Unit II

Problems of growth

Question bank

Q1) What is unemployment? What are its types?     8

A1)  Unemployment is a scenario whilst someone actively searches for an activity and is not able to discover an activity. National Sample Survey Organisation NSSO defines employment and unemployment on the subsequent interest measures of an individual-

1. Daily Status Approach:

Under this technique, someone having no gainful paintings even for one hour in an afternoon is taken into consideration as unemployed for that day.

2. Weekly fame report:

This technique highlights the document of these individuals who did now no longer have gainful paintings or had been unemployed for an hour on sooner or later of the previous the date of the survey.

3. Usual fame technique:

It offers the estimates of these individuals who had been unemployed or had no gainful paintings for a first-rate time at some point of 365 days.

Types of unemployment

1. Disguised unemployment:

When the human beings hired in a selected enterprise are greater than clearly needed, than its miles called disguised unemployment. Unorganised production quarter, agricultural quarter witnessed disguised unemployment.

2. Structured Unemployment:

Such unemployment happens whilst human beings not able to discover employment because of loss of abilities required for a selected activity.

3. Seasonal unemployment:

Such unemployment happens whilst human beings do now no longer have paintings at some point of positive seasons of the year. It happens in tea enterprise, sugar enterprise etc.

4. Vulnerable unemployment:

Under this form of unemployment, human beings are hired however without right activity contracts and as a result information in their paintings isn’t maintained. For example, employment of human beings at some point of height season only.

5. Technological unemployment:

Such form of unemployment happens whilst human beings lose their jobs because of development in technologies.

6. Cyclical unemployment:

Unemployment brought about because of change cycles like recession, decline is called cyclical unemployment. For example, activity losses due at some point of lock down because of Pandemic.

7. Frictional unemployment:

Such unemployment happens whilst human beings are unemployed for brief span of time whilst attempting to find a brand new activity or switching an activity.

Some of the motives for unemployment are-

1. Large populace creates unemployment trouble due to inadequate activity, herbal resources, loss of ability and training etc.

2. Lack of vocational education and occasional training of the operating populace.

3. Low productiveness of agricultural quarter and additionally loss of opportunity possibilities for agricultural workers.

4. Inadequate increase of infrastructural quarter and occasional funding withinside the production quarter restricts the employment ability of the secondary quarter.

5. Regressive social norms that deter ladies for taking/persevering with employment.

Q2) Discuss poverty and its types.       5

A2)  Poverty is the lack or lack of a certain (variable) amount of physical properties or money. Poverty is a multifaceted concept that can include social, economic and political factors. Absolute poverty, extreme poverty, or poverty is the complete lack of the means necessary to meet basic personal needs such as food, clothing, and housing. The thresholds at which absolute poverty is defined are considered to be about the same regardless of the person's permanent location or age. Relative poverty, on the other hand, occurs when people living in one country do not enjoy a certain minimum standard of living compared to other parts of the country. Therefore, the thresholds at which relative poverty is defined vary from country to country or from society to society. Poverty reduction remains a major issue (or goal) for many international organizations such as the United Nations and the World Bank. There are many aspects to poverty, which certainly involve a lack of human and physical wealth and inadequate material means to obtain food and other necessities. But it also means vulnerabilities to impairment of wellness, drought, unemployment, economic decline, violence and social conflict. And that often means a deep state of incompetence and even humiliation (World Bank, 1990). Some people describe poverty as a lack of essential items such as food, clothing, water and shelter for a proper life. Poverty is a condition characterized by a serious deprivation of basic human needs such as food, safe drinking water, sanitation, health, shelter, education and information (World Social Development Summit, 2005).

Types of poverty

Different types of poverty-

1. Absolute poverty

Absolute or extreme poverty is when people lack the basic necessities of survival. For example, they may be hungry, lacking clean water, adequate housing, sufficient clothing and medicine, and struggling to stay alive. This is the most common in developing countries. Absolute poverty is defined as a situation in which the basic needs of an individual are not covered, that is, there is a lack of basic goods and services (usually related to food, housing and clothing). This concept of poverty is strongly linked to poverty and applies to all countries and societies. People who are considered poor under this standard are similarly classified around the world.

