describe the format of a letter of requisition in detail.

A requisition letter or order letter is a type of business letter which is written for the purpose of requesting products and services. A requisition letter is written by the buyer when the seller has provided them with a quote and it is in accordance with their budget.

An order or requisition letter is an important step towards initiating a business transaction. This letter demonstrates interest in the merchandise and the need to start a business deal. This letter also shows that a customer is satisfied with the details provided in the quote like prices, specifications and other details.

An order letter is also used to specify the timeline around which the ordered products are to be delivered. It also provides other relevant information on quantity, the things ordered, and the mode of payment.

Below is a template of how an order letter should be written. In this template, the buyer is placing an order after receiving a quotation from the seller and agreeing to it.

From,

_____________

Date (date on which letter is written)

To,

________________

Subject: _________________________________________

Dear _________________,

My name is ____________ and I am writing as ____________ on behalf of ____________. With regard to a request for a quote dated ____________, I wish to order ____________ fabrics that are ____________ in colour and ____________ design. This order is for a client who is preparing for a wedding on ____________ and I wish to have the order urgently. The reference number of this order is ____________, please include it in all transactions for this order.

The first order will be for ____________ pieces so that we can examine the quality of the fabric and the design before making the second order. The second order will be for ____________ pieces upon approval of the first order. Kindly receive a check of ____________ for the first order. I would appreciate if you sent me a confirmation of receipt through my email ____________.

I hope to receive the shipment by latest ____________ in our office located on this address ____________.

Thank you in advance.

Your Truly,

__________

(__________________)

2.3. What is a Resume? What are the elements involved in writing a resume?

A resume is a short document used to summarize the job search and qualifications of the prospective employer. The resume includes contact details for the job seeker, work experience, education, and the appropriate skills to support the job application.
Your renegotiation is a critical part of today's job application process. Writing a good resume is more important than ever now that online job posts tend to attract hundreds if not thousands of applicants. A refurbished, ready-to-start application will increase your chances of getting an interview while poorly written resumes may be lost at sea of applicants.

How to write the resume:

1. Select the resume format and the categories you need

2. Always include contact details, work experience, and education

3. Use traditional topics for high compliance

4. Apply practical skills directly to the job description

5. Replace basic tasks with impactful performance

6. Do not include an old goal statement or reference section

7. Preview and double-check what you wrote

8. Save as docx file (optional) or pdf.
If you think you are done, ask someone else to take care of you. Alternatively, take it to jobscan for a quick answer.

What to learn from your question?

At the very least, your startup should include your contact details, work experience, and education. Additional job summary sections, skills, volunteer work, and additional qualifications can be added when related to the job you work for.
The work ethic here is "worth it." remember that your resume is intended to quickly highlight the reasons why you are well prepared for the job. It is not intended to explain all the tasks you have done. Instead of simply listing your daily obligations from past activities, read the job listing and try to find the answer to each of the requirements listed. This is likely to get the attention of an employer who can only look at your return for a few seconds. It also broadens your application tracking system to apply to algorithms that help companies identify top candidates.
Below you will find out which parts of the restart to include in your startup and how to adapt to the job you are looking for.

Contact information:

The title of your startup should include the following information:

Name
Phone number
Location (city, country, zip code)
Email address
Linked profile url
It may seem obvious, but job seekers sometimes forget an important piece of contact information in this section. Double check and make it as easy as possible for employers to contact you for job interviews.

Phone number:

Enter a personal phone number, not a work number. Enter your city, state, and zip code (e.g. “seattle, wa 98104”). This is important as other applicant tracking systems allow employers to filter the candidates based on location. Employers will always start with local selectors first. If you are traveling from somewhere, write down your current location and your future location.

Email address:

Use a valid email address. An email address based around your name is correct, such as jackieromano12@email.com. Your "happy" email address may work well in your life, but the terms "beersnob88" or "biebersuperfan" may not be so clear. Even using a seemingly outdated email client - such as aol or hotmail - can harm your prospects. Consider creating a free gmail account for your search.

Linked Profile url:

If the employer is surprised by your qualifications, they will look at your online profiles. All job seekers should create a strong linkedin profile and include a url in their resume. This will make the life of the employer a little easier and help them to cross-check the claims on your resume.

Work experience:

Part of the work experience is the heart of your resume. Separate this category from a clear, existing topic, such as "work experience," "work experience," or "employment history." this will help guide employers towards your resume and ensure that the applicant tracking system (ats) is well defined.