2. Relative poverty

Relative poverty means that some people's lifestyles and incomes are far worse than the standard of living in the country or region in which they live, leading to normal, normal economic and social life. Relative poverty varies from country to country, depending on the standard of living that the majority enjoy. Although not as extreme as absolute poverty, relative poverty remains very serious and harmful. Relative poverty identifies the phenomenon of poverty in the society under investigation. Relative poverty occurs when people do not enjoy the specific minimum standard of living determined by the government (and most people enjoy) on a country-by-country basis, sometimes within the same country. Relative poverty is ubiquitous and is said to be increasing and may never be eradicated.

Q3) What is regional imbalance? What are the reasons for regional imbalance?                                                                                                                                                              8

A3)  Regional imbalances mean differences in income, literacy, health, educational infrastructure, road and connectivity, electrification, industrialization, etc. between regions. Although remarkable growth has been achieved by some regions and sectors of India, some places and sectors have evolved since independence. The reasons for the imbalances in these regions are rooted in the historic process and the bounty of natural resources at different levels in different parts of the country. During the period of British rule, the level and scale of surplus creation and absorption differed from region to region due to differences in production relationships between regions and differences in production levels due to differences in efforts in each region. The type of urbanization at the time was based on the strategy of exporting primary products and consuming mechanically imported products. As a result, some port cities such as Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai, as well as the capitals of some princely states, got off to a better start than the rest of the world. In contrast to the developed regions, the poor regions have an underdeveloped reverse cycle. At the time of independence, there were large regional disparities between different regions in terms of per capita income, per capita consumer education and medical facilities, infrastructure and employment. Due to early political instability, this disparity had a serious impact. Therefore, I felt that the country was playing a major role in closing the gap. This commitment was reflected in the goals of the Constitution and the plan, but there were deviations from these goals due to the strategic position of the ruling class and the macro and sector models of development adopted by the planners.

Reasons for regional imbalances / disparities

There are many factors that contribute to relative regional disparities. Some of the root causes of inequality are:

1. Political cause:-

Governments (central and state) are politically weakened by asylum politics, government collapse or collapse, and voting politics. Therefore, the government's priority was to please the wealthy minority to make it happen. To alleviate the resentment and dissatisfaction of the general public, they had to play a false role in helping the poor through various employment failures and welfare program failures. Therefore, rich minorities and regions, or regions associated with rich minorities, were rather developed by acquiring most of the overall outcomes of national development. In addition, regions and communities associated with educated and politically conscious people are also gaining a greater share of economic development due to increased political pressure on government.

2. Administrative cause:

People in management groups belong to groups of prosperous societies or are under pressure from politicians and socio-economic elites to discriminately direct their development interests to these politicians and elites. The elite and politicians seduced and seduced executives not only by putting pressure on them freely, but also by bribing the government sector for corruption. This corruption began with these high-level managers and later spread to the lowest levels of society, becoming the current state of corruption in India. In addition, these managers make early profits by supporting investment and development projects in more developed areas and demonstrating high performance and good work.

3. Unequal distribution of natural resources:

The distribution of natural resources is not equal among the different regions of the country. Since then, industrialization has progressed rapidly in regions and regions blessed with natural resources. This accelerates the development of education and employment levels in these regions and regions compared to regions and regions where natural resources are not available.

4. Caste system:

The Indian masses, especially Hindus, are divided into different castes under a strong social class-based caste system. Governments and non-governmental organizations have made considerable efforts in social reform to eradicate malicious traditions and unruly social evil, but the curse of strong stratification of society, especially in remote societies. The sub-segment (caste) part is still hampered Equal rights to education, employment, profession and institutions. This makes them economically weak. Access to public health systems and their benefits are heterogeneous between the general public and those in the SC / ST category. The resources allocated to the welfare of SC and ST are not proportional to their needs. Policies and programs specifically designed for these categories of population are not being effectively implemented. Therefore, discrimination against the population of SC and ST continues even after more than 60 years of independence.

5. Geographical factors:

Surrounded by hills, mountains, deserts and dense forests, the area is mostly behind due to inaccessibility and other inherent difficulties.

6. Planning committee failure:

Regional imbalances can occur due to lack of planning capacity, inadequate planning, and lack of sufficient resources.

7. Lower issues

Terrorism, violence, and disorder of law and order can also lead to regional imbalances in the country.

8. Historical factors:

The British developed only those areas of the county that had a wealth of potential for prosperous manufacturing and trading activities. As a result, some port cities such as Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai, as well as the capitals of some princely states, got off to a better start than the rest of the world. In contrast to development areas, poor areas begin the reverse cycle of underdevelopment.

Some of the policy measures to resolve economic disparities

1. Planning Committee:

The planning committee has three measures-

(I) Transfer of financial resources from the centre to developing countries.

(II) A special regional development program for the rear region.

(III) Measures to promote private investment in developing regions.

2. Finance Committee:

The government offers the following incentives:

(A) Income tax concessions

(B) With the central investment subsidy system

(C) Transportation subsidy system.

The state government also offers several measures, such as sales tax-free loans, octoroy tax exemptions, and property tax exemptions, which provide water and electricity on a profit and loss-free basis. In addition, major financial institutions such as IDBI, IFCI and ICICI provide concessional financing for industrial projects.

3. Development program:

It aims to provide basic facilities and services to people in all regions, including agricultural programs, community development programs, drought-prone regional programs, irrigation and electricity, transportation and communications, and social services.

Q4)  What is social injustice? What are its causes?    5

A4)  Before jumping into social justice, it's best to first know what social justice means. Society and justice, these two words together, form the notion of a just and just relationship between the individual and society, as measured by all means, including society. In old Asian and Western cultures, social justice is usually referred to as the process of ensuring that an individual plays a social role and receives what is right from society. Social justice is sometimes ignored, but it actually assigns obligations and rights in society. This allows people to receive the basic benefits and burdens of cooperation. In today's era, this is a wild problem because of the current events that lead to finding the true meaning of social justice, and why is it forgotten by many?

Mankind is more connected than ever. The Internet has always quickly pointed out the social injustices of the world where people come together to support what is right. Social justice insists on the idea that all human beings should have the same rights and the same opportunities. We all have intrinsic human value, and not everyone is better than others. One value is neither greater nor less than the other.

Social injustice, the perfect interrelationship of social justice, has been around for a long time. This topic is really relevant. Mankind has always committed social injustice to its peers. People are prone to fall. Each of us at a certain age has committed social injustice in our lives for some time. Only fools will boast that he or she has never committed social injustice. Even those who protest against social injustice may have committed social injustice at some point in their lives. Social injustice paved the way for unfair behaviour in society. When equality is treated unequal, it is when social injustice resurfaces. Common examples of social injustice include topics on discrimination, age discrimination, gender and sexuality. These are the most common. Social injustice is arguably a broad topic, so there is still much to be done. The issue of social justice can arise in all aspects of society where injustice can result from unjustified prejudice and policy.

Causes of social injustice in India

1. Overpopulation has affected the country's economic and social development.

2. Unemployment causes inequality in income and wealth.

3. Due to the abortion of women, the saxophone ratio is decreasing.

4. Low literacy rates for women create inequality between men and women in terms of employment and payments.

5. Child labor is another cause of social injustice.

6. The standard of living of SC, ST and OBC is low.

Q5) Define inflation . What are the reasons for inflation ?   8

A5) Inflation is a quantitative degree of the fee at which the common rate stage of a basket of decided on items and offerings withinside the economic system rises over a duration of time. This is a regular upward push withinside the wellknown rate stage that the unit of foreign money buys, however it occurred withinside the preceding duration. Often expressed as a percentage, inflation shows a decline withinside the shopping strength of a country's foreign money.