Under the main heading, list each activity in chronological order. Each function should have its own sub-heading that includes the following information:

Company
Workplace
Your job title
Start and end dates

For example:

Abc corporation, settle
Distribution manager (01/2017-present)
The first things an employer looks for in your resume are the topics of the work you hold and the number of companies you've worked with. This format not only makes it easy for them to access that information, but our research has found that this sequence also provides greater ats compatibility.

Under each subheading, include responsibilities and measurable outputs that are relevant to the job you are working on. Remember, you don't have to include all the activities that were part of your daily routine. Use your available space to highlight the skills and knowledge requested in the job description. Jobscan helps you decide exactly what skills are requested and whether or not you have highlighted them.

Education:

When you have a few years into your career, your education level may also be reduced under your resume.Unless you're using a profession that places more emphasis on education (such as academics, law, or medicine), most job seekers can escape by simply providing the following information on their resume:

• Agency name

• Stem

• School location

• Years visited
If you have just graduated from college, your education level surpasses your professional experience and includes many details. Skills developed in school are real skills that are important in the professional world. Recent rooms can include appropriate coursework, communities, organizations, and extracurriculars that strengthen their identity.

Activities:

98% of fortune 500 companies use applicant tracking systems (ats) to filter, filter, and enter applicants. Other atss, such as taleo, can automatically add your own content to the job description, allowing employers to focus only on the best "applicants". Employers are also looking at their application site to find keywords, such as "customer service," "accounts available," or "adobe photoshop."

Overloading or coming up as a search result is about adding complex skills and keywords to your resume. A good way to identify key skills in a list and search algorithms is to identify which skills are most prominent in the job description. Aligning these skills to your resume, where applicable, increases your chances of being selected for an interview

Strong skills should apply to all your resume capabilities. Entering the skills category for your startup is not a prerequisite, but it can help you have a natural place to list the essential skills in the job you work for. The dedicated skills section also makes your resume much easier for employers trying to quickly find out if you meet their needs.

If you are using the skills section, remember that the list of skills and keywords is not enough. Add context to these skills to your full potential so employers can believe. This includes factors such as projects you have used in skills, the number of years of experience in a given skill, or the level of your expertise.

Historical and free:

Some restart forms allow space for some optional components. Only use the category of awards or honors in your resume if it makes sense for the job you work for. Active reputations will improve your credibility while poor prizes simply distract you from your best titles. For example, decide to get a monthly career or get a great customer satisfaction rating for your department, but maybe not if you are a kart race expert in your free time.

Volunteer work and study:

The work you do as an active volunteer can add to your qualifications and skill set as all paid experience. Also, the word "works." highlight the volunteer work of your startup that uses the skills that apply to the job you work for. Carefully list voluntary organizations or affiliated organizations, such as political or religious organizations.

What you can leave from your view:

Statement of note:
The statement of intent has been used as a standard for the restart and appears in other implementation templates. Traditionally, the purposeful statements were a brief introduction to the resume which explains why the submission is returned. For example, "purpose: to secure a position as a communications manager at a leading sales center."

Including a purpose that you can restart these days can make you appear later. The job summary statement replaced the purpose of today's reboot. Any other information can serve as a cover letter.

While a statement of objectives describes your goals, a concise statement outlines how you can add value to the company.

Examinations:
It is not necessary to write your directions in your resume unless otherwise stated in the job description. In addition, it is assumed that you have references, so there is no need to include "references available on request" either. Use the space you save to add additional skills and achievements.
Soft skills:
When it comes to your resume, soft skills are not nearly as important as technical skills. That is because it is difficult to demonstrate within the context of a restart. For example, an employer will not take your name from you if you say "you work hard" or "you solve a problem." in fact, it looks like it's short.

Instead of simply writing soft skills, find opportunities to show off your interpersonal and behavioral skills. Achievements and measurable results are a great way to do this. For example, instead of saying "hard work," indicate in writing that you have completed x projects that are more than your department average.

Gpa:
Only list your gpa as part of your continuing education program if you have recently graduated from college and have a good gpa, similar to a 3.5 or better with a 4.0 rating. There are a few exceptions. Some industries, as professionals, are waiting to see your gpa.

Should you get more about it?
While a one-page startup is sometimes considered to be the best, a two-page resume may be required after five or ten years of staffing, especially if all of your experience is relevant to the job you are pursuing. Managers sometimes have three or more pages running.

That said, your resume should not be longer than it should. Short, step-by-step resumes will easily be digested and highlight your most important skills. After writing your resume, try removing the excess fluff and inappropriate content to reduce your page count and draw your attention to your best titles. No matter how many pages you start, try putting your most impressive titles at the top of the first page with a summary or category of skills.

How to do this form:
There are several different ways to format your resume. Choosing the right format will make the writing process easier. When choosing a format, consider the function you are using for it. The chronological, compositional, and functional styles of each work serve a specific purpose.