The reasons of inflation are:

a) Increased public spending

In the contemporary-day economic system, authorities spending are an essential factor of general spending. It is likewise an essential determinant of mixture call for. Usually in growing countries, the authorities. Spending will increase, which continuously creates inflationary strain at the economic system.

b) Government spending deficit finance

Government spending can growth past what taxation can cover. Therefore, the authorities is predicated on deficit finance to undergo the extra spending.

c) Increased movement fee

In the economic system, general amount of cash used = cash deliver via way of means of the authorities x pace of cash distribution. When the economic system is booming, human beings generally tend to spend cash quicker and the cash circulates quicker. ..

d) Population growth

As the populace grows, it will increase the full call for of the market. In addition, immoderate call for reasons inflation.

e) Hoarding

A hoarder is someone or institutions that shops items and do now no longer launch them to the market. Therefore, the economic system has an artificially created extra call for. This additionally results in inflation.

f) Genuine shortage

At a few point, the delivery of things of manufacturing may be in quick deliver. This influences manufacturing. Therefore, deliver is much less than call for, main to better fees and inflation.

g) Export

In the economic system, general manufacturing should meet home and overseas call for. If those needs cannot be met, exports will motive inflation withinside the home economic system.

h) Tax reduction

Taxes are recognized to growth over time, however governments can also additionally lessen taxes to benefit recognition amongst human beings. People are satisfied due to the fact they've extra cash of their hands.

However, if manufacturing does now no longer growth at a corresponding fee, extra coins available results in inflation.

i) Imposition of oblique tax

Taxes are the authorities’ predominant supply of income. The authorities can also additionally impose oblique taxes on corporations together with excise tax and VAT. These oblique taxes growth the full value of producers and distributors, for that reason elevating the rate of merchandise and minimizing their effect on profits.

j) Price will increase withinside the global market

Some merchandise requires products or elements of manufacturing to be imported from global markets together with the United States. As those markets improve the fees and elements of manufacturing of those commodities, so does India's basic manufacturing costs. This results in inflation withinside the home market.

Q6) State the reasons of inflation.      5

A6) The result of inflation-

1. Impact on income and wealth distribution-

a. Creditors and Debtors-During inflation, creditors lose because they receive repayments during the low price period. Inflationary debtors, on the other hand, benefit from paying off their debts in currencies that have lost their value.

b. Producers and Workers-Producers profit during inflation because they are more expensive and lead to more profit from the sale of their products. Price increases are usually higher than cost increases, allowing producers to earn more income during inflation. However, since wages do not rise in proportion to rising prices, real wages fall, and workers lose.

c. Bond Earners-During inflation, bond earners are hit hard by inflation, which reduces the value of their earnings.

d. Investors – With equity stocks, investors receive dividends at a higher rate. But bondholders lose because they get fixed rates whose real value has already fallen

e. Farmers – Farmers benefit during inflation because the rise in prices of agricultural products is higher than the rise in prices of other commodities

2. Impact on production-Production of all goods, both consumption and capital goods, is stimulated by rising prices. As producers make more and more profits, they try to produce more and more by utilizing all available resources at their disposal. Since all resources are fully employed, production cannot be increased after the full employment stage.

3. Income and Employment Impact-Increased spending and increased production inflation tend to increase the total income of the entire community (ie national income). Similarly, the amount of employment will increase under the influence of increased production. On the other hand, people's real income does not increase proportionally due to the reduced purchasing power of money.

4. Business and Trade Impacts – The total amount of internal trade tends to increase during inflation due to increased income, increased productivity and increased spending. Export trade is likely to deteriorate due to rising prices of domestic products. Profit spikes during inflation because costs don't rise as fast as prices.

5. Impact on government finances-During inflation, as income increases from income taxes, consumption taxes, excise taxes, etc., government revenues increase and public spending increases as the government needs to spend more and more. For administrative and other purposes. However, since the fixed amount must be paid in instalments every period, the increase in price will reduce the real burden of public debt.

6. Growth Impact-Moderate inflation drives economic growth, but increased inflation increases the cost of development projects and hinders economic growth. In developing countries, moderate inflation is unavoidable and desirable, but high inflation tends to slow growth due to slower capital formation and uncertainty.

Q7)  Why black money is born in India?    5

A7) There are many reasons why back money is born in India. Some of them are:

1. Management and licensing system: Black money is increasing in India for management, authorization, allocation and licensing reasons.
2. Higher tax rates: Higher tax rates are the result of an increasing tendency for tax evasion among taxpayers. Tax avoidance is common in income tax, corporate tax, corporate tax, union tax, customs duty, consumption tax, etc.
3. Inefficient enforcement of tax laws: In India, the enforcement of tax laws on income tax, sales tax, excise tax, stamp duty, etc. is very weak. This has led to enormous unlimited tax evasion and the accumulation of loan sharks.
4. Funding Political Parties: Tends to support political parties with the help of black money. Large trading companies donate huge surpluses to political parties, especially the ruling party, with the sole purpose of providing political leadership to manipulate policy decisions and generate unfair profits.
5. After World War II Affected: During World War II, many Indian industries found favourable conditions in the black market. The supply of industrial products from traditional Western supplies was cut off, creating serious shortages in many important areas. This formed the sentiment of making marketing money from shortages, not from expanding business activities.
6. Inflation: Rising prices of commodities such as gasoline in the international market, rising prices of commodities due to rising tariffs and taxes by the government, prominent use by people with irresponsible money, speculation of diversion from manufacturing to resources-all of these It is the source of inflation, which in turn creates a surplus.
7. Agricultural income: Reluctance to generate agricultural income in the area of ​​income tax also contributes to the creation of loan sharks. Over the past few decades, large industrial homes have entered the agricultural sector in a big way by buying big farms. Black money generated from other sources is required to be converted to white by displaying it in the Agricultural Revenue Account.
8. Privatization: Privatization has opened new territory not only to the private sector, but also to ministers and bureaucrats to make money. It is expected that many scams will come to light in order to earn a surplus by privatization.

Q8) What is Industrial sickness? What are its causes?    8

A8) According to a standard approved by the Reserve Bank of India, "a sick unit is a unit that reports a cash loss for the business year, and the lender's judgment is that this year's cash loss may occur as follows: There is a year. "

According to the 2002 Company (2nd Amendment) Act, "a" sick industrial company "is

i) Cumulative loss for a fiscal year equal to or greater than 50 percent of average net assets for the four years immediately proceeding that fiscal year. Also

Ii) Did not repay the debt for three consecutive quarters in response to a written request made by the creditor or the creditor of such company for repayment. "

Causes of industrial illness

a) External factors

(I) General recessionary trends:

From time to time, general depression strikes the industrial sector. This is generally reflected in the lack of demand for industrial products. The overall slowdown in economic activity affects the performance of individual projects. Inappropriate demand forecasting of the products you project can make industrial units difficult.

(II) High price of input:

If the manufacturing cost is high and the sales realization is low, the industrial unit cannot stand on the market. This happens when the price of inputs, such as the price of fuels such as oil, rises during the energy crisis and competitiveness holds down the price of products.

III) Raw materials not available:

If the supply of raw materials is not available on a regular or high quality basis, the industrial unit will have problems. This often happens with the supply of imported raw materials.

(IV) Changes in government policy:

Industrial illnesses are also caused by certain changes in government policy design. These frequent changes affect the long-term production, financial, and marketing plans of an industrial unit. Changes in government policies regarding imports, industrial licenses, and taxation can make feasible units sick. For example, liberal import policies since 1991 have made many small industrial units sick.

(V) Infrastructure bottlenecks:

Infrastructure problems are often the cause of industrial illness. No industrial unit can withstand long-term transportation and electricity bottlenecks.

b) Internal factors:

(I) Deficiencies in project evaluation:

An industrial unit becomes ill when the unit is launched without a comprehensive assessment of the economic, financial and technical feasibility of the project.

(II) Industrial unrest and lack of employee motivation:

Labour dissatisfaction prevents the industrial sector from functioning smoothly and efficiently. If labour lacks motivation, good results cannot be expected, which leads to illness and inviolability in some industrial units.