2.4. What is a Job Application Letter? Describe its format and methods of writing.

The application process for internships, internships, and graduate / professional programs usually requires a personal statement or application letter. This type of writing invites writers to present their skills with confidence and accuracy, which can be challenging.

Although the requirements are different in application and application, the purpose of this type of writing is to represent your goals, experiences and qualifications in the best possible light, and to demonstrate your writing ability. Your personal statement or request letter to present to your potential employer or program manager, so it's important that you take enough time to write a piece of creative writing.

Techniques of writing a job application letter:

1. Prepare your materials:
Before you sit down and write, prepare something to prevent frustration during the writing process itself. Obtain copies of documents such as transcript, resumes and original application form; keeping them in front of you will make your writing career a lot easier. Make a list of important information, with specific names and specific topics for employers and directors, job titles you have worked on, dates for relevant work or volunteer experiences, jobs involved etc. This way, you will be able to look at these materials while writing to include as much detail as possible.

2. Write a first draft:
After you've compiled and reviewed these materials, it's time to start writing. The following is a list of concerns that authors should keep in mind when writing a personal statement / request letter.

3. Answer the question:
The biggest problem of all writers can be the matter of answering the question being asked. For example, an app may require you to discuss why you are applying to a particular program or company. If you spend your entire article or book explaining your qualifications without stating what attracts you to the company or department, your statement will probably not be successful. To avoid this problem, read the question or assignment carefully as you prepare and again before writing. Keep the question in front of you as you write, and refer to it often.

4. Think Problem "I":
This is a personal statement; using the first-person pronoun "I" is acceptable. Writers often feel overconfident about using the first person excessively, either moderately or because they have learned to avoid the first and second person ("you") in any form of formal writing. However, in this type of writing using first person is important because it makes your processor more enjoyable. Using a third party can lead to an obscure and overly-named issue. While starting every sentence with "I" is not important, remember that you and your experience are the subject of the article.

5. Avoid unnecessary repetition:
Sometimes the author has the desire to duplicate the information in his / her statement that has already been included in other parts of the application package (resume, writing, application form, etc.). For example, it is not necessary to state your specific GPA or specific marks and subject topics in your statement or application letter. It's more efficient and more efficient to simply present a brief course progress ("I've been on Dean's list"; or "I've taken many courses in the security field") and move on to discuss the relevant job or volunteer experience in more detail.

6. Make Your Statement Separate:
Many authors want to make their personal statements unique or different in some way as a way to differentiate their app from the many others discovered by the company or program. One way to do this is to include at least one detailed example or anecdote that is specific to you - perhaps a description of a significant family member or personal time that has influenced your decision to pursue a particular career or qualification. This strategy makes your statement unique and memorable.

7. Keep It Summarized:
Usually, personal statements are approximately 250 to 500 words or on a single typed page, so write them carefully while still being clarified. Making sure each paragraph is focused on one idea (one on the strength of the program, one on your research knowledge, one on your extracurricular activities, etc.) helps keep the story from getting too long. Also, spending less time working on word choice using the dictionary and thesaurus and by including adjectives should lead to less repetition and more accurate writing.

2.5. What are the features of a formal letter?

Writing letters is an art and a strategy. The latter can be followed by following formal meetings; the former must be nurtured with the care and deepest interest of man. The letters are generally divided into the following four categories: friendly or informal letters, business letters; invitations and responses, as well as the use of functions.

Features of a Formal Letter:

Content:
Nothing is more harmful to good communication than muddle-headedness resulting in not being able to make one's point. Before writing a letter, one should be sure of what one wants to say and accordingly one should be in command of all the necessary facts and information arranged logically and systematically.

Clarity:
Knowing what one wants to say is not enough unless one says it in as clear a Language as possible. Here comes the importance of the right word and the right expression put in a sentence constructed neatly and with precision. It should, however, be remembered that right words and write expressions become relevant only when they occur in the right place. Thus emotional and even flowery language may be apposite to a personal Letter but it will be completely out of place in a business letter.

Brevity:
A few generations ago, when man enjoyed unlimited space and time, prolixity in language would not have been unwelcome, at Least in certain kinds of correspondence. In the modern age, however, addition of even one extra word cost time and energy most people will like to avoid. It is all the more the business correspondence. It means that all redundancy, be it a quotation illustration, an elaboration, in short, padding of any kind, must be avoided at all costs.

Accuracy:
Avoidance of redundant helps achieve accuracy of statement. For much unwanted language in letters is the direct result of inaccurate and inconsistent thoughts and statements. A little care, particularly habitual revision of what one has written, will go a long way towards making writing accurate.