(III) Wrong choice of technology:

If the promoter is using the wrong technique, the results will be unsatisfactory. Many industrial sectors, especially small ones, do not seek expert guidance in installing the right machines and plants. If the installed machines or plants are found to be defective and inadequate, they will suffer losses, become ill and become unsurvivable.

(IV) Marketing issues:

Product obsolescence and market saturation can make the industrial sector sick. If the product mix does not meet consumer demand, the industrial unit will get sick.

(V) Wrong place:

If the location of the industrial unit is defective from either the market or the supply of inputs, it must experience insurmountable difficulties.

(VI) Lack of finances:

In the absence of inadequate financial arrangements or timely financial support, the industrial sector must be saddened. It cannot withstand operational losses.

(VII) Inappropriate capital structure:

If the capital structure is found to be unhealthy or inadequate, especially due to construction or operational delays, this can result in cost overruns or excessively large borrowings, resulting in financial problems for the sector.

(VIII) Administrative flaws:

The number one cause of industrial illness is management inefficiency. Lack of professional or experienced management and the presence of genetic control are important causes of industrial illness. Inefficient management makes it impossible to perceive things from a proper perspective that lacks everyday considerations. Inefficient management also fails to build good teams, stimulates confidence in organized collective efforts, and makes dictatorial and noble decisions.

Q9) What initiatives are taken by Govt. To control the parallel economy?

A9) Government initiatives to combat parallel economy

1. Demonetization: In 1946, demonetization was resorted to but the Direct Taxes Enquiry Committee in its interim report observed, “Demonetization was not successful then, because only a very small proportion of total notes in circulation were demonetized in 1946 and its worth was Rs.1,235.93crores.” On January 16, 1978 demonetization of high demonisation notes was introduced. The high demonetization rates as on that day amounted to Rs. 146 crores. Notes tendered to Reserve Bank of India amounted to Rs. 125 crores as per data available till August 1981.
2. Voluntary Disclosure Schemes: The Government has floated various voluntary disclosure schemes to determine the black money. In 1951, a voluntary disclosure scheme with relaxation in panel provision was introduced. Further, the Finance Minister has announced that the declarant will not be liable to pay interest or penalties and will be granted immunity from prosecution under the Income tax Act 1961, Wealth tax Act, 1957, Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973 and Companies Act, 1956.
3. Special Bearer Bond Scheme: Bearer bonds were most likely first used in the United States during the post‐Civil War era to fund Reconstruction. Special Bearer Bonds Scheme (1981) was intended for canalizing unaccounted money for productive purposes. The Special Bearer Bonds, 1981 of the face value of Rs. 10,000 each were issued at par with a maturity period of 10 years.
4. Economic Liberalization: Introduction of economic liberalization has detached the regime of controls and regulations and thereby the extent of black economy would be reduced regularly.

Other Measures: The Government has also introduced some measures to contain the growth of black income in the country which includes Deposit in the National Housing Bank in 1991, NRI foreign exchange remittance, issuing National Development Bonds in US dollars, controlling the election expenses incurred by the candidates, conducting searches, seizures, raids and other steps to plug loopholes in the tax administration etc.

Q10) What is purpose of economic plan?      5

A10) Purpose of India's economic plan

The following were the original objectives of India's economic plan.

1. Economic Development: This is the main purpose of the plan in India. India's economic development is measured by increasing gross domestic product (GDP) and per capita income
2. Improving Employment Levels: An important goal of India's economic plan is to make better use of the country's available talent by increasing employment levels.
3. Self-sufficiency: India aims to be self-sufficient in its key products and also to increase exports through its economic plan. The Indian economy reached the take-off stage of development during the Third Five-Year Plan of 1961-66.
4. Economic Stability: India's economic plan aims for stable market conditions in addition to India's economic growth. This means keeping inflation low while preventing price declines. When the wholesale price index becomes very high or very low, it creates structural flaws in the economy, which the economic plan aims to avoid.
5. Providing Social Welfare and Efficient Social Services: The Five-Year Plan All Purposes, and the plan proposed by NITI Aayog, are aimed at improving labour and social welfare in all sections of society. The development of social services in India, such as education, medical and emergency services, is part of the plan in India.
6. Regional Development: India's economic plan aims to reduce regional disparities in development. For example, some states such as Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu are relatively well-developed economically, but Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Assam, and Nagaland. States such as are in recession economically. In other regions, such as Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, cities have world-class economic centers and their hinterlands are relatively underdeveloped, resulting in uneven development. The plan in India aims to study these disparities and propose strategies to reduce them.
7. Comprehensive and Sustainable Development: Development of all economic sectors such as agriculture, industry and services is one of the main objectives of economic planning.
8. Reducing Economic Inequality: Measures to reduce inequality through progressive taxation, job creation and job security have been central to India's economic planning since independence.
9. Social Justice: The purpose of this plan is related to all other purposes and is the central focus of India's plan. It aims to reduce the population of people living below the poverty line and provide access to employment and social services.
10. Improving living standards: Increasing per capita income and improving living standards by distributing income equally is one of the main goals of India's economic plan.

Q11) Explain five year plan.       12

A11)  On December 8, 1951, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru submitted the first five-year plan to the Parliament of India. It was based on the Harrod-Domar model. At that time, India faced three problems: the influx of refugees, a serious food shortage, and rising inflation.

India had to recover from the economic divisions and imbalances of World War II. Therefore, the original plan was aimed at controlling inflation, as well as refugee rehabilitation, agricultural development and food self-sufficiency.

India's Second Five-Year Plan (1956-61)

The focus of the second plan was the rapid industrialization, especially the development of heavy industry and capital goods such as steel and chemicals, and the machinery manufacturing industry. Professor Mahalanobis made a plan.

India's Third Five-Year Plan (1961-66)

The main goal of Plan 3 was to establish India as a self-sustaining and voluntary economy. However, the second plan slowed the growth rate of agricultural production in the countries that restricted India's economic development.

Therefore, the Third Plan included agricultural development as one of the goals for achieving balanced regional development. Unfortunately, there were many misfortunes during this time and wasted money. The Indochina War of 1961-62, the Indochina War of 1965-66, and the famine caused by the severe drought of 1965-66. Therefore, this plan failed to achieve its purpose.

Three annual plans

From 1966 to 1969, three annual plans were devised. The fourth plan, formulated in 1966, was abandoned under the pressure of drought, currency devaluation and economic inflationary recession. Therefore, the government chose an annual plan for 1966-67 and the following two years. This is also called the period – Plan Holiday.

India's Fourth Five-Year Plan (1969-74)

The plan had two main objectives: "stable growth" and "progressive achievement of independence." It aimed to provide an average growth rate of 5.5% for national income and the minimum amount for the public to the weaker parts of society (called "Garibihatao" or "Growth of Justice"). However, another Indian Pak war of 1971-72 caused a financial crisis in the plan.

India's Fifth Five-Year Plan (1974-79)

The plan had two main objectives: the removal of property and the achievement of independence. This was planned through the promotion of higher growth rates, better income distribution, and significant increases in domestic savings rates.

We also focused on import substitution and export promotion. In addition, it included a national program on minimum needs such as housing, drinking water and primary education.

Annual plan (1978-80)

Also known as a rolling plan, it helped me reach my goals for previous years.

India's 6th Five-Year Plan (1980-85)

The plan focused on socio-economic infrastructure in rural areas. In addition, through the Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP – 1979), efforts were made to eliminate rural poverty and reduce regional disparities.

India's 7th Five-Year Plan (1985-90)

The country enjoyed a reasonable economic growth rate (5.4%) during the period of the Sixth Plan. The Seventh Plan focused on the rapid production of edible grains, as well as job creation and overall productivity gains. The guiding principles were growth, modernization, independence, and social justice.