Courtesy:
As remarked earlier, a letter reveals its writer's personality and character. Since there is always a 'you' in every letter, it is necessary that this 'you' or the addressee be shown all the courtesy and respect that language can express. Even when a complaint is lodged or a statement or application rejected, care should be taken that it is couched in polite and civilized language. It is worth remembering that while courtesy costs nothing, there is hardly anything more abrasive than impolite language.

Good Looks:
Finally, a letter must be a visual attraction to the reader. It can displease either through wrong spelling and punctuation or bad writing and typing. These are not matters merely of form as even a well-thought out-letter, rich in ideas and having all the qualities of clarity, brevity, accuracy and courtesy may not only fail to make proper impact on the reader, but may even defeat its purpose by causing him unnecessary annoyance.

2.6. How is a formal letter structured?

Structure of a Formal Letter

It is convenient to divide all letters into 10 parts:

Sender's address
Date
Direction (the address of the person(s) to whom you are writing)
Salutation
Reference (not always necessary in intimate, personal letters)
Body
Subscription
Signature
Postscript (to be as a rule avoided, unless absolutely necessary)
The envelope.

As these are mostly (except for the body of the letter) matters of form, we will illustrate each one of them. Often there are alternative forms, but you must choose one of them and use it consistently.

Sender's address:

(a) Laxmi Niwas,
52 Mall Road,
Civil Lines,
Kanpur 208 016

(b) D 64 Press Road,
Nauroji Nagar,
Mysore 570 006

Date:

(a) October 25, 1988

(b) 25th October, 1988

Direction:

(a) The Personnel Manager,
Life Insurance Corporation of India,
Bhubaneshwar, 751 006.

(b) Messrs Atma Ram & Sons,
3B Asaf Ali Roa,
New Delhi 110 001.

(d) Ms. Kavita Swaroop,
4/D Indira Colony,
Jawahar Nagar,
Agra 282 005.

(Messrs is used for an unlimited company or partnership of traders) (The same address is to be repeated on the envelope.)

Salutation:

(a) Dear Sir/Madam,

(b) Sir/Madam, (in strictly formal letters to and from government departments or officials)

(c) Dear Sirs/Gentlemen, (in the case of unlimited company, firm or partnership of traders or from a clerk to the Board of Directors, when 'Gentlemen' is preferred)

(d) Dear Mr. Swaminathan,

(e) Dear Swaminathan,

(f) My dear Swaminathan/My dear Mr. Swaminathan, ('My dear' shows extra intimacy)

(g) My dear Ravi, (very intimate and friendly)

Reference:( in professional or business letters)

(a) Sale of Old Stock (between salutation and the body of the letter) (usually placed above the direction)

(b) Our ref...

Body: (the main part of the Letter, the subject matter of which will differ in each case)

Subscription:

(a) Yours faithfully. (most common form in formal, official and business letters)

(b) Yours truly. (somewhat warmer than the above)

(d) Yours affectionately. Very sincerely yours, Yours ever, in very intimate personal letter

2.7. What is reading comprehension? What are the barriers to reading comprehension?

Reading is the cognitive process of decoding symbols to derive meaning from them. It is the ability to understand text, decode its meaning and compare with what the reader already knows.

Knowledge of grammar and vocabulary are very essential to be a good reader. Attention span, the ability to understand the meaning of a word from context, the ability to co-relate thoughts and ideas, the ability to follow the flow of words, and the ability to identify various literary devices are the fundamental skills required for efficient reading.

We should make our pupil an efficient reader. An efficient reader is like a bus driver who knows when to go slow, when to accelerate speed, how to negotiate hair-pin bends on ghat roads etc. An efficient reader knows there are different levels of comprehension too as these are different reading materials. To become an efficient reader, one should be able to employ different study techniques Reading is an act of communication between writer and reader. It is an act in which the reader grasps the information the writer passes on to him.

Comprehension is the correct association of meanings with word symbols. It is the selection of the correct meaning suggested by the text It is a thinking process. It is thinking through reading. Students should lead and get complete meaning. There are two situations that arise while reading a passage. The pupils may find a reading comprehension passage difficult for them. The teacher should know about the difficulties beforehand and prevent their occurrence.

Some common difficulties are:

Students are not able to concentrate on what they read.
They are not able to recognize words. Noisy surroundings, inadequate lighting and uncomfortable seating arrangements.
Unfamiliarity of the subject matter (eg) a child from a city may not understand a passage on farming and a village child about road signal systems.
In effective questioning and answering techniques.
Lack of appropriate guidance by the teacher Steps for the comprehension skills. These are various steps followed for the construction of comprehension.