India's 8th Five-Year Plan (1992-97)

The 8th plan was scheduled to be introduced in April 1990. However, many changes to the center's government have led to the restructuring of the planning committee and the preparation of various versions of the approach to the 8th plan.

Finally, the 8th plan was introduced in 1992 (4th edition). At this time, the country was experiencing a serious economic crisis, and the government began financial reforms to provide new dynamism to the economy.

India's 9th Five-Year Plan (1997-2002)

The Southeast Asian financial crisis (1996-97) also caused an overall slowdown in the Indian economy. The liberalization process was still criticized, but India was out of the financial turmoil of the early 1990s. The plan aimed at a high growth rate of 7% and was also aimed at time-limited social goals.

In addition, the plan focused on seven basic minimum services (BMS) with the goal of achieving full population coverage in a time-limited manner. BMS includes the following.

Safe drinking water

Primary medical service

Universalization of primary education

Public housing support for families without shelters

Nutritional support for children

Connectivity of all villages and settlements

Rationalization of public distribution system

India's Tenth Five-Year Plan (2002-07)

Some of the key aspects of this plan are:

Double your per capita income in 10 years

Higher growth rates should lead to better quality of life for people

Set monitor able goals

Consideration of governance as a development factor

Policy and institutional reforms in all sectors

Declare the agricultural sector as the main driving force of the economy (PMF)

Focus on the social sector (health, education, etc.)

India's 11th Five-Year Plan (2007-12)

The title of the 11th Plan was "Towards Faster, More Comprehensive Growth." We anticipate a high growth rate of about 9%, which means that GDP growth per capita is about 7.5%. It also ensured an overall improvement in people's quality of life. The vision for Plan 11 includes:

Rapid growth by reducing poverty and increasing employment opportunities

Easy access to services essential to the health and education of the poor

Empowerment through education and skill development

Expand employment opportunities for everyone with the National Rural Employment Guarantee Program

Environmental sustainability

Reduce gender inequality

Improving overall governance

India's 12th Five-Year Plan (2012-17)

According to the plan, "This is guided by India's vision of moving forward in a way that ensures a widespread improvement in the standard of living of all through a faster and more comprehensive growth process. Must be, and also more environmentally sustainable. ”The purpose of this plan is to:

9% growth rate

Focusing on the agricultural sector, the average growth rate during the planning period is 4%.

Control inflationary pressure

For GDP growth, make sure that the commercial energy supply grows at a rate of 6.5-7% per year.

Develop an overall water management policy

Propose a new law on land acquisition

Continue to focus on health, education and skill development

Large investment in infrastructure sector development

Focus on the process of fiscal correction

Q12) Write a short note on resource allocation of 12th five year plan.               5

A12)  Prior to the Fourth Plan, the allocation of state resources was based on schematic patterns rather than a transparent and objective mechanism, which led to the adoption of the Gadgil formula in 1969. Revised versions of the formula have been used since then to determine the allocation of central assistance for state plans. The resource allocation for 12th five year plan are discussed under the following heads-

1. The resources projection for the 12th plan assumes the following-

a)  Average economic growth of 14.8 per cent p.a.

b) Fiscal deficit to decline from 5.1 per cent of GDP in 2012-13 to 3.0 per cent in 2016-17.

c)  Net tax revenue increased from 7.6 per cent of GDP in 2012-13 to 8.79 per cent 2016-17.

d)  Subsidies to decline from 2.44 per cent of GDP in 2011-12(RE) to 1.5 per cent in 2016-17.

2.  Public sector resources

a)  GBS (gross budget support): 3568626 crore

b) CA to states and union territories plan: 857786 crore.

c)  IEBR of central public sector enterprises: 1622899 crore.

3.  Sectoral allocation of GBS (gross budget support)

a)  The GBS allocation of the centre to major sectors has been made in tune with the approach adopted for the 12th plan for “faster, sustainable and inclusive growth.”

b) The plan focuses on poverty reduction, ensuring access to basic physical infrastructure, health and educational facilities to all.

Biggest increase in allocation of centre’s GBS is provided for health and child development, Urban development and education.