2.8. What are the techniques involved in improving reading comprehension?

Reading comprehension is a skill, and like other skills it can be improved over time. With reading comprehension, practice is the mantra, the more you read the better you'll be at understanding a text. Below are the seven main strategies which will help you hone your comprehension skills:

Improve your vocabulary
Come up with questions about the text you are reading
Use context clues
Look for the main idea
Write a summary of what you read
Break up the reading into smaller sections
Pace yourself

1. Improve your vocabulary

The basic unit of a sentence is a word. Therefore, it is necessary to first understand the meaning of words in order to understand the meaning of sentences and ultimately the subtle meanings within the text. To improve your vocabulary, you can:

Take an online vocabulary quiz to assess your current level of vocabulary understanding
Use flashcards to quiz yourself on words you don’t know once or twice a week
Make a point to use newly learned words in verbal and written communication
Read as much as possible to improve your ability to guess what a word means in a certain context
Make a list of unfamiliar words as you read and look them up in the dictionary

2. Come up with questions about the text you are reading

If you ask yourself questions while reading a text, it will help you get more invested and allow you to get a deeper understanding of the text. It will also allow you to explore themes, motifs and other components of text that you otherwise wouldn’t inquire about. The following are examples of questions you could pose as you read:

Why was that location chosen to start the book by the author?
What kind of relationships do characters share with each other?
What do we know about the main character up to this point in the book?
What are the themes consistently recurring throughout the book? What do they mean?

The more specific your questions, the more likely you will gain further insight into the text and its meaning.

3. Use context clues

Using context clues is a great way to understand what you are reading even if you don’t know all the vocabulary being used. Context clues can be found in the words and sentences surrounding the word that you aren’t familiar with. To use context clues, you can focus on the key phrases or ideas in a sentence and deduce the main idea of a sentence or paragraph based on this information. You can also look for nearby words that are synonyms or antonyms of the word you don’t know.

4. Look for the main idea

Identifying the main idea of a paragraph or article can help you determine the importance of the article. Understanding why the author has written what he has written will help you develop a deeper understanding of the text. While reading, pause after every paragraph and try to decipher the central idea behind the paragraph. Then, try to use your own words and describe the paragraph for further understanding.

5. Write a summary of what you read

Summarisation is a great way to increase your knowledge of what you have read. Summarizing requires you to decide what is important in the text and then put it in your own words. Summarizing allows you to determine if you truly understand what you have read and better remember what you have read in the long term.

6. Break up the reading into smaller sections

Breaking up a text into small sections is a great way of understanding the text more easily if the text is complicated. For example, you could read two paragraphs at a time and then pause to quickly summarize what you just read in your mind. Breaking up what you are reading can help you feel less overwhelmed and give you a better chance of truly comprehending the information in the text.

7. Pace yourself

Set realistic goals for yourself while reading by pacing yourself and allowing yourself some room to breathe. Literary texts require a deep understanding of the subject matter and pacing will be especially helpful for understanding literary texts. Set a goal for yourself that you know you can meet each day. For example, instead of trying to read a full hefty book in two days, try reading 4 chapters in one day. This allows you to reach your goals and also provides adequate time for you to process what you are reading between each session.

Tips to make the most of your reading comprehension practice

Reading is a fundamental part everyday life. These tips can help you make the most of your time when practicing your reading skills.

Eliminate distractions: When you are distracted, your ability to comprehend what you are reading is negatively impacted. When reading—even if it’s a simple email—the focus should be solely on the text as concentration is an essential element of the cognitive process. This will help you learn to hold your attention on what you read and enable you to know whether you understand what you are reading.

b. Read a book below your reading level: Starting with books below your reading level will allow you to develop a baseline of your reading comprehension and build on that. Instead of starting with books that contain complicated subjects, read something that interests you, is comfortable and that you can easily comprehend. You can take online quizzes to determine your current reading level.

c. Re-read text to ensure understanding: If you finish a sentence or paragraph and realize that you don’t understand what it was trying to convey, take the time to re-read it until you do. Try to read more slowly the second time around and look up definitions for any words you don’t know the meaning of.

d. Read aloud: Reading aloud comprises of both visual and audio cognitive processes which helps you with your reading comprehension practice. It also forces you to slow down and gives you more time to process what you are reading.

2.9. What is a noun-pronoun agreement? How to avoid errors associated with it?

Noun-Pronoun agreement refers to the correspondence of a pronoun with its antecedent in number (singular, plural), person (first, second, third), and gender (masculine, feminine, neuter).

Typically, one of the basic principles of pronoun concord (also known as noun-pronoun agreement or pronoun-antecedent agreement) is that a singular pronoun refers to a singular noun while a plural pronoun refers to a plural noun.

Below are the rules related to pronoun concord:

Singular Noun, Singular Pronoun:

When writing a sentence, using the same word more than once can be repetitive.

Example: Francine edited her paper because her paper was full of errors.

• Rather than repeating "paper" twice, it is possible to use a pronoun.

Revision: Francine edited her paper because it was full of errors.

• Since "paper" is singular (there is only one), use the singular pronoun ("it") to replace it.

Remember to find the exact subject of the sentence to find out whether a pronoun should be singular or plural. See our web page on subject-verb agreement for more on singular and plural subjects.

For example: Each student should find his or her own note taking strategy.

• Since the subject is singular ("each "), the pronoun ("his or her") must also be singular.

For example: Neither Bob and Alex do not believe he will win this award.

• Since the subject is singular ("neither"), the pronoun ("he") must also be singular.

For example: A community group of teachers is meeting tonight to see if it can find a way to help students improve their SAT scores.

• Since the subject is singular ("community group"), the pronoun ("it") must also be singular.

Singular “They"

Recently, a number of popular and popular books have begun to accept the use of the word "them" as a singular pronoun, meaning that the authors use "they" to associate with the target topics in an attempt to avoid male pronouns. Although the pronoun "they" is a plural noun in some style references, APA encourages authors to use "they" as a singular pronoun for the purpose of accepting gender differences.

According to the APA-style blog, "when people come together and do not change their gender (including age, gender, and other communities) use their unity as their pronoun, the authors rightly use the singular when" writing about them ".

With this in mind, when authors write specifically about an individual or group of people who like singular "they," authors should also use the single "they."

When appropriate, we recommend authors explicitly explain that they have used the singular "they" to follow the identities of the people they are interviewing.

In addition, authors can often avoid the issue of gender-neutral pronouns by updating a sentence to make the subject plural:

Original sentence: A teacher should carefully choose opportunities for development that address their gaps in knowledge.

Plural Noun, Plural Pronoun:

When the subject of a sentence is plural, the pronoun in the sentence becomes plural as well.

For example: When students arrive on the first day of school, students need help finding the right classroom.

• Since " students " is a plural, use a plural pronoun to replace it.

Revision: When students arrive on the first day of school, they need help finding the right classroom.
Remember to find the exact subject of the sentence to find out whether a pronoun should be singular or plural. See our web page on subject- verb agreement for more on single-subject articles.

For example: When a manager or employee disagrees, they should discuss the situation.

• Since the subject has a plural ("a manager or employee"), the pronoun ("they") must also be plural.

Example: The professor hopes that students review their notes carefully.

• Since the subject is plural ("students "), the pronoun ("their") must also be plural.

For example: Both Smith (2016) and Taylor (2017) believe that their results will lead to social change.

• Since the subject is plural ("both"), the pronoun ("their") must also be plural.

Pronoun Ambiguity:

Although pronouns are useful to help writers avoid repetition, they should be used sparingly to understand the meaning of the sentence. Look at this sentence:

For example: When Jeff and Brian joined the team members, they were shocked.

• The pronoun here ("they") is unclear - to whom? Was the team nervous? Were Jeff and Brian nervous? In this example, because the pronoun "they" makes sense, choosing a noun instead of a pronoun will help clarify it.

2.10. What are the rules to avoid common errors associated with the subject- verb agreement?

Subject – Verb Agreement

A subject – verb concord refers to the agreement formed between the subject and verb in a sentence which makes the sentence meaningful and sound structurally correct.

Below are the rules of a Subject-Verb concord:

Being able to find the right title and action will help you correct the mistakes of the action agreement.

Basic Rule. A singular subject (he, Bill, car) takes a singular verb (goes, shiny), and the plural subject takes a plural verb.

For example: The list of items is /are on the table.

If you know that a list is a topic, then you will choose it for the Verb.

Rule 1. The subject will come before the sentence you begin. This is an important rule for understanding subjects/lessons. The word of is the culprit in many, perhaps most, subject-verb mistakes.
Funny writers, speakers, readers and the audience can miss the most common mistake in the following sentence:

Incorrect: The bouquet of yellow roses lends color and aroma to the room.

Correct: A bouquet of flowers of yellow roses lends. . . (borrowing a bouquet of flowers, not roses lend)

Rule 2. Two related topics linked by, or, either/ or, or neither / nor require one action.

Examples:

My aunt or my uncle is arriving by train today.
Neither Juan nor Carmen is available.
Either Kiana or Casey is helping today with stage decorations.

Rule 3. The verb in an or, either / or, or neither / nor sentence agrees with the noun or pronoun next to it.

Examples:

Neither the plates nor the serving bowl goes on that shelf.
Neither the serving bowl nor the plates go on that shelf.

This rule can lead to traffic congestion. For example, if I'm one of two (or more) subjects, it could lead to this unusual sentence:

Awkward: Neither she, my friends, nor I am going to the festival.

If possible, it is better to rearrange such correct sentences in the language but be negative.

Better: Neither she, I, nor my friends attend the festival.

She, my friends, and I are not going to the festival.

Rule 4. As a general rule, use a plural action for two or more subjects if they are linked by.

Example: A car and a bicycle are my mode of transportation.

But note the exceptions:

Exceptions:
Breaking and entering is against the law.
The bed and breakfast was charming.

In those sentences, breaking and entering and the bed and breakfast are complicated nouns.

Rule 5a. Sometimes a subject is separated from a verb by words such as once, and, and besides, not, etc. These words and phrases are not part of the title. Ignore them and use only one action when the subject is alone.

Examples:

The politician, along with the newsmen, is expected shortly.
Excitement, as well as nervousness, is the cause of her shaking.

Rule 5b. Parents are not part of the topic.

Example: Joe (and his trusty mutt) was always welcome.

If this seems difficult, try rewriting the sentence.

Rule 6. In sentences that begin here or there, the actual subject follows the verb.

Examples:

There are four hurdles to jump.
There is a high hurdle to jump.
Here are the keys.

NOTE:
The word existence, some consensus exists, leads to bad habits in illegal sentences such as There are a lot of people here today, because it's easier to say "there" than "there is." Take care never to use an article on a plural subject.

Rule 7. Use the unit-by-unit action, time periods, currency, etc., when considered a unit.

Examples:

Three miles is too far to walk.
Five years is the maximum sentence for that offense.
Ten dollars is a high price to pay.
BUT
Ten dollars (i.e., dollar bills) were scattered on the floor.

Rule 8. In words that indicate parts - e.g., many, many, all, all - Regulation 1 given earlier in this section is reversed, and we are guided by the noun in the background. If the noun is one after the other, use one action. If plural, use the plural verb.

Examples:

A lot of the pie has disappeared.
A lot of the pies have disappeared.
A third of the city is unemployed.
A third of the people are unemployed.
All of the pie is gone.
All of the pies are gone.
Some of the pie is missing.
Some of the pies are missing.

NOTE:
In recent years, the SAT test service has considered none of it very important. However, according to Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage: "Obviously no one has been united and plural since Old English and still is. The idea that it is compiled only is a myth of an unknown origin that probably originated in the 19th century. If it seems to you, use one verb; if there seems to be a plural, use a plural verb. Both are accepted without serious criticism. " When none is clearly intended to mean "not one," it is followed by a singular verb.

Rule 9. With collective nouns such as group, jury, family, audience, population, the action may be singular or plural, depending on the author's intent.

Examples:

All of my family has arrived OR have arrived.
Most of the jury is here OR are here.
A third of the population was not in favor OR were not in favor of the bill.

NOTE:
Anyone using a collective verb with a collective pronoun should be aware of the accuracy - and also disagree. It should not be done with care. The following is the kind of error sentence that a person sees and doesn't hear much these days:

The staff decides how they want to vote.

Careful speakers and writers can avoid sharing their singular and plural to work in one sentence.

Consistent: The staff are deciding how they want to vote.

Rewriting such sentences is recommended whenever possible. The preceding sentence will read better like:

The staff members are deciding how they want to vote.

Rule 10. The word instead consisted of statements expressing desire or contradicting the truth:

For example: If Joe were here, you would be sorry.

Shouldn't Joe be followed by him, not, given that Joe is alone? But Joe is not here, so we say it wasn't. The sentence indicates the state of injection, which is used to express things that are logical, wishful, rational, or controversial. The general motive reflects a few lessons and what we often think of as pluralism.

Examples:

I wish it were Friday.

He requested that she raise his hand.

In the first example, a wish statement is presented, not a fact; So, it's been something, which we often think of as a mathematical act, used with it. (Technically, one article in a reunion: it were Friday.)

Usually, he used to sound awful to us. However, in the second example, when an application is presented, the subjunctive mood is correct.

Note: The punctuation condition is lost in spoken English but should be used in formal speech and writing.

2.11. What are Antonyms? Give examples.

Antonyms are words that carry the opposite meaning to another word. They can be used to show contrast between two things or emphasize a point. Antonyms can be totally different words from their counterparts or can also be formed by adding prefixes to some words.

Below are some examples of antonyms that are commonly used in the English language:

Antonyms formed by changing entire words

Love – hate

Beginning – ending

Ugly – beautiful

Wild – tame

Extrovert – introvert

Antonyms formed by adding prefix –un

Acceptable - unacceptable

Able - unable

Do - undo

Certain – uncertain

Seen – Unseen

Antonyms formed by adding the prefix –in

Decent – indecent

Tolerant – intolerant

Human – inhuman

Curable – incurable

Expressible – inexpressible

Antonyms formed by adding the prefix –non

Sense – nonsense

Essential – nonessential

Flammable – non-flammable

Renewable – non-renewable

Entity – nonentity

Other prefixes used to form antonyms of words are –anti (Thesis - Antithesis), -ill (Literate – Illiterate), -mis (Informed – Misinformed), -dis (Assemble – Disassemble) etc.

Short list of antonyms in English, listed by the part of speech:

Nouns

Day / night
East / west
The enemy / friend
Failure / success
Guest / host
Health / disease
Question / answer
Speaker / listener
Summer / winter
Top / bottom/ up / down

Verbs

Agree / disagree/accept
Arrive / leave/ come / go
Begin / end/ start
Fall asleep / wakefulness/sleep
Find / lose/ gain
Lend / borrowing
Love / hate
Open / close/turn on /turn off
Remember / forget
Start / stop

Adjectives

Is asleep / awake
Beautiful / ugly /good/ bad
Big / small
Black / white
Cheap / expensive
Dead / alive
It is dry / wet
Easy / difficult
Full / empty
Good / bad
Hot / cold
Intelligent / stupid/you are smart
Sad / happy/ exciting
Sick / living healthy
Thin / fat

Adverbs

Always / never
With anger / happily/ excitement
Fast / slowly
Here / there
Inside / outside/ indoors/ outdoors
Likely / unlikely/possible/ impossible
Near / far
Partly / fully
Seemingly / actually/ visually
Yesterday / tomorrow

Prepositions

Above / below
Against / for / because
Before / after
In / out/ indoors/ outdoors
Like / unlike/ love / contrast
On / off
Plus / minus
To / from
Towards / away/remote
With / without

Conjunctions

And / or
Therefore / nevertheless /or so

Interjections

Bravo / boo

Hello / goodbye
Holy cow / duh
Phew / oops
Thanks / no thanks
Yes / no
Yippee / oh my/ oh

2.12. What are synonyms? Give examples.

Synonyms are words that carry a similar or same meaning to another word. Sometimes even though the synonym of a word has an identical meaning the word and the synonym may not be interchangeable. For example, "blow up" and "explode" have the same meaning, but "blow up" is informal (used more in speech) and "explode" is more formal (used more in writing and careful speech). Synonyms also provide variety to speech and writing.

Many words in the English language contain more than one synonym. Some examples of Synonyms:

Shallow - superficial

Stop – cease

Spontaneous - capricious

Gloomy – sad - unhappy

House - home - abode

Evil - bad - wicked

Garbage - trash - junk - waste

Present – gift – reward – award

Sniff – smell – inhale

Little – small – tiny

Under – below – beneath

Short list of synonyms in English, listed by the part of speech:

Nouns:

Belly / stomach
Children / kids
Disaster / catastrophe
Earth / soil
Father / dad
Happiness / joy
Instinct / intuition/ understanding
Mother / mom
Present / gift
Sunrise / dawn

Verbs:

Answer / reply
Beat / defeat
Behave / act
Begin / start
Close / shut/ turn on/turn off
Leave / exit
Provide / supply/ distribution
Select / choose
Shout / yell
Speak / talk

Adjectives:

Big / large
Complete / total/number
Correct / right
Crazy / mad
Foolish / silly /fool/ stupid
Happy / glad
Hard / difficult
Ill / sick
Last / final
Near / close
Sad / unhappy
Stable / steady/ strong

Adverbs:

Abroad / overseas
Almost / nearly/ about / approx.
Bad / poorly
Fast / quickly
Intentionally / purposefully
Out / outside
Rarely / seldom/ not common
Sometimes / occasionally/ periodically
Surely / for sure/ definetly
Very / highly / extremely/too much

Prepositions:

Above / over/ more
About / regarding / concerning
Against / versus
Below / beneath / under
By / via
Despite / in spite of
In / into/ to
Off / away
Until / till
With / including

Conjunctions:

And / plus
Because / since
But / yet/for now
If / provided
Once / as soon as possible/ and

Interjections:

Hello / hi
Gee / gosh
Goodness / goodness me / my goodness
No / nope
Oh Lord / oh good Lord
Thanks / thank you
Whoopee / yahoo / hooray
Yes / yeah

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